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!!!!!!!!!!!PREPARING!FOR!YOUR!COURSE!WITH!BV!ASSOCIATES!LIMITED!!NEBOSH!National!General!Certificate!in!Occupational!Health!and!Safety!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!Contents:!!!About!the!NEBOSH!General!Certificate! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3!!GC3:!Health!and!Safety!Practical!Application! ! ! ! ! ! 6!!Use!of!Command!Words! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7!!NGC!Terminology! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13!!!Annexes:!!!HSG!65!Overview!!The!Management!of!Health!and!Safety!at!Work!Regulations!Overview!!Risk!Assessment!Overview!!Civil!and!Criminal!Law!Overview!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!About!the!NEBOSH!National!General!Certificate!!Overview!!The$NEBOSH$National$General$Certificate$provides$a$broad$understanding$of$key$health$and$safety$issues,$covering$the$legal$requirements$for$health$and$safety$in$the$UK$and$the$identification$and$control$of$workplace$hazards.$$This$qualification$is$for$anyone$who$needs$to$gain$a$sound$understanding$of$the$principles$of$workplace$health$and$safety.$It$also$covers$UK$specific$health$and$safety$law.$
For$some,$the$National$General$Certificate$is$a$crucial$first$step$towards$establishing$a$lifelong$professional$career$in$occupational$health$and$safety.$Many$who$take$their$National$General$Certificate$progress$on$to$one$of$our$Diploma$level$qualifications.$However,$around$three$quarters$of$people$who$hold$a$National$General$Certificate$are$employed$in$roles$whose$primary$function$is$not$health$and$safety.$
The$National$General$Certificate$is$seen$as$a$very$useful$qualification$for$managers,$supervisors$and$those$who$need$to$have$a$sound$understanding$of$their$health$and$safety$responsibilities$and$who$wish$to$implement$sustainable$health$and$safety$improvements.$
NEBOSH$qualifications$can$play$an$important$part$in$ensuring$that$the$health$and$safety$provision$businesses$have$in$place$is$effective.$This$may$explain$why$so$many$organisations$choose$to$include$NEBOSH$qualifications$on$their$competency$matrices.$
NEBOSH$research$has$shown$that$85%$of$health$and$safety$job$advertisements$in$the$UK$insisted$on$candidates$holding$some$form$of$NEBOSH$qualification.$
Course!summary!!The$course$is$split$into$3$units$which$are$assessed$individually$Q$2$taught$units$and$a$workQbased$assignment.$!Upon$completion$of$the$course,$you$will$be$able$to:$$
•$ Assist$in$the$planning,$implementation$and$review$of$an$organisations$health$&$safety$policy.$
•$ Understand$the$requirements$of$HSE$legislation,$codes$of$practice$and$the$prosecution$process.$
•$ Undertake$risk$assessments$and$recommend$suitable$action.$•$ Investigate$accidents$and$prepare$reports$in$line$with$HSE$legislation.$•$ Identify$common$hazards$in$the$workplace$and$recommend$suitable$corrective$
measures.$!What!will!be!taught?!!Unit!NGC1:!Management!of!Health!and!Safety!!This$unit$provides$the$foundation$of$Health$and$Safety$knowledge,$covering$HSE$legislation$and$the$key$elements$of$an$effective$Health$and$Safety$Management$System.$$Element!1:!Foundations!in!Health!and!Safety!$
•$ Scope$and$Nature$of$Occupational$Health$and$Safety$•$ Moral$and$Financial$Drivers$for$Health$and$Safety$Management$•$ The$Legal$Framework$For$Health$and$Safety$Regulation$•$ Health$and$Safety$at$Work$etc.$Act$1974$•$ The$Management$of$Health$and$Safety$at$Work$Regulations$1999$
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•$ Client$and$Contractors$!Element!2:!Health!and!Safety!Management!Systems!V!Plan!$
•$ Key$Elements$of$a$Health$and$Safety$Management$System$•$ Purpose$and$Importance$of$Setting$Policy$for$Health$and$Safety$•$ Key$Features$and$Appropriate$Content$of$an$Effective$Health$and$Safety$Policy$
!Element!3:!Health!and!Safety!Management!Systems!V!Do!$
•$ Roles$and$Responsibilities$of$Employers,$Directors$and$Managers$Health$and$Safety$Culture$
•$ Human$Factors$That$Influence$Behaviour$at$Work$•$ Improving$Health$and$Safety$Behaviour$•$ Principles$and$Practice$of$Risk$Assessment$•$ General$Principles$of$Control$•$ Sources$of$Health$and$Safety$Information$•$ Safe$Systems$of$Work$(SSW)$•$ PermitsQToQWork$(PTW)$•$ Personal$Protective$Equipment$•$ Safety$Signs$and$Signals$•$ Emergency$Procedures$and$Arrangements$•$ First$Aid$in$the$Workplace$
!Element!4:!Health!and!Safety!Management!Systems!V!Check!$
•$ Active$and$Reactive$Monitoring$•$ Investigating$incidents$•$ Recording$and$Reporting$Incidents$
!Element!5:!Health!and!Safety!Management!Systems!V!Act!$
•$ Health$and$Safety$Auditing$•$ Reviewing$of$Health$and$Safety$Performance$
