Presented by Mr. Anthony Wong Group Managing Director Converting Polluted Water to Class 1 Water Using Water Plants Converting Polluted Water to Class

Presented by Mr. Anthony WongGroup Managing Director

Converting Polluted Water to Class 1 Water

Using Water Plants

Converting Polluted Water to Class 1 Water

Using Water Plants

Zero WasteWater – Stop Sea Pollution

Presented byMr. Anthony WongGroup Managing Director


The wetland area is approximately 0.5855 acre (2.369 m2).

Maximum depth is between 1.2 – 1.7 m depending on season.

It is the first of its kind to be built in Malaysia. This man-made wetland has a high

biodiversity and can also serves as venue for public involvement in wetland education and research.

About the Wetland


Black water from washrooms in the resort

Black water is sent to septic tank for primary

treatment

Treated Black Water mixes with Gray

Water from sinks in the kitchen, baths and

laundry

Wetland for further treatment with the

nature’s way (plants)

The generation of black water and gray water in the resort are shown in the flow chart below.

Sources of Wastewater in Wetland


Plants in Wetland

Able to reduce total nitrogen and phosphorus’s values; absorbs organic compounds and suspended solids because the stems are covered with a spongy fibrons layer.

It has the potential to restrict water flow in creeks and channels, so all the suspended solid can settle down slowly.

Water Mimosa(Neptunia oleracea)


Plants in Wetland

Red Stem Flag (Thalia Geniculata)

Second plant used to treat waste water.

Absorbs nutrients and stabilizes the suspended solids.

Vertiver (Chrysopogon zizaniodes)

Helps to regulate the amount of water.

Veteveria zizanioides stiff and erect stems can stand up to high velocity flows and increase detention time.


Plants in Wetland

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

A very aggressive invader and can form thick mats.

Very efficient in removing vast range of pollutants, from suspended materials, BOD, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to organic matter.

Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

The plant roots are hanging down beneath the floating wetland and provide a large surface area for the growth of beneficial micro-organisms that can enhance nitrogen removal.


Plants in Wetland

Water Lily (Nymphaea)

The Nymphaea 's leaves shade the water keeping it cool and thus allowing for more dissolved oxygen.

Helps to remove cadmium in the water, reduce algae growth in ponds and add oxygen to the garden ponds itself.


S 1S 2 S 3

S 4

Wetland Chart and Wastewater Flow

Figure 2.1: Sampling locations in the wetland.Station 1: At the first discharge point Station 2: Near the thalia genicalataStation 3: Just after the water hyacinth Station 4: Near the water lily

Presented by:Mr. Anthony WongGroup Managing Director

Our wetland serves for two purpose:

1. Attracting wildlife such as cattle egret, water hen and water monitor lizard. Other animals found in wetland are tortoise, terrapin and giant catfish.

2. Wetland sewage system: After sewage water is being treated at septic tanks, the gray water is being channeled to the wetland where the aquatic plants such as water hyacinth, water spinach, water mimosa, thalia geniculata, vetiver, duckweek and water lily will further treating the gray water by absorbing phosphate, ammonia and urea from the grey water.

Waste Water Garden

• Wetland sewage system: sewage water septic tank wetland aquatic plants** * such as water hyacinth and water spinach will further treat the grey water by absorbing phosphate, ammonia and urea from the grey water.

• Wetland Wetland gardenGrey water from wetland is being channeled to the ground of waste water garden (underground drip system), allowing us to grow fruits and vegetables and reducing the need of treated water for irrigation.

First pointWater mimosa (Neptunia spp): to reduce total nitrogen and phosphorus’s values; absorb organic compounds and suspended solids.

Man-made Wetland

Second point

Thalia Geniculata: absorbs nutrients and stabilizes the suspended solids.

Third point

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): very efficient in removing suspended materials, BOD, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter and up take heavy metals (lead, chrome, cadmium, copper, aluminum, nickel, mercury) and pathogens.

