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PRESENT AND FUTUREPRESENT AND FUTUREEMISSION PROSPECTSEMISSION PROSPECTS
FOR DIESEL ANDFOR DIESEL ANDNATURAL GAS FUELEDNATURAL GAS FUELED
MARINE ENGINESMARINE ENGINESNeil X Blythe
Fairbanks Morse Engine Division
BFGoodrich
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
Introduction• Current marine emissions standards
• Other industry standards
• Current NOx reduction technologies
• Emerging NOx reduction technologies
• Natural gas combustion processes
• Challenges for natural gas as a marine fuel
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
RainPartly Cloudy
Emissions Forecast
Today Tomorrow
IMO NOx Emissions StandardIMO NOx Emissions Standard(MARPOL ANNEX VI)(MARPOL ANNEX VI)
0
24
6
810
12
1416
18
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Engine RPM
BSN
Ox
(g/k
W-h
r)
Less than 130 rpm - NOx = 17 g/kWh
NOx = 45 x rpm-0.2
Greater than 2000 rpm NOx = 9.8 g/kWh
US EPA LocomotiveUS EPA LocomotiveNOx Emissions StandardNOx Emissions Standard
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Engine RPM
BSN
Ox
(g/k
W-h
r)
Tier 0 2001
IMO
Tier 1 2002
Tier 2 2005
European Union MarineEuropean Union MarineNOx Emissions StandardNOx Emissions Standard
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Engine RPM
BSN
Ox
(g/k
W-h
r)
Tier 0 2001
IMO
Tier 1 2002
Tier 2 2005
EU Marine
USLocomotive
TA TA LuftLuftNOx Emissions StandardNOx Emissions Standard
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Engine RPM
BSN
Ox
(g/k
W-h
r)
Tier 0 2001
IMO
Tier 1 2002
Tier 2 2005
EU Marine
Diesel < 3000 MW
Diesel > 3000 MW
2 Stroke Gas4 Stroke Gas
TA Luft
USLocomotive
Current NOx Reduction TechnologiesCurrent NOx Reduction TechnologiesPrecombustionPrecombustion
Air Cooling Air Cooling
Humidification Humidification
Water/Fuel Water/FuelEmulsionEmulsion
Fuel Quality Fuel Quality
Engine ModificationEngine Modification
Alteration of Combustion ProcessAlteration of Combustion Process
Injection Timing RetardInjection Timing Retard
Injection Rate ShapingInjection Rate Shaping
Compression RatioCompression Ratio
TurbulenceTurbulence
Increased Air DensityIncreased Air Density
Low Charge Air DensityLow Charge Air Density
High Charge Air PressureHigh Charge Air Pressure
EGREGR
Post CombustionPost Combustion
SCRSCR
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
PrecombustionPrecombustion
Natural Gas Natural Gas
Bio-diesel Fuel Bio-diesel Fuel
DME DME
Engine ModificationEngine Modification
Electronic Fuel Injection ControlElectronic Fuel Injection Control
HCCIHCCI
HAMHAM
Direct Water Injection Direct Water Injection
Post CombustionPost Combustion
Lean NOx Lean NOxCatalystCatalyst
Non-Thermal Non-ThermalPlasmaPlasma
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
Compressor
Make up
Water
Humidifying
Chamber
Turbine
Heat Exchanger
Pump
SEMT - Munters HAM System
Diesel Engine
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesSEMT - Munters HAM System
Performance Results
•High Efficiency NOx Reduction: 70% at full load and more at low loads
•Very low operating cost: sea water can be used
•Simple and self-control system
•Engine is cleaner: less carbon deposits
•Easy maintenance
•Decrease in engine thermal stresses: valve and exhaust gastemperatures reduced
•Energy needed by the process comes from waste heat
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesSEMT - Munters HAM System
Comparison with SCR
•Overall dimension and weight are reduced
•Much lower operating cost (approx.. $0.01/kg NOx vs. $0.29/kg NOx
•No risk of secondary emissions (i.e., ammonia slip)
•Good NOx reduction at low loads
•Not affected by sulfur in fuel
•Not sensitive to fuel quality
•No additional cargo or storage tanks
•Initial installation higher (approx.. $80/kW vs.. $55/kW
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
Advantages of Natural Gas Fuel
Greatly Reduced Emissions of NOx, Smoke,Particulate and Sulfur
Lower Cost Fuel
Reduced Ring and Liner Wear
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesDiesel
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
DieselOpen Chamber SparkIgnited Natural Gas
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesDetonation
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesOpen Chamber SparkIgnited Natural Gas
Prechamber SparkIgnited Natural Gas
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesConventional Dual Fuel
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesConventional Dual Fuel Micro Pilot Open
Chamber Dual Fuel
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesConventional
Dual FuelMicro Pilot Open
Chamber Dual FuelMicro PilotPrechamberDual Fuel
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesHigh Pressure Gas Injection
Pilot Ignited Dual Fuel
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction Technologies
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
Pred
icte
d B
TE (%
)
0 1 2 3 4
MPOC
LaCHIPSIPC
CDF
SIOC
MPPC
Predicted BSNOx (g/bhp-hr)
SwRI
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesChallenges for Natural Gas as a Marine Fuel
Definitely Not No Maybe Yes Definitely
YesSafety XEnvironmental Concerns XInfrastructure XVariable Speed XMobility XMindset X
Emerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesEmerging NOx Reduction TechnologiesConclusion and Summary
• Most diesel engines can meet IMO Standard by simpleengine or system modifications, albeit with someeconomic penalty.
• More restrictive regional and/or future global emissionstandards may be expected.
• New innovative “bolt on” emissions reduction systemsare starting to emerge.
• Natural gas offers significant advantages over othertechnologies in terms of both emissions reductions andoperating cost.