!GC2:!Controlling!Workplace!Hazards:!GC2$covers$a$wide$range$of$common$hazards$from$various$working$environments$and$the$appropriate$control$measures$required$to$minimise$risk.!!Element!1:!Workplace!Hazards!and!Risk!Control!$
•$ Health,$Welfare$and$Work$Environment$Requirement$•$ Violence$at$Work$•$ Substance$Misuse$•$ Safe$Movement$of$People$•$ Working$at$a$Height$•$ Excavations$•$ Temporary$Works$
!Element!2:!Transport!Hazards!and!Risk!Control!$
•$ Safe$Movement$of$Vehicles$•$ Driving$at$Work$
!Element!3:!Musculoskeletal!Hazards!and!Risk!Control!$
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•$ WorkQrelated$Upper$Limb$Disorders$•$ Display$Screen$Equipment$•$ Manual$Handling$•$ Manually$Operated$Load$Handling$Equipment$•$ Powered$Load$Handling$Equipment$
!Element!4:!Work!Equipment!Hazards!and!Risk!Control!$
•$ General$Requirements$For$Work$Equipment$•$ Hand$Tools$•$ Machinery$Hazards$•$ Control$Measures$for$Machinery$Hazard$•$ Specified$Equipment$
!Element!5:!Electrical!Safety!$
•$ Use$of$Electricity$at$Work$Q$Hazards$and$Risks$•$ Control$measures$When$Working$with$Electrical$Systems$or$Using$Electrical$
Equipment$in$All$Workplace$Conditions$!Element!6:!Fire!Safety!$
•$ Fire$Initiation,$Classification$and$Spread$•$ Fire$Risk$Assessment$•$ Fire$Prevention$and$Prevention$of$Fire$Spread$•$ Fire$Alarm$and$FireQFighting$Equipment$•$ Evacuation$of$a$Workplace$
!Element!7:!Chemical!and!Biological!Health!Hazards!and!Risk!Control!$
•$ Forms$of,$Classification$of,$and$Health$Risks$from$Hazardous$Substances$•$ Assessment$of$Health$Risks$•$ Occupation$Exposure$Limits$•$ Control$Measures$•$ Specific$Agents$•$ Safe$Handling$and$Storage$of$Waste$
!Element!8:!Physical!and!Psychological!Health!Hazards!and!Risk!Control!$
•$ Noise$•$ Vibration$•$ Radiation$•$ Stress$
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!!GC3:!Health!and!Safety!Practical!Application!!The$aim$of$this$unit$to$assess$your$knowledge$and$understanding$gained$from$Units$NGC1$and$GC2$in$a$practical$environment$by$successfully$completing$two$activities:$$
•$ A$safety$inspection$of$a$workplace,$identyfing$common$hazards$and$suggesting$appropriate$and$cost$effective$control$measure$
•$ A$written$report$detailing$your$findings$from$the$inspection$and$persuasively$urging$management$to$take$appropriate$action$
!Course!Assessments!!All$units$are$compulsory$and$assessments$must$be$passed$to$gain$the$full$qualification.$$
•$ Units$NGC1$and$GC2$are$each$assessed$by$a$2$hour$exam$consisting$of$10$short$essay$answers$and$1$long$essay$answer.$
•$ GC3$is$a$practical$assessment$which$must$be$completed$within$14$days$of$sitting$the$NGC1$and$GC2$exams.$
!!You!will!be!sent!an!email!containing!the!latest!NEBOSH!Templates!once!your!course!has!started.!!The!requirement!will!be!explained!to!you!during!your!course.!!If!you!wish!to!read!in!to!the!requirement!prior!to!your!course!the!NEBOSH!General!Practical!Guidance!Notes!can!be!found!as!a!separate!document!in!our!Student!Zone.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Our guide to completing your NEBOSH Practical
The DO's The DON’Ts Do: Read the NEBOSH Guide in your
Student Zone or sent to you by email
before picking up your pen.
Don't: Forget that the overall aim of the
report is to persuade management.
Do: Pay attention to the marking
scheme and plan accordingly
Don't: Scrimp on the high mark
percentage areas - namely the
observation sheets which account for 30
- 100 marks available.
Do: Demonstrate your knowledge and
understanding of the various
regulations that may have been
breached.
Don't: Breeze over the conclusions and
recommendations section of the report
as it is also worth 30 marks.
Do: Utilise all of your H&S knowledge -
including relevant safety regulation.
Don't: Forget to sign the declaration that
your submission is all of your own work -
your signature can be electronic.
Do: Check back through the marking
scheme to satisfy yourself that you've
done all that you have been asked for.
Don't: Repeat a hazard as you will only
be awarded one point for it - go for a
broad spread of hazards instead.
Do: Be sure to get your completed
practical in on time.
Don't: Neglect to consider the measures
needed to retain control.
Do: Identify more than 20 uncontrolled
hazards (But always less than 30)
Don't: Scrimp on the introduction. Paint
a picture in words of the inspection site
including a description, location, size
and the number of people working there.
Do: Include a couple of hazards where
the control measures are sufficient
Don't: Reply on general
recommendations such as stating
"safety training required' - be specific.
Do: List the immediate controls for
each hazard itself.
Don't: Forget to add medium and long
term hazard controls.
