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Container-Based Sanitation:
Kory RusselContainer Based Sanitation Alliance
A viable additional to citywide inclusive sanitation
What is Container-Based Sanitation?
CBS consists of an end-to-end service that collects waste hygienically from waterless toilets built around sealable, removable containers.
X-runner Loowatt
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Why Container-Based Sanitation?
Rapid urbanization
Space limitations
High water tables and flooding
Renters lack investment for infrastructure and lack of gov recognition
Unreliable water access
Unsafe emptying practices
Credit: Andrea Bruce
CBS is classified as improved sanitation by
the JMPProgress on household drinking water, sanitation and
hygiene 2000-2017. Special focus on inequalities.
New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
and World Health Organization (WHO), 2019
Safely Managed Sanitation
Reuse/Disposal
TransportContainment Collection Treatment
A safely managed sanitation system protects people from exposure to disease causing excreta at all points in the sanitation chain
Container-Based Sanitation Alliance (CBSA)
The CBS Alliance is a coalition of CBS practitioners around the world with extensive experience developing and providing CBS services
SanivationClean Team
Primary Objectives
80%
50%
40%
70%
60%
o To extend collective impact
o To promote knowledge sharing and learning
o To create a set of common CBS guidelines and standards
o To enable scale
o To create partnerships
Sanergy
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CBSA Initiatives
Climate-Positive Sanitation
Sustainable Finance Mechanisms
Best practices and standards manual (WHO SSP)
Cost Effectiveness Analysis
VeriSan
Sector-wide engagement on regulation and mandate
CONTACT US [email protected]
https://cbsa.global
X-runner
Container Based Sanitation: Affordable and innovative services for all
EY, World Water Week29 Aug 19
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Building a better working world
We believe business must do more to foster sustainable inclusive growth. It’s why we’ve created EY Ripples – a global platform that brings greater scale and sharper focus to our efforts to strengthen our communities.
Through EY Ripples, we focus on supporting the next generation and working with impact entrepreneurs. By working with these groups, we apply our skills where they can make the biggest difference, extending the value of EY knowledge, networks and services to people we might not otherwise reach.
This is the first step on a multi-year journey to positively affect the lives of millions of people. Because when 270,000 EY people feel inspired to start ripples – and theirs merge with those of other like-minded people and organizations – together, we can create huge waves of change.
At EY, we believe a better working world is one where
everyone can contribute to and share in the benefits of
sustainable economic growth.
“
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Driving sustainable inclusive growth
Impact entrepreneurs are making it their business to tackle inequality by purposefully driving progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
When these business work better, the world works better, and that’s why EY is committed to helping them scale.
It’s why, for well over a decade, EY professionals have been lending their skills, knowledge and experience, on a not-for-profit basis, to help these life-changing enterprises improve their resilience, productivity and capacity for sustainable
growth.
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Helping impact entrepreneurs change lives
Immersive projectsWorking not-for-profit, for nominal fees, we bring the knowledge, skills and experience of the EY global organization within reach of impact entrepreneurs globally. And we serve them just as EY member firms serve large commercial clients, sending experienced EY people to work with them and help improve their business’ resilience, productivity and
capacity for growth. Learn more here.
Business clinicsFocussed on common topics of interest and barriers to growth – spanning business improvement, risk management and tax and financial planning – these intensive one-day
workshops are designed to bring together groups of impact entrepreneurs, offering a combination of practical training, peer discussion and individual and group mentoring.
EY Finance Navigator Whether you’re a finance pro or just a beginner, EY Finance Navigator makes it easy for entrepreneurs to build professional financial models, financial statements and key performance indicator (KPI) dashboards. Learn more here.
The EY 7 Drivers of GrowthWe have been learning from and working with the world’s fastest-growing entrepreneurs and middle-market companies through the EY Entrepreneur Of The Year® program for over 30 years. So we know that focusing on a broad set of capabilities can accelerate and deliver sustainable growth. We have taken that knowledge to develop the EY 7 Drivers of Growth so we can help all businesses with high-growth aspirations gain that broad focus and successfully execute their growth strategy over the long term. Learn more here.
Thought leadershipWe translate lessons learned from working with individual impact enterprises into insights that can help accelerate the growth of entire sectors. A joint report from EY and Unilever, How can a trickle become a torrent?, is a prime example. See our latest thinking here.
