Scattered tourism

A “S-S-Low” dimension of tourism

Tourism is related to local development for preserving and

evaluating natural and cultural resources through local

communities participation

S (sustainable)

Low impact and low expences but high frequency Low

tourism with soft traces and

micro transformation of space

S (soft)

Slowness is a social value and the touristic experience is different

from the accelered rythms of everyday life SLOW

EX. SCATTERED TOURISM

SCATTERED TOURISM

LOCALISATION spread DISTRIBUTION

ORGANISATION local territorial system

a) elements: cooperating actors

territorial resources: heritage

b) relations: multi-scale network

c) functions: recovering the social sense of place

- stakeholder: dwellers, associations

- stockholder: managers, local craftsman

- institutions: local administration

THE SENSE OF PLACE

Main features of scattered tourism

Use of EXISTENT buildings:

- recovering their ancient function

- giving them a new touristic function

The NAME of touristic structures recovers LOCAL KNOWLEDGE:

- on the use of naturale resources

- crafts

- traditional architecture

Creation of networks: - between accomodation and restoration

- between cultural and natural resources

- between institutions, associations, people

practical

symbolic

functional

SUSTAINABILITY

Scattered Hospitality

• THE TOURIST: FROM CLIENT TO GUEST

• DIFFERENT BUILDINGS IN THE SAME PLACE

• ACCOMODATION: FROM THE TRADITIONAL HOTEL TO OTHER FORMS

• A NEW TOURISTIC FUNCTION TO RURAL AREAS WITHOUT A TOURISTIC TRADITION

HORIZONTAL HOSPITALITY INTEGRATED IN TERRITORY

Typologies • hotel

• bed and breakfast

• holiday home

Caracteristics • restoration of buildings that lost their original

function (huts, towers, etc.)

• recovering of traditional knowledge (use of herbs,

flowers, breeding, typical products, fairs …)

• ….

Puglia

Calabria

Sicilia

Basilicata

Molise

Abruzzo

Marche

Emilia Romagna

Friuli Venezia Giulia

Piemonte

Liguria

Toscana

Umbria

Lazio

Sardegna

Scattered Hotels in Italy

Fonte: Associazione Italiana Alberghi Diffusi, 2011

The case of ORNICA

Scattered hospitality in Ornica

Typologies • scattered hotel ( “Cà del Cirillo, Cà Hius, Cà di Giustì, Cà di Gualterù”, central reception)

• huts

Activities • restoration of buildings

• recovering local knowledge for touristic paths

• breeders houses

Actors

• institutions: Comune di Ornica

• stakeholder: 1° level Women association“Donne di montagna”

• stockholder: Agriturismo Ferdy

Définition:

• « primarily nature-based, focused on the

provision of learning opportunities, and managed in

such a way as to maximize the likelihood of

environmentally and socioculturally sustainable

outcomes, including positive benefits for local

communities » (Weaver, 2005)

• « "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves

the environment and improves the well-being of

local people." (IETS)

ECOTOURISM

• Encounter

• Respect

• Discovery

• Hospitality

• Sustainability

• Contribution to local

development

• Women

• Association of Civil society

• Tradition

• Local

• Inhabitant

• Slow

ECOTOURISM KEYWORDS

ENVIRONMENT TOURISM

SUSTAINABILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN AFRICA

FROM FORTRESS CONSERVATION

Empty space

No human activity

Conservationism

The idea of «Closed areas»

TO COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION

Lively space

Different human activities

Local development

The new set of «Open areas»

The first protected areas around the world such as

Yosemite in 1864 and Yellowstone National Park in

1872 were founded by the colonial or classical

conservation method.

Classical conservation created protected areas to protect

wilderness and wildlife areas of pristine wilderness that

was untouched and uninhabited by humans. All people

inhabiting these areas were removed from the land and

displaced onto marginal land surrounding or near by the

newly protected land. It is estimated that 20 million

people were displaced from their land.

In 1975 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the World Parks

Congress recognized the rights of indigenous people and to recognize their rights of the

protected areas.

More policy changes came about that increased the rights of indigenous people.

Community-based conservation came into action from these changes.

This conservation strategy was has been applied in Africa and widely until the 1970s when

indigenous people started to fight for their rights and land.

COMMUNITY BASED CONSERVATION

Conservation

= an intelligent use of natural resources

Local development

SUSTAINABILITY

Protected areas

conservation

Landscape and

territorial planning

New perspective!

Community Based Conservation means also

“Governance, Equity, Participation and Benefit Sharing”:

• Developing better practices and stronger patterns of accountability in PA

governance.