Do: Distinguish between symptoms
and the root causes of hazards
Don't: Use acronyms or abbreviations.
Do: Follow the recommended report
format. There are no points for
originality!
Don't: Write less than 500 words and try
to keep under 1000 - review your work
and remove any waffle or repetition.
Do: Write your executive summary last
and be sure to include all key points
and findings.
Don't: Feel that you have to know the
actual cost of putting your
recommendations right - it is sufficient to
let the reader know that you are aware
that there will be cost implications.
Do: Back up your recommendations
with facts and base them on your
conclusions - the report is about getting
management buy-in, so convince them
of your argument!
Don't: Mention anything in your
conclusion that you have not mentioned
previously. A conclusion is for summing
up, not introducing new information.
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!!!The!Use!of!Command!Words!$The$phrase$‘command$word’$is$used$to$refer$to$the$words$specifically$associated$with$the$learning$outcomes$and$assessment$objectives$of$a$qualification.$Since$learning$outcomes$are$concerned$with$what$students$can$do$at$the$end$of$a$learning$activity,$command$words$are$action$(active)$verbs.$The$command$words$used$follow$Bloom’s$taxonomy$of$educational$objectives$and$as$such$are$instructional$terms$that$indicate$the$level$of$thinking$and$type$of$performance$that$is$required$of$students.$$This$section$concentrates$on$command$words$used$for$NEBOSH$Certificate$qualifications.$$Learning!outcomes$$NEBOSH$produces$a$guide,$which$includes$the$syllabus,$for$each$qualification.$The$syllabus$is$broken$down$into$individual$units$and$each$unit$into$elements.$Each$element$has$clear$learning$outcomes.$Command$words$are$used$in$the$learning$outcomes$to$indicate$what$is$required$of$students$in$relation$to$each$item$of$content.$$Example$learning$outcome:$$Unit$NGC1:$Management$of$health$and$safety$$Learning$outcome$1.2$$Explain!the$moral$and$financial$reasons$for$promoting$good$standards$of$health$and$safety$in$the$workplace.$$Questions$$Only$questions$that$assess$the$learning$outcomes$established$in$the$syllabus$can$be$set.$Questions$are$written$to$discover$not$only$how$much$of$a$subject$a$student$knows$but$also$the$associated$skills$that$they$are$expected$to$demonstrate.$Marks$are$then$based$on$how$effectively$these$skills$are$demonstrated.$Command$words$are$the$guides$in$the$question$as$to$what$assessment$skill$is$being$targeted$by$that$question.$Certificate$questions$will$predominantly$assess$knowledge,$comprehension$and$application.$$Knowledge$requires$an$ability$to$recall$or$remember$facts$without$necessarily$understanding$them.$Command$words$used$in$knowledge$based$questions$include$identify.$$Comprehension$requires$an$ability$to$understand$and$interpret$learned$information.$$Command$words$used$in$comprehension$based$questions$include$explain.$$Application$is$the$skill$of$being$able$to$take$knowledge$and$apply$it$in$different$contexts$and$circumstances$in$order$to$understand$why$and$where$problems$and$issues$arise.$The$important$thing$to$remember$is$that$whatever$the$context,$eg$a$transport$company,$a$communications$centre$or$an$oil$refinery,$the$principles$being$assessed$are$the$same,$but$will$have$different$implications$given$the$different$industry$or$issue$being$considered.$$Command$words$used$to$assess$application$include$outline$and$explain.$$Command$words$are$used$very$carefully$and$each$question$has$a$certain$order$of$words$to$try$to$enable$candidates$to$understand$what$Examiners$are$looking$for.$In$every$question$the$skills$required$by$the$specific$command$words$are$also$reflected$in$the$marks$allocated$for$
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the$question.$In$general$there$are$going$to$be$more$marks$available$for$application$and$comprehension$skill$questions$than$for$knowledge$based$questions.$$Understanding$the$command$words$in$a$question$is$the$key$to$success$in$answering$it.$The$command$word$indicates$the$nature$of$answer$and$the$skills$being$assessed.$$NEBOSH!Certificate!qualification!command!words!$The$following$definitions$are$included$for$a$common$understanding$of$the$command$words$used$in$the$compilation$of$Certificate$question$papers.$$Command!word$ Definition$
Identify$To$give$reference$to$an$item,$which$could$be$its$name$or$title.$NB:$normally$a$word$or$phrase$will$be$sufficient,$provided$the$reference$is$clear.$
Give$$
To$provide$short,$factual$answers.$NB:$normally$a$single$word,$phrase$or$sentence$will$be$sufficient.$$
Outline$$
To$indicate$the$principal$features$or$different$parts$of.$NB:$an$exhaustive$description$is$not$required.$What$is$sought$is$a$brief$summary$of$the$major$aspects$of$whatever$is$stated$in$the$question.$$
Describe$$
To$give$a$detailed$written$account$of$the$distinctive$features$of$a$subject.$The$account$should$be$factual,$without$any$attempt$to$explain.$When$describing$a$subject$(or$object)$a$test$of$sufficient$detail$would$be$that$another$person$would$be$able$to$visualise$what$you$are$describing.$$
Explain$To$provide$an$understanding.$To$make$an$idea$or$relationship$clear.$NB:$this$command$word$is$testing$the$candidate’s$ability$to$know$or$understand$why$or$how$something$happens.$Is$often$associated$with$the$words$‘how’$or$‘why’.$
$Accredited$course$providers$are$strongly$advised$to$make$command$word$lists$available$to$both$tutors$and$students$to$ensure$a$common$understanding.$Consistent$and$regular$use$of$command$words$during$teaching$and$revision$will$help$students$develop$confidence$in$taking$!Responding!to!command!words!in!questions!$It$is$important$to$read$the$whole$question$and$to$understand$what$the$question$requires$as$the$command$word$on$its$own$will$need$to$be$reinforced$by$the$remainder$of$the$question.$Many$candidates$miss$out$on$gaining$marks$because$they$do$not$read$the$question$carefully$enough$and$do$not$think$about$their$answer$thoroughly$before$writing$it$down.$Candidates$need$to$think$about$each$question.$$
•$ What$is$the$command$word?$•$ What$do$I$need$to$say$to$gain$marks?$•$ What$is$or$is$not$relevant$to$the$question?$
$In$many$cases$a$brief$answer$plan$is$an$essential$aid$to$ensuring$that$answers$are$well$thought$out$and$structured.$$NEBOSH$applies$a$‘positive$marking’$approachf$that$is,$marks$are$awarded$for$correct$material$in$candidates’$answers,$rather$than$being$deducted$for$incorrect$or$missing$material.$
! 9!