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The world can’t wait for sewers
► Joint report on container based sanitation by EY and Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP)
► Working on a not-for-profit basis, an EY team conducted detailed
financial analysis and modelling for Clean Team in Ghana to help identify ways to achieve profitability and better position for scale
► The report shared the outcomes of this analysis in the form of insights aimed at improving prospects for success of the CBS solution
► Insights can be grouped into three elements:
1. Understand the economics
2. Understand the market
3. Understand the power of partnership
The world can’t wait for sewers, 2017
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The world can’t wait for sewers
Insight 1: Gross margin is king
Insight 2: Target the working poor
Insight 3: Collaborate to crack scalability
Insight 4: Link to city-wide waste management
Insight 5: Use human-centred sales to break through complexity
Insight 6: Collect reliably to keep customers happy
Insight 7: Size matters
Insight 8: Actively pursue Public Private Partnership (PPP) opportunities
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Global leaders in household CBS services: A comparative analysis
► Study to better understand the cost drivers and paths to financial sustainability of three CBS providers
► Working on a not-for-profit basis, an EY team conducted a comparative
analysis using a three month snapshot of the financial and operational data of each of the three CBS providers
► Lessons learned included:
1. Toilet design and estimated asset life
2. Setting service fees
3. Managing direct costs
4. Strategies for market growth
5. Opportunities for ongoing collaboration
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Cost effectiveness analysis of CBS services compared to other urban sanitation options
The objectives of the study are to:
1. Develop a clearer understanding of the full life-cycle cost of CBS services compared to primary urban sanitation options (sewer,pit latrine, septic tanks) operating in six locations where CBS Alliance members are working
2. Explore the structure and impact of any government support for sanitation on the costs of each model (or components thereof) for both service providers and customers
3. Contribute to the development of an evidence-based and practical sector-wide Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) methodology for CBS service providers to demonstrate where CBS can fit into citywide sanitation services
Key intended outputs include:
1. Six short case studies setting out findings from the cost effectiveness analysis in the six locations where CBS Alliance membersare working
2. Synthesis report for sector-wide audiences setting out practical findings and key messages
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High level overview of approach
Data collection
1
Field visits and hypothesis testing
3
Insights and business case development
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Define data requirements and data capture workbook templates. Capture and collate management data for the six CBS service providers, and available data on primary urban sanitation solutions (sewer, pit latrine and septic tanks)
Define CEA methodology and build CEA workbook. Clean and analyse data within CEA workbook. Stress test CEA workbook and develop hypotheses
Conduct field visits to the six operating locations of the CBS service providers to capture field-level data, and to test/verify hypotheses
Identify key insights from analysis and draft six case studies and wider synthesis reportsfor internal CBS Alliance and sector-wide audiences
1► The analysis will build on the Cost and
Climate Impacts of Urban Sanitation (CACTUS) initiative, applying aligned principles methodologies
► The analysis will also leverage existing methodologies and data available, including the World Bank study of container based sanitation solutions in Haiti, Peru and Kenya
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Modelling and analytics
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Thank you
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School of Civil EngineeringFACULTY OF Engineering
Professor Barbara Evans on behalf of the CACTUS team
School of Civil Engineering
Overall Aim: To establish the real costs of urban sanitation systems, to aid decision-makers in citywide sanitation
planning
User Interface (Costing Tool)
Integrating Module (e.g. AHP)
Cost ComponentClimate
ComponentWelfare
Component
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Pre-feasibility study Trade-off
Primary Requirements
Secondary Requirements
User Friendly
Meaningful (advocacy)
Low information
requirements
Reliable
Accurate
Prescriptive
1. Ball Park estimation
2. Semi-analytic estimation
3. Analytic estimation (cost = quantity x unit cost)
Parametric Estimation
3
4
maintenance
Direct operations
Indirect
operationsadministrations
Fuel Electricity
MAKE
Endogenous/ InternalOperations and management
BUYExogenous/ external
Construction and supply of goods and services
Water Manufactured
Equipment
Other
consumables
Construction and installation of plants, facilities and related infrastructure
Other
services
Full vertical integration along the
sanitation value chain
FinancingTaxes
EXCLUDED
from the Analysis
Cost of licenses and administrative permits
- Subsidies- Transaction costs along the sanitation Value chain. E.g. emptying fees, collection fees.- Revenue streams
No Vertical integration along the construction, production and manufacturing supply chains
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Principles of data analysis
• CACTUS works off ACTUAL costs in delivered projects and ongoing system management as far as possible
• The cost framework allows CACTUS to identify excluded/ absent costs (ie tax, land…)
• These can be adjusted for using system/ regional average rates
• All costs are reported on a per household and per capital basis – standard metrics for estimating output
• Costs can be reported inclusive or exclusive of major cost catergories (ie OPEX only, CAPEX only, tax in/excluded..)
