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Presented to: West Chester Pilots
By: William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I
Date: 09/21/2011
Federal AviationAdministrationApproach & Landing
Accident Avoidance for 2011
Eastern Region FAASTEAM
Federal AviationAdministration
2Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Special Thanksto the
Management and Staffof the
American Helicopter Museum
Federal AviationAdministration
3Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
The Seasonal ‘Danger’ Zone
Federal AviationAdministration
4Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Accidents by Aircraft Type
Federal AviationAdministration
5Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Fatalities by Aircraft Type
Federal AviationAdministration
6Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
Federal AviationAdministration
7Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data
Federal AviationAdministration
8Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data
Federal AviationAdministration
9Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Say That Again!
Maneuvering, Approach & Landing…– 15% of your flight time (average).– 47% of all accidents for 2008.– 55.9% of all accidents for 2009
Federal AviationAdministration
10Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Student
Private
Commercial
ATP
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
2008:
413 non-commercial fixed-
wing landing
accidents.
2009 Nall Report
Federal AviationAdministration
11Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
2009:
348 non-commercial fixed-
wing landing
accidents.
2010 Nall Report
Federal AviationAdministration
12Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?
2009:
348 non-commercial fixed-
wing landing
accidents.
2010 Nall Report
Federal AviationAdministration
13Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Leading APL Causal Factors
Federal AviationAdministration
14Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing Practice Starts in the Air
Photo © Danny Fritsche
Federal AviationAdministration
15Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight
Federal AviationAdministration
16Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Definition
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
Federal AviationAdministration
17Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight - Common Errors
What are some common errors encountered during slow flight?
How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?
Federal AviationAdministration
18Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight - Common Errors
• Failure to adequately clear the area.• Inadequate back-elevator pressure as power is
reduced, resulting in altitude loss.• Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is
reduced, resulting in a climb, followed by a rapid reduction in airspeed and “mushing.”
• Inadequate compensation for adverse yaw during turns.
Federal AviationAdministration
19Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Slow Flight - Common Errors
• Fixation on the airspeed indicator.• Failure to anticipate changes in lift as flaps are
extended or retracted.• Inadequate power management.• Inability to adequately divide attention between
airplane control and orientation.
Federal AviationAdministration
20Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Flight at MinimumControllable Airspeed
(Slow Flight)
Federal AviationAdministration
21Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Power Off Stall Recovery1. Reduce Angle of Attack
2. Add Power
3. Keep Wings Level
4. Use adequate Rudder
Federal AviationAdministration
22Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Power On Stall Recovery1. Reduce Angle of Attack
2. Keep Wings Level
3. Use adequate Rudder
Federal AviationAdministration
23Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stall Recognition• Vision - note the attitude of the airplane• Hearing - change in sound due to loss of RPM• Kinesthesia, sense changes in direction or speed
of motion, warning of decrease in speed or beginning of settling or mushing.
• Feel - resistance to control pressures decreases, controls less effective
• Airplane vibration and buffeting• Stall warning indicators
– Stall warning horn and/or stall warning light
Federal AviationAdministration
24Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stall Recovery – Power Off Stalls
Federal AviationAdministration
25Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stall Recovery – Power On Stalls
Federal AviationAdministration
26Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stabilized Approach
Federal AviationAdministration
27Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Stabilized Approach
Federal AviationAdministration
28Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesEnergy Management
(1 of 2)
Federal AviationAdministration
29Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesEnergy Management
(2 of 2)
Federal AviationAdministration
30Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesTiming(1 of 2)
Federal AviationAdministration
31Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesTiming(2 of 2)
Federal AviationAdministration
32Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesNose Wheel Hazards
Federal AviationAdministration
33Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesPorpoise Gone Bad
Cherokee L410
Federal AviationAdministration
34Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors
What are some common errors encountered during landing?
How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?
Federal AviationAdministration
35Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors
• Inadequate wind drift correction on the base leg.• Overshooting or undershooting the turn onto final
approach resulting in too steep or too shallow a turn onto final approach.
• Flat or skidding turns from base leg to final approach as a result of overshooting/inadequate wind drift correction.
• Poor coordination during turn from base to final approach.
Federal AviationAdministration
36Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors • Failure to complete the landing checklist in a
timely manner.• Unstabilized approach.• Failure to adequately compensate for flap
extension.• Poor trim technique on final approach.• Attempting to maintain altitude or reach the
runway using elevator alone.
Federal AviationAdministration
37Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Landing - Common Errors
• Focusing too close to the airplane resulting in a too high round out.
• Focusing too far from the airplane resulting in a too low round out.
• Touching down prior to attaining proper landing attitude.
