Presentation 1 Simple

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A Nation Separated:

Tensions between Northand South Korea

and the Role of Internal

and External Actors



To show that studies in this field

focus more on the differences of twoKoreas ignoring the role of internal and

external actors, which in fact, are the

ones causing the tension between Northand South Korea.



It hopes to open up future studies

which focus more on these internal and

external actors.



Surrender of Japanto allies (US

& USSR) due toconflictingideologies resultedin the development

on the Koreanpeninsula ² thedivision of Northand South Korea.









Intentionalism

´constructing explanations out of thedirect intentions and motivations of the

actors involved and using explanatory

concepts which the actors themselves

might use to account for their actionsµ.

(Hay 1995b:195)



Rational choice theory approach

social and political choices are made by

rational, self-interested individuals.

(Marsh and Stoker: 2002).



Institutionalism

deals with the set of norms and rules

inside formal organizations and politicalsystems. It is more of a descriptive way of

presenting. It also focuses on rules and

the informal formation of institutions as

dynamic. (Marsh and Stoker, 2002)



Institutionalism Intentionalism

All aspects (A comparative

study of North and SouthKorea, 1988); Economic;

(Eberstadt, 2009; Harvie

and Yi, Nanto, 2003;

Chanlett-Avery, 2010); Soci-

cultural (Connor, 2009;Jonsson, 2006); Political

(Schurmann, 1968; Kim,

n.d.; Yang, 1986)

(Feffer, 2003; Noland, 2004;

O¶Hanlon and Mochizuki,2003); (South Korea, 2010)



Institutionalists ²

argue that the differences were causedby the evolvement of the different

institutions, which eventually led and

contributed to the tensions between the

North and South Korea.



Intentionalists -

argue that tension was caused basedfrom the actions and personal intentions

of the individuals.





Culture

xSouth ² More power and freedom

xNorth ² tied up to leaders and

government



Religion

xSouth ² freedom to express religion

xNorth ² forced on individual



Education

South ² enhance knowledge of individual

North ² way to impose ideologies on

the citizens



Class Structure South ² man can improve his

status through own effort

North ² inherited



Media

South ² freedom of press but they

should be responsible



North ²function fulfilled by the press in

the North is the recreational and

advertising function.

- press is used only for politicalpurposes. It has become a tool for

propaganda.



Economic



North Korea South Korea

Communist siege economic system

Inner-directed economy

Capitalist market economy

1. Private ownership of productionmeans guaranteeing the

freedom of the activities of

economic subjects;

2. Decentralized economic

decision-making;

3. The automatic adjustment of the

economy through the market

mechanism.



North Korea South Korea

Military ² almost ¼ GNP Expenditures- $227.2 billion

Defense (2009)- 2.5% of GDP =34.1 trillion



Political



North ² believed that the government is

the dominant authority and the decisions

resides in their hands.

South ² allows its people to intervene in

the government decisions and to freely

participate in different interest groups.



North ² totalitarian dictatorship

- Workers Party

South ² liberal democracy- legislative, executive, judicial



North ² Workers Party has the over-all

control in the whole economy without

knowing the concerns of its people.

South ² meetings and consultations,

comprising different offices and the

public, were held first and will come up with a mutual decisions.



North ² Kim II-sung·s speeches, ́ Jucheµ

philosophy, anti-Japenese revolutionary

tradition and Communism are allowed totelevise in their country.

South ² current issues and events, movies

and other entertainment shows can be view by the public.



North ² system in education is controlled

by the Workers party and obliged to

follow the ´Collectivist Educationµ.

South ² concentrate on honing its

people·s individualism and capabilities



Military



Korea divided because of the use of

military as well as political strength as a

gauge to become a great power

It all began during the Korean War that

sparked in the 1950s because of the

United States of America and Soviet.



North - North Korea·s military force in

the present day is considered to be

bigger, better, closer and deadlier before

South - South Korea·s military strength is

way weaker than the North because it is

only their second priority It has now

gained yearning for autonomy as aneffort to establish a more sufficient

military



Literature highlighted the differences of

North and South Korea in terms of

SOCIO-CULTURA L, ECONOMIC,

POLITICA L AND MILITARY aspects.



Concluded that these differences

contribute to the tension present in both

countries, which fail the attempt for

possible reunification.



Failed to recognize

- influence of the internalactors (leaders)

- external actors (US, USSR

and even China.)



1. Actors only ¶glanced· upon

2. Role of the actor or the leader should

also be put into consideration3. Role of the influential countries



tensions between North and South Korea

are only most likely to worsen if internal

and external actors are not addressed.



Reviewed literature did not have a

thorough discussion of the role of

internal and external actors

Vague mentions and discussions on the

role of current leaders of the country



Proposed that the role of internal and

external actors (China) can be a possible

research topic in the future.

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