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November 3, Genoa - International workshop
Where are WEEE going?Prepared by Ludovica Baldassari
www.weeenmodels.eu
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
Contents
1) PhotoLife Project presentation
• Aim and Actions
• Project Partnership
2) Overview of PV panels
• Structure and composition
• EU legislation
• Future projections
3) Treatment Process
• Block Flow diagram
• Lab tests results (characterization)
4) Pilot Plant
• Process scheme and plant capacity
• Main equipment
• Ongoing activities
Photolife Project "Process and automated pilot plant for simultaneous and integral recycling of different kinds of photovoltaic panels"
www.weeenmodels.eu
PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
1) Photolife Project Presentation
The Photolife Project "Process and automated pilot plant for simultaneous and integral recycling of
different kinds of photovoltaic panels" (June 2014 - August 2017) is a project co-funded by the European
Community, with the LIFE+ call for the demonstration of the technical and economic feasibility and
environmental benefits of recycling glass and metals by treating different types of photovoltaic panels.
The process has been patented under the European Patent.
Project AIM: recovery of glass and main values from end of life Photovoltaic panels.
Project SCOPE:
• construction of a mobile unit (200 ton/y) for chemical treatment of EOL PV panels
• experimentation of the innovative process for the full recovery of different kind of PVP
Lab testPlant
Design
Plant
constructionDemonstration
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
The project activities are as follows:
1) Processing of existing data (analysis of
laboratory results; estimated market trend)
2) Preliminary economic feasibility analysis
3) Recovery of photovoltaic panels and their
characterization (retrieval and classification of
PVP, characterization of the recovered panel)
4) Design and implementation of the process
and pilot plant
5) Pilot plant experiments
6) Economic analysis
7) Tests on a laboratory scale with innovative
photovoltaic panels CIS and CIGS
8) Monitoring phase (environmental impact
assessment of the project; LCA)
1) Photolife Project Presentation: ACTIONS
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
Eco Recycling srl: spin off of the University “Sapienza” of Rome, which operates mainly in the field of
environmentally sustainable processes. The spin off activities mainly concern: development of innovative
processes for the recovery of metals from primary and secondary raw materials; process and plant
engineering; support for start-up, management and training of personnel; chemical analyzes for
environmental monitoring and process optimization.
HTR research center: founded in 2007, it puts together some Italian universities and research
centers (such as the Institute of Environmental Geology and Geo-Engineering, Rome) involved in
developing innovative technologies for the treatment of secondary raw materials and energy recovery.
Eco Power srl: founded in 2007 and is currently part of a group operating in the field of renewable
energy boasting an experience of about 10 MW of photovoltaic installations, consultancy and
equipment supplier specifications.
Green Engineering srl: engineering company founded in 2006 with the aim of providing sustainable
solutions from an environmental point of view to energy problems. The company's core business is the
design and industrial development aimed at energy saving.
1) Photolife Project Presentation: PARTNESHIP
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
2) Overview of PVP: STRUCTURE
Typical multi-layer structure
Specific components of the panels
CdTe CIGS
TEDLAR
EVA
CELL
TiO2
EVA
GLASS
Al
CdTe
CdS
SnO2
GLASS
Mo
CIGS
CdS
ZnO
GLASS
Crystalline Si
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
Si-crystalline Si-amorphous CdTe CIS-CIGS
Panel Weight (Kg) 5-28 11-20 9-15 10-20
Glass 74% 86% 95% 84%
Aluminium 10% <1% <1% 12%
Others components (including rare metals)
16% 14% 4% 4%
Other key components
(>1% of the composition)
EVA, tedlar,
silicon,
adhesive
Polyol, MDI EVA EVA
Precious and rare metals Ag In, Ge - In, Ga, Se
Toxic metals Pb - Cd Cd
2) Overview of PVP: COMPOSITION
REF: “bio Intelligence Service – A Project under theframework contract ENG.G.4./FRA/20070067 STUDYON PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS SUPPLEMENTING THEIMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR A RECAST OF THE WEEEDIRECTIVE – Final report 14 Aprile 2011”
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
PV panel waste classification follows the basic principles of waste classification: from a regulatory point of view, PV
panel waste still largely falls under the general waste classification.