• Failure to hold sufficient back-elevator pressure after touchdown.
• Excessive braking after touchdown.
Federal AviationAdministration
38Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Crosswind Landings
Federal AviationAdministration
39Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Crosswind Landing Techniques
• Crab down final• Transition to sideslip at or just
before the thresh hold• Any risks?
– Side load on tires
• Sideslip not recommended all the way down a long final approach leg
• Any risks?– Cross control stall if improper
pitch, power, airspeed
Federal AviationAdministration
40Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Centerline Control
•Always keep the Aircraft on the Centerline of the Taxiway and Runway.
Federal AviationAdministration
41Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Application of Aileron
Federal AviationAdministration
42Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Faulty ApproachesCrosswind Landings Gone Bad
London City Luthansa
Federal AviationAdministration
43Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors
What are some common errors encountered during crosswind landings?
How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?
Federal AviationAdministration
44Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Common Errors in Crosswind Landings
• Attempting to land in crosswinds exceeding the maximum demonstrated crosswind component.
• Inadequate compensation for wind drift when turning from base to final resulting in undershooting or overshooting.
• Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final.• Un-stabilized approach.• Failure to compensate for increased drag
during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.
Federal AviationAdministration
45Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Common Errors in Crosswind Landings
• Touchdown while drifting.
• Excessive airspeed on touchdown.
• Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.
• Failure to maintain direction control on rollout.
• Excessive braking.
Federal AviationAdministration
46Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around From Rejected Landing
Federal AviationAdministration
47Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around Common Errors
What are some common errors encountered during go-arounds?
How could these errors lead to an accident?
Federal AviationAdministration
48Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around - Common Errors
• Failure to recognize a condition that warrants a rejected landing.
• Indecision.• Delay in initiating a go-round.• Failure to apply maximum allowable power in a
timely manner.• Abrupt power application.• Improper pitch attitude.
Federal AviationAdministration
49Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Go Around - Common Errors
• Failure to configure the airplane appropriately.• Attempting to climb out of ground effect
prematurely.• Failure to adequately compensate for torque/
P-factor.• Failure to re-extend gear in a retractable gear
airplane.
Federal AviationAdministration
50Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Special Considerations
Experimental Aircraft-- Do you know the handling characteristics?
Laminar Flow Wings-- Do you know the flight characteristics?
Emergency Landings-- Have you practiced lately?
-- What types are there?
Federal AviationAdministration
51Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Parting Thoughts
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52Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
The Three Most Useless Thingsto a Pilot
• The runway behind you– Moral: know your aircraft’s take-off minimums and cross-wind cross-wind
componentcomponent, your airport’s runway length, density altitude, any obstacles to be cleared
• The altitude above you– Moral: know your aircraft’s power settings for climb, cruise, and
descent
• The fuel on the ground below you– Moral: know your aircraft’s fuel capacity, fuel system, GPH burn
rate, and winds aloft for the route of flight.
• Utilize superior judgment to avoid needing to use superior skill
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53Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Just a Real Nice Picture
Federal AviationAdministration
54Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Credits and Information
Federal AviationAdministration
55Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
References and Information• NTSB Accident Database
• http://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/index.aspx
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Aeronautics and Space
• http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14tab_02.tpl
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Chapter I--Federal Aviation Administration, Department of
Transportation, Subchapter D – Airmen • http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?
sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfrv2_02.tpl
Federal AviationAdministration
56Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
References and Information
• FAA Airplane Flying Handbook – FAA-H-8083-3Ahttp://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/
• FAA Risk Management Handbook – FAA-H-8083-2–http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/media/FAA-H-8083-2.pdf–See Appendix A for Personal Minimums
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57Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
References and Information• Presenter
– William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I, AGI, IGI, Cessna CFAI• FAA FAAST Team Representative, PHL FSDO
• Downloading This Presentation – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Approach_and_Landings_for_2011/
• Download each file in this directory
• Make sure that all files are downloaded into the same folder
• Crosswinds Presentation – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.ppt
• Uses PowerPoint 2003 and later
• Password-protected, so click on the “Read Only” button
– http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.pdf• Uses Adobe Acrobat Reader version
• Recommended for use with iPads
Federal AviationAdministration
58Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Just a Real Nice Picture
Federal AviationAdministration
59Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
FAASTeamon
Approach and Landing for
Accident Avoidance
Questions?
Comments?
Ideas?
Federal AviationAdministration
60Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
This CompletesApproach and Landing
For Accident Avoidance
Be sure to have your attendance record validated!
Federal AviationAdministration
61Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance
Let’s Go FlyingLet’s Go Flying
““Remember Safety is No Remember Safety is No Accident”Accident”