Upload
duane
View
39
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Presentation for Deforestation project. By: Ming Chun, Shang Wen, Chloe and Amanda Useful note: Please support peace and cheese!!!!!!!!!!!!! The interesting thing is at the back. Causes. Good without them. Mining. Coal mining Land is cleared for coal mining Metal mining - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Presentation for Deforestation projectBy: Ming Chun, Shang Wen, Chloe and AmandaUseful note: Please support peace and cheese!!!!!!!!!!!!!The interesting thing is at the back.
CausesGood without them
MiningCoal mining
Land is cleared for coal miningMetal mining
Land is also cleared for metal mining. To separate gold from ore, mercury is used. The mercury get absorbed by the plants and kills them.
Palm oil Land is cleared for palm oil plantations Great use of palm oil Made into biofuel (substitute of fossil
fuels!!)
Looking at the two reasons (palm oil and mining), need for land is a serious cause.
More causes (brief) Poor management of forests Local poverty Timber Forest fires (first caused by company
“Itzi”) Jealousy of locals on big companies
(they cannot log while the big companies can. Thus, this cause the locals to log illegally)
Palm oilCause of deforestation
What is palm oil? It is a red liquid at room temperature but lighter
coloured after boiling Comes from the African Oil Palm First commercially cultivated in
1911 on Sumatra islandPalm oil(Liquid)
Oil palm Solid Palm oil block
Uses Ingredient in food Cheap substitute for bread Make biodiesel Make bread, cereal, sweets and soaps Cooking oil Make chocolate
Fun Fact: In World War 2, Palm oil combined with Naphtha to produce Napalm!
Why do people want to buy palm oil? It is cheap Has a high stability when frying
Countries with large palm oil production Indonesia-More than 20.9 million tons Malaysia-17.7 million tons-Uses 4,500,000 hectares of land-Employ more than 570,000 people Nigeria-More than 2.5 million hectares of land used Columbia-Uses 1,000,000 hectares of land-35% made into biofuel
Why does palm oil cause all this?
Can only be cultivated in rainforests
Orangutans live there
Orangutans run away from the
fire
Orangutans fled from
their habitats
Eat farmers crops
Get shot down by
them
Current measuresHow to stop deforestation?
1.Conservationists groupsHave them to promote conservationWhy not working??Factories:
Less land for
plantations
Less people
with jobsPopulation decrease!!
DOOM!
What is Indonesia?
2.Signing of regulation President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono signed a regulation on an implementation of a national inventory of greenhouse gases. There was a program called "Moving Towards a Green Indonesia" which helped conservationists groups and also deal with deforestation.
Why EPIC FAIL: Deforestation is not fully banned even though the carbon usage is thought to be able to decrease by 26%.
3. Pressure from conservationist groups’ fans Supporters of Greenpeace pressured companies like
Nestle and Unilever to change their palm oil sourcing policies to stop deforestation as the forests are cleared mostly for palm oil. This helped as companies (which were providing palm oil to the buyers) used less land for palm oil plantations as they need less palm oil.
Why EPIC fail Still a lot of other companies using palm oil and thus
the problems are not solved. Fun fact (not really fun after all): Unilever is one of the
biggest buyers of palm oil from Indonesia but it buys only 3% of the palm oil bought all the companies!
Things to noteNestle sells stuff like Milo, Kit Kat, Koko Krunch and the latest product is Nescafe Dolce Gusto (the coffee maker stuff) while Unilever sells a range of products like Dove, Sunsilk, Lipton, Lux, Vaseline, Ben and Jerry's, Clear, Cif, Comfort, Lifebuoy, Rexona and Domestos
Military raids Confiscate chainsaws Illegal loggers put to jail.
Efforts to prevent deforestation (not in Indonesia) Brazil Creation of a federal force to fight environmental crime – for
which 3,000 new agents will be hired – and the training of 1,500 current staff in Brazil’s environmental agencies
Assembly of a committee composed of six ministers with portfolios affecting deforestation, such as rural credit and land property policy.