• Recognising and promoting various PA governance types in national and regional

systems to support people’s participation and community conserved areas through

specific policies and legal, financial and community means.

• Establishing policies and institutional mechanism to facilitate the above with full

participation of indigenous and local communities.

• Seeking prior informed consent before any indigenous community is relocated for

the establishment of a protected area.

• Better appreciating and understanding local knowledge, the priorities, practices

and values of indigenous and local communities.

• Identifying and removing barriers preventing adequate participation of local and

indigenous communities in all stages of protected area planning, establishment,

governance and management.

IUCN LIST OF PARTICIPATION TYPOLOGIES

• Passive Participation Participation does not take the responses of the participants into

consideration and where the outcome is predetermined. Information sharedbelongs only to

external institutions.

• Participation in Information Giving People give answers to questions where they do not

have the opportunity to influence the context of the interview and often the findings are not

shared.

• Participation by Consultation People are consulted and their views are taken into

account. However, it does not involve their decision-making.

• Participation for Participation involves people taking incentives in Materials and

Incentives cash or kind for their services provided. In such cases the disadvantage is that

there is no stake in being involved once the incentives end.

• Functional Participation Participation occurs by forming into groups with predetermined

objectives. Such participation generally occurs only after major decisions have been

already taken.

• Interactive Participation People participate in information generation and its subsequent

analyses that lead to action plans and implementation. It involves different methoologies

seeking various local perspectives thereby involving people in decision-making about the

use and quality of information.

• Self Mobilization Being independent of any external interventions, people participate and

take initiatives to change systems. They develop contacts for external inputs, but retain

control over the way resources are managed.

PROTECTED AREAS GOVERNANCE TODAY

FROM PASSIVE TO

ACTIVE

CONSERVATION

Passive participation

Aids for lost land and resources

New ways of business

buffer zones

Compensation

Tourism

(guide, ranger, game

ranching,…)

Handicraft

Environmental education

CO-MANAGEMENT OR CONTRACT

AGREEMENT between authorities and local communities

Negotiation of State resources

Local people participate in management

Full participation of local communities in management

Active participation

Land property and resources property

Equal distribution of revenew

Decentralisation of power (local institutions, local

communities, NGO)

Geography of

Environment and

Tourism

Origins of Peace Parks/Transfrontier

conservation area (TFCA)

On 27 May 1990, Anton Rupert, President of WWF South Africa (then

called the Southern African Nature Foundation) had a meeting in

Maputo with Mozambique's President Joaquim Chissano, to discuss

the possibility of establishing a permanent link between some of the

protected areas in southern Mozambique and their adjacent

counterparts in South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

The concept of trans-border protected area cooperation through the

establishment of peace parks had already been accepted internationally.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) had long been promoting their

establishment.

relatively large areas that straddle frontiers between two or more countries

and cover large-scale natural systems encompassing one or more protected

areas. Very often both human and animal populations traditionally migrated across

or straddled the political boundaries concerned. In essence, TFCAs therefore extend

far beyond designated protected areas, and can incorporate such innovative

approaches as biosphere reserves and a wide range of community-based natural

resource management programmes.

Southern African Peace Parks

TRANSFRONTIER

CONSERVATION

AREA OF GREAT

LIMPOPO

THE TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION

AREA OF GREAT LIMPOPO:

PARTICIPATION AND TOURISM

PROMOTION IN THE ZINAVE NATIONAL

PARK (MOZAMBIQUE)

Sara Belotti

University of Bergamo, University of Naples “L’Orientale”,

sara.belotti@unibg.it

Tourism Environment

Valorization of cultural

and natural resources for

local development

Conservation and

preservation of fragile

ecosystems in the protected

areas

ISSUES

COMMUNITIES

PARTICIPATION

Development

cooperation

Project in environment

and tourism development

The research wants to prove that the knowledge of territorial

systems is crucial for the management of environmental

cooperation projects, particularly for the promotion of

sustainable tourism activities, in order to preserve cultural

heritage and promote local development.

Goals

Environmental conservation in Mozambique

Creation of the Gorongosa National Park 1960

Creation of other national parks and reserves 1965-1975

1975 Independence of Mozambique

1980 Civil war

1992 Peace agreement

2001 Creation of the Ministry of Tourism

2004 Strategic Plan for Tourism Development

in Mozambique (2004-2013)

2002 Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

MAPUTO

- Sustainability

- Development

- Participation

Inhambane Province

ZINAVE NATIONAL PARK

Strategies for the development of tourism

in the protected areas in Mozambique