Final point

Duckweed (Lemna minor): absorbs nitrates, phosphate, potassium, calcium, sodium and carbon.

Vetiver (Veteveria zizanioides): helps to regulate the amount of water and filter sediment-bound contaminants (heavy metals and some pesticides residues).

Water lily (Nymphaea): removes cadmium in the water, help reduce algae growth in ponds.

Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsskal): provide a large surface area for the growth of beneficial micro-organisms that can enhance nitrogen removal.


Collaborated with University Technology Malaysia in July 2009 and MyCO2 (a private laboratory) in July 2010 and February and July 2011 to test the water quality and to ensure its quality is maintained. Constant testing has proven that quality of Grade A water is achievable.

Research and Development

Measure at Point 4 (Pond) of the Wetland and the Grade of Water in 2011 (Feb)


Test Description Analysis Result(s) Standard Spec.(A) Standard Spec.(B) Grade

Measure at Point 4 (Pond) of the Wetland and the Grade of Water in 2011(July)

Temperature

26.6 40 40 A

pH Value 6.75 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

A

BOD-5 days test @ 20°C 15.8 mg/L 20 mg/L 50 mg/L

A

COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand

63.3 mg/L 80 mg/L 200 mg/L A

Suspended Solids

27.0 mg/L 50 mg/L 100 mg/L A

Mercury (as Hg) ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.005 mg/L 0.05 mg/L

A

Cadmium (as Cd) ND < 0.003 mg/L 0.01 mg/L 0.02 mg/L

A

Arsenic (as As) ND < 0.02 mg/L

0.05 mg/L 0.05 mg/L A

Arsenic (as As) ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.05 mg/L 0.10 mg/L

A

Cyanide (as CN) 0.02 mg/L 0.05 mg/L 0.10 mg/L

A

Lead ND < 0.01 mg/L 0.10 mg/L 0.5 mg/L

A

Chromium Trivalent ND < 0.02 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1.0 mg/L

A

Copper 0.01 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1. 0 mg/L

A

Manganese ND < 0.01 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Temperature

26.6 40 40 A

pH Value 6.75 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

A

BOD-5 days test @ 20°C 15.8 mg/L 20 mg/L 50 mg/L

A

COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand

63.3 mg/L 80 mg/L 200 mg/L A

Suspended Solids

27.0 mg/L 50 mg/L 100 mg/L A

Mercury (as Hg) ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.005 mg/L 0.05 mg/L

A

Cadmium (as Cd) ND < 0.003 mg/L 0.01 mg/L 0.02 mg/L

A

Arsenic (as As) ND < 0.02 mg/L

0.05 mg/L 0.05 mg/L A

Arsenic (as As) ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.05 mg/L 0.10 mg/L

A

Cyanide (as CN) 0.02 mg/L 0.05 mg/L 0.10 mg/L

A

Lead ND < 0.01 mg/L 0.10 mg/L 0.5 mg/L

A

Chromium Trivalent ND < 0.02 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1.0 mg/L

A

Copper 0.01 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1. 0 mg/L

A


Test Description Analysis Result(s) Standard Spec.(A) Standard Spec.(B) Grade Manganese ND < 0.01 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Nickel (as Ni)

ND < 0.02 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Zinc (as Zn) ND < 0.02 mg/L 2.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L

A

Boron (as B) 0.1 mg/L

1.0 mg/L 4.0 mg/L A

Iron (as Fe)

0.3 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 5.0 mg/L A

Phenol

ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Free Chlorine (as Cl2)

0.2 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L A

Silver ND < 0.01 mg/L 0.1 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Aluminium

ND < 0.02 mg/L 10 mg/L 15 mg/L A

Selenium

ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.02 mg/L 0.5 mg/L A

Barium

ND < 0.001 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L A

Fluoride

0.6 mg/L 2.0 mg/L 5.0 mg/L A


Nickel (as Ni)

