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Yongchun TangPower Environmental Research Center, California
Institute of Technology
Monitoring CO2, Particulates and Hydrocarbon Leaks
Geology & GeochemistryChemistry & ChemicalEngineering
Environmental &Bioengineering
Molecular Simulation
Government
Industry Academia
Industry British Petroleum
ChevronTexaco
ConocoPhillips
Akzo Nobel
Alturdyne
ENI
ShellExxonMobil
Total
SaudiAramco
China National Petroleum Corp.
Government
National Laboratory
U. S. Department of Energy
National Science Foundation
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Programs at PEER for Petroleum Environmental IssuesField Wide H2S, N2 and CO2 Prediction (Before Drilling) – Phase II
Exxon, Shell, BP, ENI, Aramco, Total, Chevrontexaco
New Method of H2S Removal – One Step H2S Removal
Clean Reaction Media (Ionic Liquid) for Catalysis
Corrosion Issues, Napthenic Acid Removal and Modeling
NORM Issues and Inhibitions
Detection of HC Leaks Offshore (Deepwater)
Particulates Detection (New Method and In-Situ Measurement)
CO2 Monitoring (CO2 Sequestration),
Sensors for Hydrocarbon Leaks.
New Technology forImproved MeasurementOf Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulates in industrial processes
• PM analysis– In industrial processes
• Monitoring particulate in industrial processes, e.g. emulsion and crystallization in liquid solutions,
– In engine development and maintenance• Monitor PM impurities• Monitor exhaust and decide the engine’s
performance and health
– In environmental monitoring• Form a new guideline for PM CEM
Our TechnologiesDevelop a method to characterize particulate with
multi-wavelength solid state lasers
Develop a real-time, in-situ , non-intrusive scattering instrument to measure particulate sizes
Develop a real-time, in-situ, non-intrusive scattering instrument to give chemical information about single particulate
Study the effect on particulate characteristics of– Fuel/air intake quality in combustion engines– Running conditions and pollution emission
Existing angular scattering approach
Laser
Polarization modulator
Detection volume
Detectors (12)
Polarizer
Baffle
Base plate & optical bench
A.J. Hunt, I.G. Shepherd, M.S. Quinby-Hunt Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Real–time detectionMultiple angular positionsDetection volume fixed, hard for non-intrusive setup
• Develop light scattering instrument to measure particulate in situ :– Wavelength-dependent scattering intensity (>10
s)
New Approaches for PM size measurement
1064nm
980nm
850nm
780nm
635nm
675nm
445nm
532nm
266nm
355nm
DBS1DBS2
DBS3
DBS4DBS5
DBS6 DBS7
DBS8 DBS9
BC
PC
T1S1
T2 S2
Area of interestPBT3 S3
–With detection at only 2-3 angular positions•Gives maximum flexibility in PM monitoring setup
•Close to non-intrusive detection
Hydrocarbon leak detection
Manual inspection is costly!
Need low cost hydrocarbon sensors by the number of
millions!
Carbonblack hydrocarbon sensorHow does it work?
insulating polymer matrix, conducting element, i.e. carbon
e -
A
e -
B
A
On
A
B On Off
Time
R
insulating polymer matrix swells after absorbing hydrocarbon
conducting element, carbon separation increases, and
resistence increases
e -
A
Miniature, low cost H-C sensors
• Low cost and miniature design that could make ubiquitous H-C sensors at valves & pipes
• Low power and make noise when triggered • Prototyped in small form-factor• Based on carbon-black film technology• Utilizing MEMS (Microelectromechanical
System) micro-fluidic design for mass production
Put Sensors on Each of Refinery Valve System
Monitoring CO2 Surface leaks
for
CO2 Sequestration Project
CO2 InjectionSubsurface
Details of CO2 Leakage -- Impacts the Increase in CO2 Concentrations
Slow leakage over large surface area
Larger leak up a fracture tosurface
Slow or fast leakin surface facilities
Leak atwellbore
DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR CO2 MONITORING - FOR A SUBSURFACE INJECTION PROJECT
Point MeasurementsDistribute MANY measurement devices across project areaNOT PRACTICAL – each monitor inexpensive, but require 100’sDifficult to build and operate network to collect data
Open Path Measurement – Current TechnologyOpen path – BETTER approach; each device – wide areaCommercial instruments available, but EXPENSIVE COMPLEX DESIGN -- built for MULTIPLE gas measurements
over a WIDE RANGE of concentrationsBased on tunable lasers in NIR
NEW DOE Project – Streamlined Open Path InstrumentInherent advantages of open-path instrument – wide area sampledLOW COST objective – several times less than commercial deviceSINGLE PURPOSE -- CO2 at 200 – 1000 ppmv -- simpler designBased on FM modulation -- rely on cheap commercial components
Relative absorption strength of CO2 at different IR wavelengths
Wavelength(m)Relative Absorption strength
1.432 1
1.570 3.7
2.004 243
2.779 6800
4.255 69000
CO2 remote sensing with FM spectroscopy
• We are developing long range (up to 5km) CO2 monitoring device
• FM spectroscopy with Telecom parts tailored for CO2 monitoring
What is Frequency Modulation?
• Like our FM radio
Laser remote sensing of CO2 in the open air for monitoring Carbon Sequestration
• Why 1.57-1.60 m is good– Free from other air absorption (no water)– Weak absorption good for long path measurement– Low cost lasers
from telecom(EDFA, Laser Diodes,modulators and detectors@ L band)
– Low cost opticsfrom Free SpaceOptics (FSO)Instead of sending data, we just dospectroscopic measurement.
Conclusion
• Cost Is Low for New FM Spectrometer for CO2 Monitoring System
• Flexible (Multiple Points and Locations)
• Durable and Low Maintenance Cost