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Production of Bio-electricity at Commercial
Scale for Sustainable Development
M RIZWANRoll No 2
PhD BotanyUniversity of Sargodha
CONTENTS
• Bioenergy production technologies• Research, development, demonstration and
deployment• Institutional and technical capacity development• Conclusions
.
Improving energy security and mitigating climate changes are among the most important bioenergy drivers in most countries. Therefore, the use of bioenergy systems is not a feature of only developing countries.
Among developed countries, Sweden and Finland are the two most remarkable examples of the modern bioenergy paradigm. Both countries have high energy consumption ratios and, most notably, are located in cold-temperate regions, with low levels of sunlight and thus low photosynthetic production. However, they have managed to sustainably produce significant quantities of bioenergy, achieving about 20% of their total energy requirements from biomass
.
Based on this point of view the production and use of bioethanol and biopower from sugarcane offers a real potential to start building a new energy reality, more sustainable, and which will make this agroindustry the lever for desirable social and economic transformations. The Brazilian experience in this field was accumulated over many decades. Therefore, Brazil can and must be a benchmark for other countries with similar conditions. They could undertake efficient bioenergy programs, applying the Brazilian example to their characteristics, potential, and markets.
The production of bioethanol from sugarcane, associated with the production of bioelectricity, food and biomaterials, presents attractive returns and constitutes the best alternative to use labor, land, water and sunlight in the production of biofuels.
BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
5
• Fuel wood• Charcoal• Agricultural waste• Wood pellets• Biogas• Bioethanol (equivalent of gasoline) • Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and • Bioelectricity
GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES
Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use
Litter Drying Heaping Cooking
Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking
Examples of Wood Pellet Processing
.
Example of Biogas Production
Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies
(FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)
(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)
Electricity Production from Biogas
13Biogas bus(Sweden)
Biogas fridgeBiogas cookstove
Biogas generator(Alibaba)
Biogas lamp
Biogas motorbike(www.inforse.org)
Biogas truck
BIOGAS(One Stop Gas)
Biogas train(www.metaefficient.com)
Biogas car(oneighturbo.com)
Biogas Market
Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks
+ Grass and Wood
ITEM SUGARCANE SWEET SORGHUM CASSAVA AGAVE Americana SUGAR BEET
Feedstock unit cost 0.381 0.384 0.15 – 0.47 0.512 0.15 to 0.29Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha) 110 20 - 100 12 - 40 80 60 to 80Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton), fresh roots.
80 45 170 125110
Yield, (Litres/Ha/Harvest) 8,800 900 – 4,500 2,000 - 6,000 3,600 - 12,000 4,800 – 10,000
Water Requirement, (mm/crop)1500 - 2500 450 to 700 400 - 750 500
600
Fertiliser Requirement, (Kg/Ha)300 basal & 250
kg urea
N 75-150P 30-60,
K 60-120.
NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags(if necessary)
150 – 350 Kg Urea(if necessary)
Gestation Period, (months) 12 - 14 4 – 4.3 12 - 16 60 - 72 5 - 6
Rotation Crops
Maize, sorghum, vegetables, legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical
sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).
Corn, sorghum, vegetables, cassava
(Gokhale, 2010)
Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas,
Electricity, Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,
Fertilizer
Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch, Electricity,
Food, Feed, Fiber, Biogas, Electricity,
FertilizerBiogas, Electricity
RemarksCan be stored as
molasses.
Harvested and processed s within a month. Stored as
molasses.
10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare, 80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can be processed from fresh roots or dry.
Extensive experience in Mexico, but also Australia and USA
recently.
Must process fresh roots
Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)
Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser
(FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)
17
Liquefaction module
Fermentation module
Distillation module
Dehydration module
E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery
• Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months.• No need for large start-up capital.• Can process multiple feedstocks.• Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol.• Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel.
Modular Biorefineries and their Importance
18
Bioethanol Market
Bioethanol bus
Bioethanol fridgeBioethanol cookstove
Flexi fuel generator
Bioethanol lantern
Flexi fuel motorbikeBioethanol truck
Eg. BIOETHANOLA One-Stop Fuel
Flexi fuel plane
Flexi fuel car
Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks
Animal Fat, Waste Cooking Oil, Algae
and Wood+
ITEM SOY PALM JATROPHA MORINGA CASTOR SUN FLOWER
Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre 0.429 0.426 0.459 0.290 0.562 0.698Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha) 3.5 15.8 6.0 3.0 1.0 2.0Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton) 196 230 300 400 489 398Yield, (Litres/Ha) 686 4,803 1,800 1,200 489 796
Water Requirement, mm 450 - 7003 – 5mm per day during
hot-dry season500 - 600 250 – 3000 500-600 600 -1000
Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha)250 Basal, 100
UreaN170-230, P70-90, K220-
310 per Year2.5 t Manure
Appropriate amount of manure, when and if necessary
N40,P40, K20200 Basal, 150
Urea.
Gestation Period, (months) 4.5 to 5 24 – 30 24 - 36 12 - 24 4 - 6 4.2 to 4.5
Examples of Immediate Revenue Diversification
Food, FeedFood, Electricity, Fodder, Building, Furniture
Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Biogas, Electricity, Fertilizer, Etc
Fertilizer, Biogas
Food, Feed, Biogas
Remarks
Currently experiencing high prices in the food market.
When efficient, ONE worker can harvest 10-hectare (Fact Foundation, 2010)
There is presently no “Cook Book” to give definite yields. Yields are currently location specific.
Among the world’s most useful plants.
A very important oil in high-tech industry as a lubricant.
Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)
Biodiesel Processing
Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing
(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)
(SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)
Electricity Generation from Biomass
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT
24
25
Bioenergy Value Chain1.
PRELIMINARY
ACTIVITIES
2.
PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
3.
FEEDSTOCK
PRODUCTION and
TRADE
4.
BIOFUELS
PROCESSING
5.
BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE
ACTIVITIESOTHER
SERVICES
Business Plans Sourcing funds Land acquisitions /
lease contracts Impact assessments Obtaining permits
and licences Securing markets Setting-up of
bioenergy industry governance
Technology assessments
Etc
Drilling boreholes Building dams and
canals Assessing soils Building access
roads and bridges Building houses and
offices Building processing
plants Etc,.
Land clearance Land preparations Nurseries Plantation
development Plantation
management Weed and pest
control Feedstock
harvesting Feedstock trading Etc.
Cassava peeling, chipping and drying
Seed cleaning and packaging
Oil extraction Molasses
production Processing and
refining of biofuels Byproducts
production.
Biofuels transportation Byproduct transportation Biofuels blending Biofuels transportation Engine conversion Importation of biofuels compliant
vehicles and appliances Manufacturing of inputs and processing
plants for the biofuels value chain Biofuels R&D Training in biofuels industry Biofuels quality control assessments Biofuels plant repair Development of appropriate cookstoves Etc.
Education Health Recreation Etc
Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modeling and analysis.
Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS
• Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants• Sustainable wood harvest• Efficient/cost-effective forest management• Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing
Feedstock Supply
Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.
Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an economic opportunity for communities across Africa.
This requires developing the technologies and systems needed to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.
CONCLUSIONS
28
29
Develping countries have resources (material and human), but lacks productive action.
Available technologies can be used to establish a vibrant bioenergy industry in these countries.
Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can benefit all on sustainable basis.
Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the environment.
Thank you for your attention