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8/11/2019 Presentation - Water Treatment
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Please Keep your mobiles
on silent
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An Introduction To Water Treatment
By
Jayadevi.V.D- WWS
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HIGHLIGHTS
WATER CHEMISTRY WATER IMPURITIES
VARIOUS SOLUTION OFFERED RAW WATER PRETREATMENT PLANT
DEMINERALISATION PLANT
SOFTENER PLANT
REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT
SIDE STREAM FILTRATION/CW DOSING
CONDENSATE POLISHING UNIT
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WATER MOLECULE
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Hydrogen Bonding Water Vapour Has Got High Energy
Content High Surface Tension Water is a Universal Solvent
Pure Water Is An Insulator Osmosis Viscosity
Characteristics Of
Water Molecule
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A Typical Water CircuitDiagram
SEWAGE
WATER
TREATMENT
AT HOMES
OFFICES etc.
MUNICIPAL
TREATMENT
DRINKING
WATER
BOILER
BLOWDOWN
.
BOILER FEED
WATER
PROCESS
CONDENSATE
PROCESS
WATER
C.T.
BLOWDOWN
COOLING
WATER
INDUSTRIAL
WATER
WATER SOURCE
EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
DISCHARGE / REUSE
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Why Water Treatment
Boiler for Prevention of scaling/corrosion
Prevention of stress corrosion cracking
Prevention of steam contamination
To
Increase heat transfer
Lower fuel/chemical consumption
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WATER IMPURITIES
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WATER IMPURITIES
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Various Solutions Offered. Raw Water Treatment / Clarification / Pretreatment.
Filtration
Water Softening.
De-Mineralization.
Reverse Osmosis.
Condensate Polishing.
Tertiary Treatment.
Effluent Treatment. Sewage Treatment.
Waste Water Recycling.
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PRIMARY TREATMENT
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Sedimentation
Separation of suspended particles, heavierthan water by gravitational settling.
Efficiency can be increased by the use ofbasic coagulants e.g. Alum, PAC, FeCl3etcor coagulant aids if required.
Settling velocity can also be increased byincreasing the surface area of the basin.
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Conventional Clariflocculators
Commonly used equipment giving good performance In case of
high flow rates to be provided in multiples Requires large areas
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Removal Of Suspended Impurities
By Filtration
Pressure Sand Filters
Dual Media filters
Iron Removal filters
High Rate filters
Activated Carbon Filters
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Pressure Sand Filters
Most Conventional Filters & extensively used Graded Sand
Top Most Layer With Fine Sand (16 X 32 Mesh)
Design Parameters Max. Service Velocity 10 m/hr
Backwash Velocity With Air Scouring 24 m/hr
Backwash Velocity Without Air Scouring 36m/hr
Air Flow Velocity 36 m/hr @ 2.5 mwc
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Dual Media Filters
Functionally Same as PSF
300 mm layer of coarse anthracite on top of 300 mmlayer of fine sand
Advantage of DMF over PSF Coarse anthracite layer removes most of the
turbidity
The dirt holding capacity is higher than that of PSF. No separate backwashing facilities are required.
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High Rate Filters
Used For Removal of Iron Scale From Mill ScaleWater
Sand Media With larger Particle Size (2 - 3 mm)
Deeper Sand Beds Than Conventional Filters (1.8- 2.0 m)
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Activated Carbon Filters
Application For Dechlorination
For Removal of Organics
For removal of Odour
For Oil Removal In Condensate Polishing
Plants
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TDS Reduction
Scheme Selection For Removal Of
Dissolved Impurities
SOFTENER
HARDNESSREDUCTION
SPLIT STREAMDEALKALISER
PARTIALDEMINERALISATION
SAC-DGT-WBA-SBA
M.ALKALINITY > 50 ppm
SAC-DGT-SBA
M.ALKALINITY < 50 ppm
CONDUCTIVITY10 - 30
microS/cm
DM PLANT +MB
POLISHER
CONDUCTIVITY< 1 microS/cmSiO2 < 0.2 ppm
IONEXCHANGE
SYSTEM
TDS 500 ppm
DEMINERALISATION
HIGH PRESSURECONDENSATE
LOW PRESSUREPROCESS CONDEN
CONDENSATEPOLISHING
TDSREDUCTION
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Water Chemistry - Definitions
Ion - An Atom In Solution Carrying An IntegralElectrical Charge, Either Positive Or Negative.
Ionization - The Formation Of Ions When AnElectrolyte Is Dissolved In Water. The Effect OfDissociaton Or Separation Of Ions Of ACompound By A Liquid Of High DielectricConstant Such As Water.
Atomic Weight- Relative Weight Of An Element
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Molecular Weight- The Sum Of The Weights Of The Atoms Of A Molecule
Cation- A Positively Charged Ion Resulting From Dissociation Of MoleculesIn Aqueous Solution
Anion - Negatively Charged Ion Resulting From Dissociation Of Molecules InAqueous Solution
Acid - A Compound Which Dissociates To Furnish Hydrogen Ions In WaterSolution
Alkalinity - The Quantitative Ability Of Aqueous Media To React WithHydrogen Ions.
Total Alkalinity-Amount Of Titratable Bicarbonates, Carbonates & HydroxideIons At A Ph End Point Of 4.5
Hardness - Total Concentration Of Calcium And Magnesium Ions.