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Five cost elements
CAPEX - Industrial
OPEX -Industrial
ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES
FINANCING
TAXES
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Cost elementsCAPEX - Industrial
Land (Purchase, Ownership, Freehold Estate)Infrastructure and buildingsEquipmentMajor and extraordinary repairs (alternately, Capital Maintenance expenditure)Staff Development (e.g. Vaccination, training)
Other CAPEXOPEX -IndustrialLand (Leasehold estate)Infrastructure and buildings (Rent and Leases)Equipment (Rent and Leases)
StaffConsumables
UtilitiesFuelChemicals
ServicesConsulting/ advisoryLegalInsuranceRegular maintenance
Other ServicesOther Consumables
Other OPEXADMINISTRATIVE CHARGESFINANCINGTAXES
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Input Resources
Output Sanitation
Service
Full Cost (Capex, Opex)Per Sanitation Service Provided
CAPEX OPEX
CAPEX OPEX
Direct Cost
Indirect Cost
Full Cost
Calculating the cost of resources
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Manual emptying and transport
A B C D E
Item+Description UM Empting Transportation Interim Storage
1 Material Treated m3/year
2 Households served household/year
3 Area Served m2 (*Map)
4 Distance Km/year
5 Average Distance Km/ day
6 Storage Capacity m3 F G
CAPEX (Currency-year) OPEX (Currency/year)
7 Labour $2018
8 Phisical Asset and Equipments $2018
9 Consumables (e.g. fuel) $2018
10 Management/ Administration $2018
11 Financing $2018
12 Taxes $2018
13 Fees and Licenses $2018
Serv
ice
Res
ou
rce
s (D
ire
ct
Ind
ust
rial
Co
st)
Ind
ire
ct C
ost
Vo
ices
Direct OPEX
Indirect CAPEX
Indirect OPEX
Input Resources
Output Sanitation Service
Resource allocation(black box) Direct
Capex
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Item Value U nit o f M easure So urce Item Value U nit of M easu re Sou rce Item V alue U nit of M easure S ource
Sanitation Service Techno log y Septic Tank/ Cesspool Pit Categorical Data Techn olo gy Vacuum Truck Categorical Data Techno log y Anaerobic Baffle Reactors + Sand Bed Categorical Data
Service Life 50 Year Data Capacity 10 m3 Data Capacity (nominal) 100 m3/day Data
Households Served 4,150 Household Data Service Life 15 Year Data Service Life 30 Year Data
Households Served 4,150 Household Data Households Served 4,150 Household Data
Item per household 1 Septic Tank/ Household Assumption Number of trucks 1 Data People Served 41,500 People Data
People Served 41,500 People Data People Served 41,500 People Data
CA PEX TOT 2,075,000 $2011 Calculated TOT 30,000 $2011 Calculated TOT 654,000 $2006 Calculated
TOT per household 500 $2011/Household Calculated TOT per household 7 $2011/Household Calculated TOT per household 158 $2006/Household Calculated
Annualised 113,662 $2011/Year Calculated Annualised 2,890 $2011/Year Calculated Annualised 42,544 $2006/Year Calculated
Annualised per household 27 $2011/(Year*household)Calculated Annualised per household 0.70 $2011/(Year*household)Calculated Annualised per household 10 $2006/(Year*household)Calculated
Construction cost 500 $2011/Septic Tank Data Purchase cost (on the road) 30,000 $2011/unit Data
Construction Cost 2,075,000 $2011 Missing Information Direct Cost of Equipment 30,000 $2011 Assumption Construction Cost $2006 Missing Information
Land ? $2011 Missing Information Garage $2011 Missing Information Land $2007 Missing Information
Design ? $2011 Missing Information Other Costs $2011 Missing Information Other Costs $2008 Missing Information
Construction Cost ? $2011 Missing Information TOT C APEX 30,000 $2011 Calculated TOT CA PEX 654,000 $2006 Data
Legal and administrative expenses ? $2011 Missing Information Year 2011 Year Calculated Year 2006 Year Data