In$order$to$give$further$direction$as$to$the$detail$of$information$required$by$the$command$word$in$a$question,$examples$are$given$below$both$for$general$knowledge$and$for$the$NGC1$syllabus.$!IDENTIFY!!Applying$identify!to$a$nonQsyllabus$related$common$subject:$$
Q1.$$Identify!FOUR!kitchen$appliances.$Q2.$$Identify!FOUR!types$of$bicycle.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$$
A1.$$Toaster,$Electric$kettle,$microwave$cooker$dishwasher$A2.$$Mountain$bike$Racing$bike,$PennyQfarthing,$Tandem$
$Note$that$giving$only$one$or$two$word$answers$provides$a$clear$reference$and$therefore$is$sufficient$to$satisfy$an$identify!question.$$Applying$identify!to$syllabus$subjects:$$
Q3.$$Identify!FOUR!hazards$associated$with$excavations.$Q4.$$Identify!FOUR!mechanical$hazards$associated$with$machinery.$Q5.$$Identify!FOUR!types$of$safety$sign.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$$
A3.$$Collapse$of$the$sides,$water$ingress,$falling$materials,$underground$services$A4.$$Entanglement,$drawing$in$and$trapping,$friction$or$abrasion,$stabbing$or$puncture$A5.$$Prohibition$signs$Warning$signs$such$as$mandatory$signs,$emergency$or$safe$condition$signs$
$Again,$answers$are$limited$to$a$brief$phrase$or$in$some$cases$just$two$words$but$do$give$clear$reference.$$OUTLINE!$To$gain$the$marks$for$the$outline!example$questions$below,$the$same$breadth$of$answer$is$required$as$for$an$identify!answer,$but$now,$additional$information$will$be$required$to$satisfy$the$depth$of$an$outline.!$Applying$outline!to$the$same$nonQsyllabus$subjects:$$
Q6.$$Outline!FOUR!kitchen$appliances.$Q7.$$Outline!FOUR!types$of$bicycle.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$$
A6.$Toaster:$Accommodates$slices$of$bread,$ejects$as$toast$when$ready.$$Electric!kettle:!1$to$2$litre$capacity,$boils$water.$Can$be$cordless.!$Microwave!cooker:$Heats$food$rapidly$using$short$wavelength$radio$waves.$$Dishwasher:!Dirty$tableware$placed$in$baskets.$Mixture$of$high$pressure$water$and$detergent$automatically$cleans.!$
! 10!
A7.$Mountain!bike:!Robust$bicycle$with$deep$tread$tyres,$suspension$and$several$gear$choices.$$Racing!bike:!Lightweight$frame$with$drop$handlebars$and$maybe$fixed$gearing.!!PennyVfarthing:!Vintage$device$with$very$large$front$wheel$and$small$rear$wheel.!!Tandem:!Bicycle$designed$for$two$people$with$two$seats$and$two$sets$of$pedals.!
!Applying$outline!to$the$same$syllabus$subjects:$$
Q8.$$Outline!FOUR!hazards$associated$with$excavations.$Q9.$$Outline!FOUR!mechanical$hazards$associated$with$machinery.$Q10.$$Outline!FOUR!types$of$safety$sign.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$A8.$!
Collapse!of!the!sides:!Unsupported$trench$or$incorrect$angle$of$the$sides.!!Water!ingress:!Through$heavy$rain$or$burst$water$main.!!Falling!materials:!Spoil$dug$from$excavation$or$materials$and$tools$stored$at$ground$level$could$fall$in.!!Underground!services:!Contact$or$rupturing$of$electricity,$gas$or$water$utilities.!$A9.$Entanglement!$On$rotating$parts.$Drawing!in!and!trapping$Between$counter$rotation$rollers,$or$pulley$belts$and$wheels.$Friction!or!abrasion$Contact$with$fast$moving$surfaces.$Stabbing!or!puncture$From$ejected$objects$or$flying$objects.$$A10.$!Prohibition!signs:!Circular$with$red$border,$red$diagonal$bar$and$black$symbol.!!Warning!signs:!Triangular,$yellow$background,$black$border$and$symbol.!!Mandatory!signs:!Circular,$blue$background,$white$border$and$white$symbol.!!Emergency!or!safe!condition!signs:!Rectangular,$green$background,$white$border$and$white$symbol.$!