Temporary Hardness- Hardness Associated With Alkalinity
Permanent Hardness- Hardness Associated With Ema
Water ChemistryDefinitions Contnd
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Ion Exchange Resins
CATION ANION
SAC WAC SBA WBA
TYPE 1 TYPE 2
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Characteristics Of Ion Exchange
Resins
Skeleton Like Plastic Structure
Insoluble In Water
Large Ion Which Is Electrically Charged AndHolds Ions Of Opposite Charge
Cation Resin - Negatively Charged
Anion Resin - Positively Charged
C i i Of
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Resin Beads Are Porous And Permeable In Nature Resins Are Hydrophobic And Functional Groups
Are Hydrophilic
Size Of The Beads - 20 - 40 Mesh (0.8 - 0.4 mm)
Normality Cation resin - 2
Anion Resin - 1.3 Basic Monomers - VB & DVB
Functional Groups SAC - SO3H
WAC - COOH
SBA - Quaternary Amines
WBA - Sec. & Tertiary Amines
Characteristics Of Ion Exchange
ResinsContnd
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WAC Alkaline Hardness ie., Ca & MgCarbonates And Bicarbonates
Straight SAC Ca+Mg+Na+Other Metals If Present
SAC After WAC Permanent Hardness +Na
WBA EMAStraight SBA EMA+Silica+CO2 Leakage From
Degasser
SBA after WBA Silica+EMA Slip For WBA (EMA slipFrom WBA Will Correspond To Na
slip From Cation Unit)MB Na & SiO2 Slip From Preceding
Cation And Anion Units
Scheme Selection
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When Is RO Used ?
High Feed Water TDS
Brackish Water
Sea Water
Effluent Recycle
As An Alternative To DM
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Reverse Osmosis
Principles Of RO
Ro Membrane - Types & Terminology
System Configuration & Design Criteria
Factors Affecting RO Performance
R.O - Applications Plant Engineering Aspects
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What Is Reverse Osmosis ?
Osmotic Flow Osmotic Equilibrium
Osmotic
Head
Pure Water
Salt Solution
Semipermeable
Membrane
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Types of Membranes
Micro Filtration (MF)
Ultra Filtration (UF)
Nan Filtration (NF)
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
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Membranes - Pore Sizes
RO Membrane : 0.003 to 0.001 Microns
UF Membrane : 0.01 to 0.02 Microns
MF Membrane : 0.1 to 50 Microns
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Ro Membrane Types
Tubular Type
Plate & Frame Type
Hollow Fibre Type
Spiral Wound Type
C S i f
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Cross-Section of
Spiral Wound Membrane
Mesh Spacer
Permeate Carrier
Membrane
O Ring
Permeate Tube
Membrane Backing
Outer Cover
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Spiral Wound Elements
Types:
ULP Elements (Low Rejection)
HR Elements ( 600 psi)
XR Elements (600 psi)
Sea Water Elements (1000 psi)
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75 micrometer
115 micrometer
0.2 micrometerPolyamide
Polysulfone
UltrathinMembrane Layer
Polysulfone
Support Layer
Reinforcing
Fabric
Thin-film Composite Membranes
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RO - Terminology
Recovery (or Conversion) :
Permeate flow (m3/Hr)
Feedwater flow (m3/Hr)
Salt Rejection :
Permeate TDS (mg/lit)
Feedwater TDS (mg/lit)
Recovery% =
% Salt Rejection = 1 -
X 100
x 100
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RO Terminology
FLUX :
Unit Flow Of Water Through A Unit Area Of MembranePer Unit Time
Permeate Flow (gallons/day)Membrane Area (ft2)
FLUX (GFD) =
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Typical Operating Recoveries
FEED WATER RECOVERY
(%)
Brackish Water 75% TO 90%
Sea Water 30 TO 40%
Treated Effluent (Recycle) 60 TO 80%
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RO TERMINOLOGY
Banks:Number Of Parallel Sets Of Tubes
BANK - IBANK - II
- Two Bank
III III
- Three Bank
- Single Bank
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RO - Feed Limitations
PARAMETER LIMITING VALUE
TURBIDITY < 1 NTU
SDI < 5
OIL & GREASE NIL
HEAVY METALS < 0.1 (Dissolved)
CHLORINE /OXNTS NIL
pH 4 - 11
TEMPERATURE 45 DEG C MAX
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RO - System Design Inputs
Feed Water Source
Feed Water Analysis
Feed water temperature
Fouling Potential Of Water
Treated Water Quality
Recovery %
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Steps In RO Design
Feed Water Ionic Balance
Chemical Dosage Calculation For LSI /Scaling Control
No Of Elements= Flow /(Flux * Area) No Of Banks/Array Based On % Rec
Selection Of Element Model Based On Appln &
Treated Water Quality
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Factors Affecting RO Performance
Feed Temperature :-Temp Increase >> Outlet TDS, FD-Press
-Temp Decrease >> Outlet TDS, FD-Press
Feed TDS :
-TDS Increase >> Outlet TDS, FD.Press
-TDS Decrease >> Outlet TDS,FD.Press
Increase In Feed Water Constituents (With LowerSolubilitiy Limits)
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RO Plant
Pressuretube mounting
Feed header
Control valve
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Thank You .