Inclusion of protected area costs in highway plans and budgets – a key measure as new and improved roads often cause greater deforestation
Why EPIC fail: This is not working as this is only among 10% of the Amazon forest in Brazil. There are still a lot of other areas that would be worse
Enforcement of laws 1. Anyone who causes a forest fire will be given a
sentence of at least 10 years. 2. If it is severe, the DEATH penalty will come.Question – Why is it not working?3. Nobody enforces the laws4. The enforcers when sent are easily bribedIt is like… the school sets a rule to not allow socks below ankle length. At first, everybody obeys. After a while, nobody comes to check and the students start wearing them.
StakeholdersPeople involved
Who they are and how they uses the rainforest Tribes-They use it for home and shelter Eco-tour Operators-they use the rainforest as a tool for
education and for them to show people the beauty of the rainforest
Factories- They use the rainforest as a source of income Animals-They use the rainforest as a home and for protection Scientists- They use the rainforest as a way of discovering
things (like new plants for medication) that can benefit others Government-They try to protect the rainforest and stop things
that help destroy it Conservationists-They use the rainforest as a tool for
education and they try to protect it Schools- They educate people just like eco-tour operators
Their job and what they doTribes- They help spread around the seeds of eaten fruit They eat the fruit then let the animals carry around
the seeds, planting more of that speciesEco-Tour Operators- They tell people how the rainforest is being
threatened and what they can do to help stop this They take tour groups around and show them the
rainforest and how wonderful it is so they can appreciate it
Their job and what they do (cont.)Factories- Cut down trees for plantationsAnimals- Spread around seeds and “plants” them Make trees and plants grow as well as fruits that
tribes in the rainforest can live offScientists- To go into the rainforests and try to find good uses for
new plant specimens They find new plant species then use them in
experiments to see if they can be used for medicine
Their rights and responsibilitiesWe respect them and they respect us
TRIBESRights To retain their homes To be able to find food easily To have water To feel protectedin their homes To have clothes
Responsibilities To help distribute
plants and seeds so that species can keep growing
To only take what they need and nothing more
ANIMALSRights To feel protected To always have food To have shelterin their home To retain theirhomes
Responsibilities To keep spreading
around seeds for food purposes
To protect the forest from other threats
ECO-TOUR OPERATORSRights
Educate people Fine people if they
pollute(Example: Litter) the rainforest.
Show tourists the rainforest and let them appreciate it
Responsibilities Educate people Be role models by not
polluting the rainforest Respect laws that try
to protect the rainforest
WORLD GOVERNMENTSRights To be allowed to request countries to
reduce greenhouse gases To be allowed to try and pay countries to
protect their rainforests To put in the Kyoto (international
agreement against greenhouse emissions) into place
WORLD GOVERNMENTS cont.Responsibilities
To reduce greenhouse gases and the burning of fossil fuels in other countries
To protect the rainforests and what’s left of them
FACTORIESRights Make money Able to makeliving
Responsibilities Burn trees in
designated areas (not illegal places)
Burn trees sustainably
ScientistsRights
To be able to explore the rainforest (with conditions)
To be allowed to observe different species but make NO contact
To be granted permission to explore different parts of the rainforest in order to look for new plant species
Scientists Responsibilities
To not move/change around any areas of the rainforest e.g. plant fruit where animals are trying to sleep
Not to disturb the wildlife inside the rainforests
To respect how the rainforest and to not do anything to pollute it
ConservationistsRights To be able to at least try to protect the
rainforests To be able to protest against non-environmental
projects (things that hurt the environment and it’s rainforests) and not get in trouble for it
Responsibilities To be able to protect the rainforest and everything in it To not stand by and watch the environment along with
it’s rainforests be destroyed
SchoolRights and Responsibilities
Educate people Hold conference to stop deforestation
Effects if their rights are not fulfilled Tribes- The tribe will die out People will forget about themEco-tour operators- People will forget how they should treat/behave
in the rainforest People will forget how important rainforests areFactories- They can’t help/support themselves or their
families
Effects if their rights are not fulfilled (cont.) Animals-
Animals could become more aggressive because of the stress from everything happening around them
Scientists- Cures for diseases that could’ve been found would’ve
disappeared because scientists couldn’t explore and look for them
World governments- Rainforests will have even MORE threats working against
the existence of them!Conservationists- No one will be there to help the rainforests exist
What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled Tribes- The rainforest and the species within it will
diminish faster than before because seeds of plants aren’t being distributed
Eco-tour operators- Rainforests will be in even worse conditions Different species will perish fasterFactories- There would be unemployment
What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled (cont.)Animals- More animal species will die out More plant/fruit species will die outScientists-
Animals could start acting up because scientists have made with the animals and they’ve reacted badly
Cures that can solve current illness would be extinctWorld governments- Rainforests won’t be protected at ALL anymore!Conservationists- Rainforests simply WON’T exist anymoreSchools You might have to say bye to the rainforest (not literary)
Linking Charts
Linking Charts (cont.)