Again,$the$identify!answer$(shown$in$bold)$gives$the$breadth$required$and$the$additional$information$given$in$the$bullet$point$satisfies$the$required$depth$for$an$outline.$$DESCRIBE!$Applying$describe!to$the$nonQsyllabus$subjects:$$
Q11.$$Describe!a$microwave$cooker.$Q12.$$Describe!a$pennyQfarthing$bicycle.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$be:$$
! 11!
A11.$$An$oblong$box$shaped$object,$approximately$30cm$tall,$30cm$deep$and$60cm$long.$There$is$a$single$hinged$door$at$the$front,$typically$see$through.$The$door$opens$outwards$and$inside$there$is$a$space$to$place$a$plate$or$dish$and$a$microwave$transmitter$is$located$above.$Outside,$on$the$front$there$will$be$normally$two$controls$to$set$the$power$and$cooking$time.$$A12.$$A$manually$propelled$vintage$bicycle$consisting$of$a$very$large$wheel$at$the$front$and$a$much$smaller$wheel$at$the$back.$The$wheels$are$connected$by$a$frame$that$supports$a$seat$above$the$front$wheel$and$handlebars$to$steer.$Pedals$are$connected$directly$to$the$centre$of$the$front$wheel.$
$Applying$describe!to$a$syllabus$subject:$
$Q13.$Describe!the$mechanical$hazards$associated$with$a$bench$grinder.$
$A$sufficient$answer$would$be:$$
A13.$An$entanglement$hazard$would$be$associated$with$the$rotating$spindle$that$the$abrasive$wheel$is$mounted$on.$Drawing$in$and$trapping$is$associated$with$the$gap$between$the$tool$rest$and$the$rotating$abrasive$wheel.$Friction$or$abrasion$hazards$would$be$associated$with$the$surface$of$the$rotating$abrasive$wheel$and$stabbing$or$puncture$hazards$could$be$created$by$flying$fragments$or$pieces$of$ejected$broken$wheel.$$In$all$of$the$describe!answers$above,$no$attempt$is$made$to$explain$how$a$microwave$cooker$heats$food,$why$the$front$wheel$of$a$pennyQfarthing$is$so$much$larger$than$the$rear$wheel$or$how$a$person$could$be$injured$using$an$abrasive$wheel.$
$EXPLAIN!!Applying$explain!to$a$nonQsyllabus$subject:$$
Q14.$$Explain!how$a$microwave$cooker$heats$up$food.$Q15.$$Explain!why$there$is$a$very$large$front$wheel$on$a$pennyQfarthing.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$$
A14.$$The$frequency$of$microwaves$used$in$a$microwave$cooker$is$sufficient$to$cause$water$molecules$in$food$to$vibrate.$Vibrating$molecules$hit$other$water$molecules$and$put$them$into$the$same$vibration$and$therefore$this$vibration$of$molecules$is$converted$into$heat.$$A15.$$By$having$a$large$front$wheel,$the$peripheral$(rim$speed)$of$the$wheel$is$much$faster$than$the$rotation$of$the$pedals$at$the$centre.$This$results$in$faster$forward$speed$per$pedal$rotation.$Also$a$larger$wheel$is$more$suitable$for$riding$on$cobbled$streets$or$rough$ground.$Applying$explain!to$a$syllabus$subject:$$Q16.$Explain!how$sensitive$protective$equipment$(trip$device)$can$reduce$the$risk$of$contact$with$moving$parts$of$machinery.$
$A$sufficient$answer$would$be:$$
A16.$Sensitive$protective$equipment$is$designed$to$identify$the$presence$of$a$person$or$body$part$within$the$danger$zone$of$machinery.$Examples$of$such$devices$include$pressure$mats$and$light$beams$that$are$connected$to$the$machine$controls$and$would$stop$the$machine$rapidly$should$a$person$or$body$part$be$detected.$
! 12!
$$
!GIVE!!Applying$give!to$a$nonQsyllabus$subject:$!
Q17:$Identify!FOUR!European$cities$AND!give!an$example$of$a$tourist$attraction$in$EACH.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$$
A17.$London$–$eg$Buckingham$Palace$Paris$–$eg$Eiffel$Tower$Pisa$–$eg$Leaning$Tower$Rome$–$eg$Colosseum$
$Applying$give!to$a$syllabus$subject:$
$Q18.$Identify!FOUR!types$of$safety$sign$AND!give!an$example$in$EACH!case.$
$Sufficient$answers$would$include:$
$A18.$Prohibition$signs$–$eg$No$smoking$Warning$signs$–$eg$Caution$hot$surface$Mandatory$signs$–$eg$Wear$ear$protection$$Emergency$or$safe$condition$signs$–$eg$firstQaid$box$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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NGC!TERMINOLOGY!
