Presentasi Action Research

8/13/2019 Presentasi Action Research

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Research II

Action Research

Group 7:1. Retni Diana

2. Wahid Ady S

3. Afrida Jingga B

4. Anindita AI


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Action research is a term which refers to a practical way of looking at your

own work to check that it is as you would like it to be. Because action research is

done by you, the practitioner, it is often referred to as practitioner based research;

and because it involves you thinking about and reflecting on your work, it can also be

called a form of self-reflective practice.

Action research is an enquiry conducted by the self into the self. You, a

practitioner, think about your own life and work, and this involves you asking yourself

why you do the things that you do, and why you are the way that you are. When you

produce your research report, it shows how you have carried out a systematic

investigation into your own behaviour, and the reasons for that behaviour. The reportshows the process you have gone through in order to achieve a better understanding

of yourself, so that you can continue developing yourself and your work.


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In education, action research is also known as teacher research. It

is one method teachers use for improvement in both their practice and their

students learning outcomes.

The central goal of action research is positive educational change. Thischange impacts significantly on the teachers involved and how they teach.

In a school setting, participants could include teachers, students, parents

and community members. As in all forms of research, records are kept of

the process and findings are published or presented to a wider audience.


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Major Theories

Chris Argyris' Action Science

Main article: Action Science

Chris Argyris Action Science begins with the study of how human

beings design their actions in difficult situations. Humans design their

actions to achieve intended consequences and are governed by a set of

environment variables .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Science


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John Heron and Peter Reason's Cooperative Inquiry

Main article: Cooperative Inquiry

Cooperative inquiry, also known as collaborative inquiry was first

proposed by John Heron in 1971 and later expanded with Peter Reason

and Demi Brown . The major idea of cooperative inquiry is to research with rather than on people. It emphasizes that all active participants

are fully involved in research decisions as co-researchers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Inquiryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reason_and_Demi_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Inquiryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Inquiryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Inquiry


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Paulo Freire's Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Main article: Participatory action research

Participatory action research has emerged in recent years as a

significant methodology for intervention, development and change

within communities and groups. It is now promoted and implemented

by many international development agencies and university programs,

as well as countless local community organizations around the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_action_research


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Teachers use action research because:

1. it deals with their own problems, not someone elses

2. it can start now or whenever they are ready providing immediate results

3. action research provides them with opportunities to better understand, and

therefore improve, their educational practices

4. as a process, action research promotes the building of stronger relationships

among staff

5. importantly, action research provides educators with alternative ways of viewing and

approaching educational questions providing a new way of examining their own

practices. Adapted from Mertler, C.A. & Charles, C.M., (2008) Introduction to education

research,

6th Edition, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, Mass, page 308.


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Action research is characterised as being:

integrated conducted as part of a teachers normal daily practice

reflective a process which alternates between plan implementation and

critical reflection

flexible methods, data and interpretation are refined in the light of the

understanding gained during the research process

active a process designed to generate change in small steps

relevant meets the needs of teachers and/or their students


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cyclical involving a number of cycles with each clarifying issue

leading to a

deeper understanding and more meaningful outcomes

focused on a single issue of school improvement

Collaborative teachers and leaders working together to improve

student outcomes

planned an organised approach to answering a question

learning simultaneous construction of new knowledge by teachers

about their practice


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PAR builds on the critical pedagogy put forward by Paulo Freire as a

response to the traditional formal models of education where the

teacher stands at the front and imparts information to the

students who are passive recipients. This was further developed in

"adult education" models throughout Latin America.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Freire


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William Torberts Developmental Action Inquiry

The Developmental Action Inquiry is a way of simultaneously

conducting action and inquiry as a disciplined leadership practice that

increases the wider effectiveness of our actions. Such action helps

individuals, teams, organizations become more capable of self-

transformation and thus more creative, more aware, more just and

more sustainable (Torbert, 2004).
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Action_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Action_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Action_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Action_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Action_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Developmental_Action_Inquiry&action=edit&redlink=1


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Jack Whitehead's Living Theory approach to action research

In generating a Living theory , most recently explained in Whitehead and McNiff (2006), individuals generate explanations of

their educational influences in their own learning, in the learning of

others and in the learning of social formations. They generate the

explanations from experiencing themselves as living contradictions in

enquiries of the kind 'How do I improve what I am doing?'

They use action reflection cycles of expressing concerns (saying

why you are concerned in relation to values), imagining possibilities in

developing action plans, acting and gathering data, evaluating the

influences of action, modifying concerns, ideas and action in the light

of the evaluations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_theory_approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_theory_approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_theory_approachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_theory_approach


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Principles of Action Research

Winter (1989) provides a comprehensive overview of six key principles:

1) Reflexive critique

2) Dialectical critique

3) Collaborative Resource

4) Risk

5) Plural Structure

6) Theory, Practice, Transformation


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Four Stages of Action Research

The following four stages are features of the ideal model. That

does not mean that this is how all action research projects will work.

The Flexibility of action research based on constant evaluation and

reflection means that the cycles may be truncated as new ways toproceed become clear. The following four stages are features of the

ideal model. That does not mean that this is how all action research

projects will work.

The flexibility of action research based on constant evaluation and

reflection means that the cycles may be truncated as new ways to

proceed become clear.


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Planning

identifying the issue to be changed

looking elsewhere for information. Similar projects may be useful, as

might professional reading.

developing the questions and research methods to be used

developing a plan related to the specific environment. In the school

setting this could involve personnel, budgets and the use of outside agencies.


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Acting trialling the change following your plan

collecting and compiling evidence

questioning the process and making changes as required.

Observinganalysing the evidence and collating the findings

discussing the findings with co-researchers and /or colleagues for

the interpretation

writing the report

sharing your findings with stakeholders and peers


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Reflecting

evaluating the first cycle of the process

implementing the findings or new strategy

revisiting the process


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It might be represented diagrammatically asthis:


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When working through your action researchremember that:

It is cyclical and progress is made in small chunks

it is based heavily on critical reflection

you can use a wide range of methods for collecting data but it may

be advisable to limit these to a manageable number

participants should have meaningful roles in the collection and

presentation of data

because of the flexibility of the process and the constant reflection,

not every cycle will be complete. There may be times when it is

advisable to stop mid stream and start a

new cycle.


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Thank You

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Presentasi Action Research