Other country involvement and consequences on other countries Lending a helping hand
Chart
ConsequencesWHAT DOES HAZE LEAD TO?1st effect – Economic losses WHY? 1. Tourist income Some countries, especially Singapore, rely a lot on tourists to survive. With the haze, they will avoid coming, and thus we will lose a lot. 2. Trade income With the haze absorbing and scattering light, there were a lot of visual
problems. This heavily affected land, sea and air transport, causing late arrival of
goods, and thus cause heavy losses. For example, in the 1997 haze, both Singapore and Malaysia lost US$0.4b.
Consequences (cont.)2nd effect – More illnesses WHY?1. Lack of protective measures Many Asian countries did not have the financial means to supply protective measures like
respiratory masks. In turn, this caused more people to be ill.2. Poor environmentHaze causes asthma diseases and respiratory problems. In 2006, there was a 20% increase of patients in areas west of Singapore. Although the west of Singapore usually has the highest PSI levels, it is only by several points. NEA denied speculation that the construction sites in Tuas and Jurong contributed to the haze, although it is hard to tell. Crowded environment While some people opted to stay in their homes, others decided to spend time in shopping
malls. As there are more crowds in public areas, the chances of spreading and getting diseases are higher.
Increase of ozone With haze, the amount of air purifiers to purify the air in the house will soar. However, many
of these purifiers release ozone, which in turn causes people to suffer similar diseases as to the haze.
Consequences again3rd effect – Higher PSI levelsWHY?1. The number of pollutants in the air is increased with haze.
This will cause the PSI levels to rise. Take the 1997 haze in Singapore as an example. The PSI levels shot up to 226 at one stage, entering very the unhealthy stage. The immune system of people with heart or lung disease will be weakened, in addition to more widespread symptoms of transient irritation in the healthy population.
2. Usually, the time when most deforestation happens clashes with the Ghost Festival. Smoke is released as offerings and worsens the impact of the haze, thus increasing the PSI.
What are other countries doing? Singapore - Provided efficient satellite
equipment and good photos, to view where the hot spots were. They managed to detect 146 hot spots.
Malaysia - Provided fire-fighting equipment that Indonesia lacked funds to buy and able-bodied fire fighters to help put out the fire.
*Please note these were only solutions to stop the fires but not deforestation.
What are other countries doing? (cont.) Norway – Signed a letter of intent with Indonesia. In
exchange for up to US$1 billion, Indonesia would place a two-year moratorium on new logging concession. This is expected to put curbs on Indonesia's palm oil industry and delay plans for the creation of a huge agricultural estate in Papua province, where the Papua Forest is home to orang utans.
Also, to prevent illegal burning after this letter, Norway will set up a system in Indonesia to reduce corruption so that the deal can be enforced. With the money, Indonesia would have enough resources to combat deforestation. The money goes to making the farm land more productive and thus reduce the need for deforestation.