ND < 0.02 mg/L 0.20 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Zinc (as Zn) ND < 0.02 mg/L 2.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L

A

Boron (as B) 0.1 mg/L

1.0 mg/L 4.0 mg/L A

Iron (as Fe)

0.3 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 5.0 mg/L A

Phenol

ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Free Chlorine (as Cl2)

0.2 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L A

Silver ND < 0.01 mg/L 0.1 mg/L 1.0 mg/L A

Aluminium

ND < 0.02 mg/L 10 mg/L 15 mg/L A

Selenium

ND < 0.001 mg/L 0.02 mg/L 0.5 mg/L A

Barium

ND < 0.001 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L A

Fluoride

0.6 mg/L 2.0 mg/L 5.0 mg/L A

Formaldehyde

0.02 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L A

Ammoniacal Nitrogen

8.0 mg/L

10 mg/L 20.0 mg/L A

Colour 72.7 Pt.Co 100 Pt.Co 200 Pt.Co A

Phosphorus

1.2 mg/L - - -

Nitrate

0.1 mg/L - - -

E-Coli

1900 cfu/100ml - - -

Coliform 3600 cfu/100ml - - -

Formaldehyde

0.02 mg/L 1.0 mg/L 2.0 mg/L A

Ammoniacal Nitrogen

8.0 mg/L

10 mg/L 20.0 mg/L A

Colour 72.7 Pt.Co 100 Pt.Co 200 Pt.Co A

Phosphorus

1.2 mg/L - - -

Nitrate

0.1 mg/L - - -

E-Coli

1900 cfu/100ml - - -

Coliform 3600 cfu/100ml - - -


Results of water quality done in July 2011

Stations E.Coli (cfu) Total Coliform (cfu) Station 1 198000 224000

Station 2 225000 308000

Station 3 300 17000

Station 4 1900 3600 The bacteria count in the wetland

The most basic test for bacterial contamination of a water supply is the test for total coliform bacteria.

Total coliform counts give a general indication of the sanitary condition of water.


The best known of the pathogenic strains is E. coli.

Bacteria can cause severe gastrointestinal illness involving diarrhea, cramping and occasionally kidney failure and death.

From the comparison of station 1 with station 4 of the wetland, the amount of E.coli reduces 99.04%; the amount of Total Coliform reduces 98.39%.




Station 1 and 2, the BOD value is much higher, could be influenced by phosphate and nitrate level is higher at station 1 and 2.

Nitrate and phosphate are plant nutrients and can cause plant life and algae to grow quickly. When plants grow quickly, they also die quickly.

This contributes to the organic waste in the water, which is then decomposed by bacteria. This results in a high BOD level.


Station 3: BOD value (20.3 mg/L) is slightly higher and this may

be due to the temperature. Warmer water usually will have a higher BOD level

than colder water. As water temperature increases, the rate of plants

photosynthesis increases, as plants grow faster and also die faster.

When the plants die, decomposition by bacteria requires oxygen for this process so the BOD is high at this location.

Therefore, increased water temperature will speed up bacterial decomposition and result in higher BOD levels.

Station 4: BOD value (15.8 mg/L) and suspended solids (27.0

mg/L) are under standard A. Caused by highly aerated water, it has lower BOD

compare to slow water and high suspended solids. Ducks' movement around that area will disturb the

bottom sediment and increased the value.


Stations

Nitrate (mg/L) Phosphorus

(mg/L) Suspended solid (mg/L)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD)

Station 1 0.9 1.6 17 43.3

Station 2 0.5 2.2 11 25.8

Station 3 0.1 1.5 25 20.3

Station 4 0.1 1.2 27 15.8

Stations

Nitrate (mg/L) Phosphorus

(mg/L) Suspended solid (mg/L)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD)

Station 1 0.9 1.6 17 43.3

Station 2 0.5 2.2 11 25.8

Station 3 0.1 1.5 25 20.3

Station 4 0.1 1.2 27 15.8

For the wetland latest water results July 2011, it showed the wetland treatment system still working well as the system can treat the waste water by decrease the value of most of the parameters in laboratories testing.