Financing ? $2011 Missing Information
Other expenses ? $2011 Missing Information TOT CA PEX (real) 30,000 $2011 Calculated TOT C APEX (real) 654,000 $2011 Calculated
TOT C APEX 2,075,000 $2011 Calculated Year 2016 Year Assumption Year 2016 Year Assumption
Year 2011 Year Calculated
TOT C A PEX (real) 2,075,000 $2011 Calculated
Year 2016 Year Assumption
CA PITAL M AIN TEN ANC E TOT - $2011 Calculated TOT 30,000 $2011 Calculated TOT - $2006 Calculated
TOT per household - $2011/Household Calculated TOT per household 7 $2011/Household Calculated TOT per household - $2006/Household Calculated
Number of re-investment 0 Adimensional Calculated Number of re-investment 1.0 Adimensional Calculated Number of re-investment - Adimensional Calculated
Tot Capital Investment - $2011 Calculated Tot Capital Investment 30,000 $2011 Calculated Tot Capital Investment - $2006 Calculated
OP EX TOT - $2012 Calculated TOT 1,320 $2012 Calculated TOT 45,256 $2012 Calculated
TOT per household - $2012/Household Calculated TOT per household 0 $2012/Household Calculated TOT per household 11 $2012/Household Calculated
Maintenance ? $2012 Missing Information Fuel 21,420 $2012 Data Fuel/Energy 3,480 $2012 Data
Water ? $2012 Missing Information Labour 22,380 $2012 Data Labour 17,846 $2012 Data
Other costs ? $2012 Missing Information Maintenance $2012 Missing Information Overheads 23,930 $2012 Data
Tot OPEX - $2012 Missing Information Overheads 1,320 $2012 Data Tot OPEX 45,256 $2012 Calculated
Year 2012 Year data Tot OPEX 45,120 $2012 Calculated Year 2012 Year Data
Year 2012 Year Data
TOT OPEX (real) - $2016 Calculated TOT OPEX (real) 45,256 $2016 Calculated
Year 2016 Year Assumption TOT OPEX (real) 45,120 $2016 Calculated Year 2016 Year Assumption
Year 2016 Year Assumption
Fu ll C ost sin gle technolog y TOT 2,075,000 $2012 Calculated TOT 73,200 $2012 Calculated TOT 2,011,680 $2012 Calculated
TOT per household 500 $2012/Household Calculated TOT per household 18 $2012/Household Calculated TOT per household 485 $2012/Household Calculated
TOT annulised 113,662 $2011/Year Calculated TOT annulised 4,210 $2011/Year Calculated TOT annulised 87,800 $2006/Year Calculated
TOT annualised per household 27 $2011/(Year*household)Calculated TOT annualised per household 1 $2011/(Year*household)Calculated TOT annualised per household 21 $2006/(Year*household)Calculated
Fu ll C ost Sanitatio n system TOT 4,159,880 $2012 Calculated
TOT per household 1,002 $2012/Household Calculated
TOT annulised 205,672 $2011/Year Calculated
TOT annualised per household 50 $2011/(Year*household)Calculated
Collection and Contaim ent Emptying and Transport Treatment
LEGEND
Data
Assumption
Calculated
Missing Information
Construction cost 500 $2011/Septic Tank Data
Construction Cost 2,075,000 $2011 Missing Information
Land ? $2011 Missing Information
Design ? $2011 Missing Information
Construction Cost ? $2011 Missing Information
Legal and administrative expenses ? $2011 Missing Information
Financing ? $2011 Missing Information
Other expenses ? $2011 Missing Information
TOT CAPEX 2,075,000 $2011 Calculated
Year 2011 Year Calculated
Detailed data and information
For each cost Voice(i.e. Capex, Opex, Capital
Maintenance)
Clear indication of the source of each data
12
Case studies
• 24 cities
• 14 countries
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A first look at some results
14
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Dakar Nakuru Dakar Nakuru
Sewer FSM
Tota
l An
nu
alis
ed C
ost
per
Ho
use
ho
ld (
TAC
H)
20
16
US$
Containment Emptying and Transport Pumping station Treatment
Comparison of Dakar and Nakuru – no adjustment
A first look at some results
15
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