What are other countries doing? (cont.) Brunei – Import orang utans from the forests of
Indonesia to live in their safer forests Joint effort by Malaysia, Brunei, Borneo and Indonesia –
Create save the forest campaign to protect animals in the forests
America – Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment
Spent US$1.5m to save the orang utans Request other countries to stop importing wood from
Indonesia to stop the tree cutting Wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for
forest protection
What are organisations doing? United Nations – Encourage rich countries to contribute
funds to help reduce deforestation (REDD Plus, aka Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation)
ASEAN – Set up the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. The purpose is to address haze pollution, namely prevention, mitigation and monitoring.
Designated 27 national protected areas from selected countries as National Heritage Parks
Strongly urged Indonesia to ratify the Agreement Set up the ASEAN Haze Technical Task Force to combat
the fires
Rate of deforestation in Southeast Asia
As you can see, Malaysia and Indonesia’s rates are the highest.
Worrying reasons A study broke down changes in forest cover by
island. Borneo, which is shared by Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia, topped the list in terms of total area lost at 5 million hectares during the period, accounting for 12% of its 2000 cover.
The most worrying sign is, forests declined at a faster rate in Sumatra, which lost 23.7% of its forest cover or 3.5 million hectares. If other countries cannot defend themselves, I cannot see them helping Indonesia.
ConsequencesSerious threats to the world
A brief summary
Extinction of species With deforestation, trees will be burned down.
Many animals will lose their homes and migrate to other unsuitable environment.
Some animals are unable to adapt, and they might die easily. Predators will of course, be introduced and the population will be unbalanced. Thus, some animals might die of quickly.
In addition, when the poor animals seek refuge from a farmer, they get killed or injured badly.
Greenhouse effects Enormous quantities of CO2 are
released from the burnt trees. While the input of CO2 to the atmosphere is increased, its output decreases.
Many scientists believe that deforestation has been contributing significant amounts of carbon dioxide to the global atmosphere and thereby to the greenhouse effect or global warming.
Natural disasters In forest fires, global warming is caused by the
CO2 released during forest fires. Global warming leads to dire consequences. Floods, droughts, earthquakes and acid rain.
Trees increase water infiltration. However, when the forests are burned, they are unable to transport water from heavy rain to streams. Thus, this leads to floods.
Droughts can also be caused during the dry season, because water supply to streams are not provided.
Acid rain WHY?Rain clouds get polluted by the haze released by deforestation. EFFECTSWhen acid rain comes into contact with anything, it practically destroys it. The Sphnix has already some parts destroyed by acid rain.
Soil Erosion Trees with the help of deep root systems are able
to draw water from sub-surface water table. Humidity prevents excessive water loss and rapid desiccation. Plants contribute organic matter which upon decomposition adds humus to the soil.
Deforestation leaves the ground surface bare. Further loss of nutrients might occur. Where remaining vegetation is burned to clear the land and agriculture attempted loss of nutrients is even more rapid. Already poor tropical soil is made poorer.
Soil Erosion (cont.) The top soil which is thus lost is irreplaceable. Nature
takes about 1000 years to produce 2.5 cms of top soil. Massive soil erosion aggravates flood situation in two
ways. Firstly, the deposition of silt and sediments in river beds makes them shallow. Secondly, land devoid of forest cover loses its water holding capacity.
About 10 million hectares of forested land can hold enough water to fill completely a reservoir as large as that of Bhakra-Nangal dam. In absence of plant cover this water flows down in rapid torrents.
Interlinking Chart
Orang utans Orang Utans About 1000 orangutans have died during the dry
season earlier. Forest fires have produced thick smoke across Borneo. They have suffered from dehydration, respiratory problems, lack of food and even sustained injuries due to the forest fires. The fires have destroyed their habitats.
Orangutans flee the burning forest in search of food and safety, often to nearby palm oil plantations, where they are abused. Shouldn’t orangutans be saved? Why are they being abused? In my opinion, the world should do something to save these orangutans.