Term Definition
Absolute$ A$nonQnegotiable$duty$imposed$by$a$regulation$when$it$uses$the$term$'shall'$or$'must'$without$the$qualification$of$'reasonably$practicable'.$
Accident$ An$undesired$event$or$series$of$events$causing$(or$with$the$potential$to$cause)$injury,$illQhealth$or$damage.$
Acute$effect$ An$effect$arising$from$exposure$to$a$hazardous$substance$that$happens$immediately$on$exposure.$
Approved$Code$of$Practice$
Approved$Codes$of$Practice$are$published$by$the$HSE$to$cover$many$regulations.$Approved$Codes$of$Practice$although$not$law$themselves$do$give$guidance$on$how$to$comply$with$the$law$and$as$such$have$a$special$legal$status,$similar$to$the$Highway$Code.$
As$far$as$reasonably$practicable$
The$degree$of$risk$in$a$particular$situation$can$be$balanced$against$the$cost,$in$terms$of$time,$trouble,$money$and$physical$difficulty$of$taking$measures$to$avoid$the$risk.$If$this$cost$is$disproportionate$to$the$risk$it$would$be$unreasonable$to$expect$any$employer$to$incur$those$costs$to$avoid$the$risk.$
Balance$of$Probabilities$
The$standard$of$proof$required$by$the$courts$in$a$civil$law$claim.$The$standard$is$met$if$there$is$a$greater$than$50%$chance$of$the$proposition$being$true.$
Beyond$Reasonable$Doubt$
The$standard$of$proof$required$by$a$criminal$law$case.$
Carcinogen$ Chemicals$that$are$known$or$suspected$to$cause$cancer.$
Chronic$Effect$ An$effect$arising$from$exposure$to$a$hazardous$substance$which$takes$a$long$time$to$take$effect.$This$may$take$months$or$even$years$for$the$effects$to$become$evident.$
Common$Law$ Unwritten$law,$originally$based$on$the$merging$of$various$local$customs$and$laws$as$a$result$of$various$royal$judges$who$toured$the$country.$Cannot$be$in$conflict$with$Statute$Law.$
Competent$Person$
A$Competent$Person$is$defined$by$the$HSE$as$somebody$with$the$skill,$knowledge,$practical$experience$and$training$to$enable$them$to$assess$the$risks$arising$from$the$work$activity.$
Decibel$(dB)$ A$logarithmic$measurement$commonly$used$to$measure$sound.$
dB(A)$ Sound$measured$using$the$"A$weighting".$Commonly$used$as$the$measurement$of$environmental$or$industrial$noise$across$an$8Qhour$average$day$
DSE$ Display$Screen$Equipment$
Duty$of$Care$ A$legal$precedent$which$states$that$"You$must$take$reasonable$care$to$avoid$acts$or$omissions$which$you$could$reasonably$foresee$would$be$likely$to$injure$your$neighbour".$
EH40$ An$HSE$publication$defining$Occupational$Exposure$Limits$in$support$of$the$Control$of$Substances$Hazardous$to$Health$(COSHH)$Regulations.$
EHO$
Environmental$Health$Officer.$A$local$authority$position$responsible$for$enforcing$health$and$safety$legislation$at$a$local$level.$
Ergonomics$ The$study$and$knowledge$of$human$abilities$and$limitations$to$help$design$and$build$for$comfort,$efficiency,$productivity$and$safety.
Frequency$ Frequency,$referring$to$sound,$is$the$amount$of$complete$waves$every$second$that$produce$sound.$
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For$example:$High$pitched$sounds,$like$the$sound$that$whistles$make,$have$a$high$frequency$(lots$of$waves$per$second).$And$Low$pitched$sounds$like$the$sound$that$a$subwoofer$makes$have$a$low$frequency$(Not$so$many$waves$per$second)$
HAVS Hand$Arm$Vibration$Syndrome
Hazard$ An$object,$situation,$or$behaviour,$that$has$the$potential$to$cause$harm$in$terms$of$injury,$ill$health,$or$damage$to$property$or$the$environment.$
HSE$ Health$and$Safety$Executive$
Health$Surveillance$
Health$Surveillance$is$about$systematically$watching$out$for$early$signs$of$workQrelated$ill$health$in$employees$exposed$to$certain$health$risks,$such$as$hazardous$substances$or$excessive$noise.$$
LEV$ Local$Exhaust$Ventilation$ LUX$ Unit$of$measurement$for$illuminance.