Dakar Nakuru Dakar Nakuru
Sewer FSM
Tota
l An
nu
alis
ed C
ost
per
Ho
use
ho
ld (
TAC
H)
20
16
US$
Containment Emptying and Transport Pumping station Treatment
Comparison of Dakar and Nakuru – adjusted for tax and other CAPEX
A first look at some results
16
-
50
100
150
200
250
Dakar Nakuru Dakar Nakuru
Sewer FSM
Tota
l An
nu
alis
ed
Co
st p
er
cap
ita
(TA
CC
) 2
01
6 U
S$
Containment Emptying and Transport Pumping station Treatment
Comparison of Dakar and Nakuru – adjusted for tax and other CAPEX
A first look at some results
17
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Dakar Accra (Slamson) Nonthaburi Accra (LavenderHill)
Devanahal li Dhenkanal Kumasi (Oti) Faridpur Nakuru
FSTP
CA
PEX
AC
H U
S$2
01
6
A first look at some results
18
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Dakar Accra (Slamson) Nonthaburi Accra (LavenderHill)
Devanahal li Dhenkanal Kumasi (Oti) Faridpur Nakuru
FSTP
OP
EX A
CH
US$
20
16
A first look at some results
Country City Component Category Data source
TACH (US$
2016)
Bangladesh Not specified Containment Infiltrating pits Secondary 26.25
Bangladesh Urban Containment Sealed tank Secondary 8.92
India Odisha Ru Containment Sealed tank Primary 74.55
India Maharasht Containment Sealed tank Primary 102.51
India Gujarat Containment Sealed tank Primary 46.59
Bangladesh Urban slu Emptying and Transport Road Manual Secondary 35.52
Bangladesh Urban high Emptying and Transport Road Manual Secondary 63.93
Bangladesh Sirajganj P Emptying and Transport Road Manual Secondary 10.66
Bangladesh Urban Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Secondary 28.41
Bangladesh Lakshmipu Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Secondary 14.21
Bangladesh Sirajganj P Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Secondary 46.17
Bangladesh Rural Emptying and Transport Road Manual Secondary 62.22
Bangladesh Dhaka Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Primary 2.00
Bangladesh Dhaka Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Primary 58.00
Bangladesh Faridpur Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Primary 54.00
Bangladesh Khulna Emptying and Transport Road Manual Secondary 50.49
Bangladesh Khulna Emptying and Transport Road Mechanical Secondary 46.45
Bangladesh Faridpur Treatment Composting (FS) Primary 1.55
India Dhenkanal Treatment Anaerobic Digestion Primary 3.65
19
Table 1: Summary of sanitation cost data by components in US$2016 equivalents
A first look at some results
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Sealed Infiltrating Road Manual Road Mechanical Anaerobic digestion
Containment Emptying&Transport Treatment
Nu
mb
er
of
dat
a p
oin
ts (
n)
Tota
l An
nu
alis
ed C
ost
per
Ho
use
ho
ld (
US$
20
16
)
Web App
Filters
Costingbenchmarks
21
DRAFTCost Benchmark
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
51
101
151
201
251
301
351
401
Dir
ect
Seal
ed
Infi
ltra
tin
g p
it
CBS
to
ilet
Man
ual
Mec
han
ical
Vac
uum
tru
ck
Roa
d M
echa
nic
al
Pipe
(SS)
Pipe
(CS)
An
aero
bic
Dig
esti
on
Aer
ated
Sys
tem
Com
post
ing
Pond
s &
We
tland
s
Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
n
USD
201
6
Annualised Cost per Household
Cost Range n
Notes:
Sum of CAPEX and OPEX20% error barsData points are often incomplete, some only CAPEX, only OPEX, or only fees/charges, or without information on service coverage (number of households)Assumptions were applied to convert data points various unit of measures to $ annualised cost per household
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1 - What can the sector do to increase the understanding of cost effectiveness?
2 - What can you do to practically apply cost effectiveness to your work?