Some current measures Wildlife Direct Petition to the Indonesian President to
halt the Tripa Swamps deforestation Send rescue teams to palm oil
plantations to save the orang utansIn some cases, forests are closed off, and they are considered
protected parts. However, some parts are not clearly marked… which just spells the word BAD.
In other cases, there is an international law giving orang utans endangered statuses.
Solutions? Maybe not…1. Ban the use of kerosene and other materials that
catch fire easily. Daily necessities e.g. charcoal and oil rationed to a limited quantity able to be bought
2. Seal off the forests and only allow access to plantations
3. Have air patrols occasionally using only one or two people when deforestation is mostly carried out, and make sure nobody damages or harms the forest. Just arrest anyone that come to the forests without question
4. Have several robot guards that cannot be toppled to guard the forests
The end? This is the interesting bit
Nope
People (unless you’re an alien like Marvin), its time for the game show!!!!!!~Troll
Footnote: No prizes given
Question 1What can palm oil be made into. Choose the false one.a)Biofuelb)Sun Ic)Chocolate
Question 2What causes acid rain directly?
a)Hazeb)Chocolatec)Forest fires
Question 3What did Brunei do to help Indonesia?
a)Give them effective fire fighting equipmentb)Sneer at themc)Nothingd)Import orang utans from there and let them live at their forests
Question 4Which are the two kinds of mining that causes deforestation?
a)Coal and metalb)Coal and granitec)Gold and metald)Coal and gold
Question 5Why do animals need the forest?a) They need it for protection against humansb) I mean, it's their birth place, right? HOME SWEET HOME! This is a stupid questionc) Who cares about the animals, anyway. It's because they like to eat insects, there got a lot of insectsd) They need shelter, home and food
Question 6Why did Norway sign a letter of agreement with Indonesia?a)They had too much money to spendb)They wanted to prevent corruptionc)They want to spy on the Indonesian government.d)They want to prevent Indonesia from creating a huge industrial area in Papua where many orang utans live
Question 7Why do orang utans flee to farmers?a)Humans are getting closer to their territoryb)The orang utans were forced to escape there as there was a stampedec) The orang utans were affected by the forest fires, and they were in danger. Fleeing to the palm oil plantations will put their lives in less danger, in their opinion, anywayd) It's not worth living in the forest anymore
Question 8What does haze cause?a)People murdering each otherb)Orang utans become able to flyc)Economic losses, higher PSI levels and respiratory illnessesd)People eating soya beancurde)Others
Question 9What did Brazil do to stop the problem?a) Created a federal forceb)Included protected area costs in highway plans and budgetsc) Assembled a committee composed of six ministers with portfolios affecting deforestationd) All of the abovee) Sit on the sofa and watch TV
Question 10What did America do to help stop deforestation?a)Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment, spent US$1.5million to save the orang utans, request other countries to stop importing wood from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting and wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for forest protectionb)Cut down treesc)Tell Indonesia to stop deforestation or it would attack Indonesiad)Use excessive amounts of palm oil
Question 11 Which stakeholder go around the forest
to find new plant specimens and find good uses for it?
a) Scientists b) Loggers c) Government d) Schools e) Eco-tour operators
Question 12Where is oil palm first commercially cultivated and at when(year)?a)On Hai Nan Island at 1919b)On Singapore at 2012c)On Sumatra at 1918d) On Jakarta at 1911e) On Sumatra at 1914f) On Jakarta at 1912
Question 13 Why are there more illnesses due to the haze? a) The government does not care b) While others opt to stay at home, others
decide to spend time outdoors (shopping, etc.). More crowded in public areas--> Spread more diseases
c) People don't take care of themselves, and refuse to take medicine.
d) All of the above
Question 14 What causes greenhouse effects
directly? a)Haze b)KFC c)ME d)Ozone depletion e)Nothing. It happens by its self
Lastly to say,
Useless questionWho created that comic?
a)Ming Chunb)Chloec)Amandad) Shang Wen
Restart question?
THE END!Thank you for your kind attention
NOTE: Peace rocks!!!