MEL$ Maximum$Exposure$Limit.$Defined$in$the$Control$of$Substances$Hazardous$to$Health$(COSHH)$Regulations$and$updated$in$EH40.$The$MEL$sets$the$maximum$exposure$to$which$an$employee$can$be$exposed$to$a$specified$hazardous$substance.$
MSD$ Musculoskeletal$Disorder$ MSDS$ Material$Safety$Data$Sheet$
Mutagen$ A$substance$which$may$cause$changes$in$human$cells$and$may$be$handed$down$from$generation$to$generation.$
Near$Miss$ A$near$miss$describes$an$incident$which$given$a$slight$shift$in$time$or$distance$might$have$resulted$in$injury,$illQheath$or$damage.$By$reporting,$investigating$and$acting$on$lessons$learned$from$near$misses,$accidents$should$be$prevented.$
Negligence$ Negligence$is$the$omission$to$do$something$which$a$reasonable$man,$guided$upon$by$those$considerations$which$ordinarily$regulate$the$conduct$of$human$affairs,$would$do.$
PTW$ A$permit$to$Work$is$a$formal,$written$procedure$used$to$control$work$activities$which$are$identified$as$particularly$hazardous$and$where$special$precautions$are$required$to$control$the$hazards.$Primarily$used$for$nonQroutine$work$activities.$
PPE$ Personal$Protective$Equipment$ RCD$ Residual$Current$Device$
Regulation$ Mandated$by$the$government.$Also$a$legal$requirement$(below$the$Health$and$Safety$at$Work$etc$Act)$covering$a$specific$area$of$health$and$safety$legislation.$
RIDDOR$ The$Reporting$of$Injuries,$Diseases$and$Dangerous$Occurrences$Regulations$1995$
Risk$ The$chance$or$likelihood$that$somebody$could$be$harmed$by$a$hazard$in$the$workplace,$together$with$an$indication$of$how$serious$the$harm$could$be.$
SSOW$ A$method$of$work$designed$to$eliminate$hazards,$where$possible$and$to$ensure$that$the$work$is$performed$in$a$safe$manner.$
Safety$Phrase$ The$standard$phrases$defined$in$EH40$and$used$in$the$classification,$packaging,$labelling$and$provision$of$information$on$hazardous$substances.$ SFARP$ So$Far$As$Reasonably$Practicable.$ Statute$law$ The$formal,$written$law$of$a$country$or$state.$
TWA$ Usually$calculated$as$an$8$hour$TWA.$An$average$value$of$exposure$over$the$course$of$an$8$hour$shift.$
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Vicarious$Liability$
An$employer$can$be$found$to$be$vicariously$liable$for$negligent$acts$or$omissions$by$their$employee$in$the$course$of$their$employment$whether$or$not$such$act$or$omission$was$specifically$authorised$by$the$employer.$
Volenti$non$fit$injuria$
Latin$for$'to$a$willing$person,$no$injury$is$done.'$This$doctrine$holds$that$a$person$who$knowingly$and$willingly$puts$himself$in$a$dangerous$situation$cannot$sue$for$any$resulting$injuries.
Workplace$Exposure$Limit$
A$limit$on$the$exposure$to$hazardous$substances,$established$by$the$HSE$in$EH40.$Defined$as$a$LongQterm$exposure$limit$(over$an$8$hour$reference$period)$and$a$ShortQterm$exposure$limit$(over$a$15$minute$reference$period).$generally$measured$in$ppm$or$mg/m3.$
WRULD$ Work$Related$Upper$Limb$Disorder
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BV#Associates#Limited:#Extract#only:#
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06#
Produce a policy and safe working plan
Measure performance
Investigate incidents and near
misses
Review
performance
Learn from lessons
Risk Assessment
Organise and train workforce
Implement
safe systems
Designed by Chris Vincent – BV Associates Limited
Regulation 3 – Risk Assessment Assessment of risks to employees & others. Suitable & sufficient by a competent person. Special risk (pregnant, lone worker young persons). Take appropriate action as identified. Written record (5 or more) of significant risks Suitable & sufficient Procedure to identify significant hazards & risks, who might be harmed, identify, prioritise & implement controls, remain valid for a reasonable time Competent person Training, knowledge, skills, experience of task/equipment/situation being assessed & the risk assessment process, recognise own limitations. ��
Regulation 5 – Health and Safety Arrangements
Preventative & protective measures must be: Planned, organised, controlled, monitored & reviewed, recorded (5 or more).
Management of Health
and Safety at Work
Regulations 1999
Regulation 4 – Principles of Prevention Where an employer implements and preventative and protective measures he shall do so on the basis of the principles set below: ! avoid risk ! evaluate those which cannot be avoided ! combat at source ! adapt work to the individual ! adapt to technology ! replace the dangerous with non-dangerous or less
dangerous ! develop overall prevention policy ! priority to collective protective measures ! give appropriate instruction to employees. ��
Regulation – 6 Health Surveillance
Every employer shall ensure that his employees are provided with such health surveillance as is appropriate having regards to the risks to their health and safety which are identified by assessment.
Regulation – 7 Health and Safety Assistance
Appoint one or more competent persons to advise & assist. Make arrangement for co-operation between them. Information, time & means to fulfil functions. Competent person within employers employment preferred, not essential.
Regulation – 8: Procedures for serious and imminent danger and for danger areas Establish procedures to be followed. Nominate competent persons to implement those procedures. Restrict access to danger areas on health and safety grounds unless adequate information has been issued to employees concerned. Persons who are exposed to serious danger to be informed of the nature of the hazard and control measures. Enable persons to take the appropriate action to stop work and proceed to a place of safety. Prevent persons from restarting work except in special circumstances
Regulation – 9 Contact with external services
Every Employer shall ensure that any necessary contacts with external services are arranged, particularly as regards first aid, emergency medical care and rescue work.
Regulation – 10 Information for employees
Every employer shall provide employees information on: Risks to their health and safety. Preventive and protective measures. Risks to children.