Most of the parameters fulfilled wastewater Standard A when they were collected after water hyacinth.

The significant parameter in the wetland water quality test

Comparison of wetland water quality between 2010 and 2011


Figure 3.1: The changes of Phosphorus in the wetland from 2010 to 2011.

When phosphorus added to a water body, it may result in increased plant growth like water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) and algae gradually fills in the lake.

Therefore, during wastewater treatment control of the amount of phosphates by the aquatic plants like Neptuniaolerace (water mimosa), Eichhorniacrassipes (water hyacinth) and Lemna minor (duck weed) required preventing eutrophication.


Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is solids in water that can be trapped by a filter.

TSS level can cause changes in surface water temperature and clarity .

Suspended sediment can also clog fish gills, reduce growth rates, decrease resistance to disease, and prevent egg and larval development.


The flow rate of the water body is a primary factor in TSS concentrations; if the speed or direction of the water current increases, particulate matter from bottom sediments may be re-suspended.

Therefore, in our wetland, few type of plants primarily water mimosa (Neptuniaolerace) has been used to slow down the water flow rate. Nowadays, we manage to get the average flow rate of water in the wetland is 0.0034 m/s due to successfully blocked the flow by 89%.

Stations

SS (mg/L) July 2011

SS (mg/L) Feb 2011

SS (mg/L) July 2010

SS (mg/L) Feb 2010

Station 1 17 154 23 43

Station 2 11 156 53 34

Station 3 25 21 28 23

Station 4 27 60 29 34.8


The changes of Suspended solid in the wetland from 2010 to 2011.

The amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is total biochemical oxygen demand (total BOD).


BOD is fairly easy to remove from sewage by providing a supply of oxygen during the treatment process; the oxygen supports bacterial growth which breaks down the organic BOD.

Thus, we installed two water aerator machines at the station 4 in the wetland. As the water quality result on 2010 and 2011 show that the BOD at station 3 and 4 are generally much lower compare to the station 1 and 2.

Water aerator machine in the wetland Frangipani.


Animals in Wetland

The wetlands also attract a variety of amphibians, turtles, birds, and mammals. Several types of fish such as African catfish, snakehead fish and tilapia are found in the pond. They are used as mosquito control in the pond.

Ducks help clean the pond from weeds and algae and act as larvae controller.


A fundamental characteristic of wetlands is that their functions are largely regulated by microorganisms and their metabolism.

Function of Microorganism

Microbial activities:

Transforms organic and inorganic

substances into innocuous or

insoluble substances.

Alters the reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions of the substrate in

the wetland.


Types of Microorganism

Microorganisms

Aerobic

Anaerobic

Take place in present of free oxygen

Take place in the absence of free oxygen

Facultative Anaerobes

Functioning under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions


Characteristic of Microorganism Expand quickly when presented with

suitable energy-containing materials. When environmental conditions are no

longer suitable, many microorganisms become dormant and can remain dormant for years.

The microbial community of a constructed wetland can be affected by toxic substances, such as pesticides and heavy metals.


(a) Settling of suspended particulate matter.

(b) Filtration and chemical precipitation through contact of the water with the substrate and litter.

(c) Chemical transformation.

(d) Adsorption and ion exchange on the surfaces of plants, substrate, sediment, and litter.

(e) Breakdown and transformation of pollutants by microorganisms and plants.

(f) Uptake and transformation of nutrients by microorganisms and plants.

How Wetland Improve Water Quality?


THANK YOU

Documents

Presented by Mr. Anthony Wong Group Managing Director Converting Polluted Water to Class 1 Water Using Water Plants Converting Polluted Water to Class