Regulation – 11 Co-operation and co-ordination
Where two or more employers share a workplace they shall: Co-operate with each other. Co-ordinate their activities. Inform each other of their risks
Regulation – 12 Persons working in host
employers’ or self employed persons undertakings
Every employer shall provide information on: Risks to health and safety.
Regulation – 13 Capabilities and Training
Employees are to provide adequate health and safety training. Training to be repeated periodically/adapt to new risk and take place during work.
Regulation – 14 Employees’ duties
Employees must use any machinery, equipment, dangerous substance, transport equipment, means of production or safety device in accordance with training & instructions given. They must inform employer of serious or imminent danger and shortcomings in H&S arrangements…
Regulation – 15 Temporary Workers
Every employer shall provide comprehensible information on any specialist skills & health surveillance required before starting work.
Regulations – 16,17,18 New and expectant mothers
If notified in writing of pregnancy, birth within 6 months or breast-feeding, must complete Risk Assessment. Alter working conditions if feasible.
Regulation – 19 Protection of young persons
Left school but under 18. Employer must complete a Risk Assessment to protect from lack of experience, maturity and absence of awareness of potential risks. Must not employ young persons beyond their physical or mental capacity, or work involving harmful exposure to radiation, harmful agents, toxic or carcinogenic agents, or risks from extreme heat, cold, noise or vibration.
05
Courtesy of Jane Riley
Risk Assessment 07
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS 1. Identify hazards 2. Identify who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risks
∗ Estimate adequacy of existing controls ∗ Likelihood of incident occurring ∗ Severity of potential consequences ∗ Recommend further action - elimination
or control 4. Record assessment 5. Review and monitor
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS HASAWA 1974 S2, S3 Reg 3 Management of H&S at Work Regs 1999 Specific Assessments: Hazardous substances (COSHH 2002), DSE workstations (H&S DSE Regs 1992) , Manual Handling (Manual Handling Operations Regs 1992), Fire (Fire Precautions (Workplace)) Regs 1997, First Aid Provision (H&S (First Aid)) Regs 1981, PPE suitability (PPE at Work Regs 1992), Young Persons (MHSWR 1999), New & Expectant Mothers (MHSWR 1999).
CRITERIA Suitable & Sufficient - RA to be appropriate to the work & risks involved; identify all significant hazards & risks and account of people affected; identify & prioritise controls required; controls should be reasonable, should enable legislative compliance & result in remaining risk being low. RA should remain valid for reasonable period of time. Competent Person - person with sufficient Knowledge Attributes (skills) Training Experience & knowledge of their own Limitations
METHODS Hazard Identification - PEET - People, Environment, Equipment, Tasks 1. Observation of workplace & work activities e.g. job safety analysis. 2. Document inspection e.g. maintenance records, test certificates, legislation, ACOPs, GNs, accident investigation reports, previous inspection reports etc. 3. Questioning workers & supervisors. Who might be harmed? - Consider workers, other employees, maintenance staff, cleaners, contractors, visitors, and vulnerable people. How many? Type of person - young, elderly, children, disabled, new & expectant mothers, pre-existing medical conditions, shift workers, lone workers etc. How might they be harmed? - routine & non-routine activities.
CONDITIONS FOR REVIEW New equipment, technology, premises, personnel, type of personnel, legislation or best practice. If new information on H&S risks becomes available. After an incident or enforcement action. If the results of monitoring, audit, health surveillance suggest review is necessary. Also review periodically to ensure RA remains valid.
DEFINITIONS Hazard - something with the potential to cause harm Risk - the likelihood that the hazard will cause harm in the circumstances. Combination of the likelihood of an incident occurring & the severity of the outcome Control Measure - an item, procedure or system introduced to eliminate or reduce risk
RISK RATING Risk Rating = Likelihood X Severity
Likelihood - estimated frequency of occurrence. influenced by No. & type of people exposed to hazard, how often & by the workplace conditions e.g. light, space etc. Severity - estimated probable outcome of the incident. Influenced by No. & type of people affected, level of energy & other factors e.g. concentration & toxicity of hazardous substances.
GENERAL A RA involves identifying the hazards present in any working environment or arising out of commercial & work activities, and evaluating the extent of the risks involved, taking into account existing precautions & their effectiveness.
CONTROLS HIERARCHY Eliminate Substitute Isolate/Segregate Safe systems of work Warning systems IIT&S PPE
Safe Place controls
Safe Person controls
BENEFITS OF RISK ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME Prevention of accidents, incidents, ill health & their associated costs. Legal compliance. Reduction in claims & complaints. Reduced insurance premiums. Allows financial planning of progressive risk reduction measures. Involvement of staff in process encourages consultation, increases hazard awareness and ownership & contributes to positive H&S culture. May also increase quality standards, efficiency & productivity.
MONITORING Check that conditions remain unchanged; controls are available adequate & being used.
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03!
Civil And Criminal Law (Courtesy of Dave West)
Burden Of Proof
Civil Law
Remedy Sought
CRIMINAL LAW
Balance of Probabilities
Instigator of Action
Set By Precedence
Source of Law
HSE EHO CPS
Beyond all Reasonable
Doubt
The Aggrieved
person
Statute Law
Common law
Punishment of Guilty
Compensation
County Court
Small Claims
High Court
Magistrates Court
Crown Court
For Injury Loss
Damage Caused