2) Overview of PVP: EU LEGISLATION
• PV panels are defined as e-waste in the WEEE
Directive in addition to other related waste
legislation (e.g. Waste Framework Directive
2008/98/EC)
• The original WEEE Directive (Directive
2002/96/ EC) was revised (2012/19/ EU): for the
first time it included specifics on end-of life
management of PV panels.
• Annual collection and recovery targets (mass
%) under the WEEE Directive
EUROPE:REF: “End of Life Management - Solar Photovoltaic Panel” IRENA, IEA-PVPS, 2016
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
2) Overview of PVP: FUTURE PROJECTION
Ref: “End of life management: photovoltaicpanels” IRENA and IEA-PVPS (2016)
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
2) Overview of PVP: FUTURE PROJECTION
Year
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Am
ou
nt
of
wa
ste
fra
ctio
ns
(to
ns)
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
Glass
Al
Year
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045R
are
met
als
fro
m w
aste
(to
ns)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Ag
In
Ga
Ge
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
3) Treatment process: BFD
PVP
PHOTOLIFE
chemical
treatment
Glass
Glass
Wastewater 2
Wastewater 1
GlassFine fraction
Coarse fraction
Residue
Al frame
Mechanical
treatment
section
HYDROWEEE
chemical
treatment
Si-monoc Si-polyc Si-amorphous CdTe
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
3) Treatment process: COMPOSITION CHARACTERIZATION
Sampling Crushing Lab tests Separation
71% 84%
47%
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
3) Treatment process: LAB RESULTS
[Kg] Mono Si Poly Si Amo Si CdTe
EOL PVP 1000 1000 1000 1000
Al Frame 80 100 0 0
Glass 624 610 701 729
Losses 9 9 10 10
Fine Fraction 191 163 178 188
Others(Tedlar + EVA)
96 118 110 72
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
3) Treatment process: CHEMICAL CHRACTERIZATION
Sampling Crushing Digestion Analiysis
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Poly Si Mono Si Amo Si CdTe
Meta
l co
nte
nt
(mg
/g)
Fe Zn Al Si/10
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Poly Si Mono Si Amo Si CdTe
Meta
l co
nte
nt
(mg
/g)
Cu Ti Ag Cd Te
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Poly Si Mono Si Amo Si CdTe
Meta
l co
nte
nt
(mg
/g)
Fe Zn Al Si/10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Poly Si Mono Si Amo Si CdTe
Meta
l co
nte
nt
(mg
/g)
Cu Ti Ag Cd Te
3) Treatment process: LAB RESULTS
Fine Fraction (0,08-0,4 mm)
Finest Fraction (<0,08 mm)
REF: F. Pagnanelli, E. Moscardini, G. Granata, T. Abo Atia, T. Havlik, L.Toro, 2017 (online 2016) Physical and chemical treatment of end of lifepanels: an integrated automatic approach viable for differentphotovoltaic technologies, Waste Management, 59, 422-431.
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant: P&ID
Crushed PVP charge
Reactor
Storage tanks
SEPARATION STEP
EVA, Tedlar, metallic fraction
glass
PLANT CAPACITY: 200 ton/y
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant: Installation Site
Civita castellana (VT)
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant Main Equipment: CONTAINER
1 Section2 Section
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant 1 SECTION: Control Room
Boiler
Electric Pump
Datalogger
Control panel
Indoor view
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant 2 SECTION: PVP Treatment
Reactor
Hopper
Porthole
Condenser
Load cells
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant 2 SECTION: PVP Treatment
Filter
Air pump
Storage tanks
Carbon Adsorption
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
4) Pilot Plant: Conclusion and Ongoing activities
CONCLUSION
• The project objectives have been set according to
the European directives for achieve a specific target
of PVP recovery
• The experimental tests on a lab scale allowed the
characterization of the panels and the defining of a
process for their recovery
• The Photolife pilot plant was designed to meet
three principles: Versatility, Innovation and Mobility
• The panels’s treatment on pilot plant will confirm
the results obtained during the research step
ONGOING ACTIVITIES:
• The demonstrative phase is currently underway:
so far, the first tests with 3 types of PVP were
positive, validating laboratory results
• New tests are planned to treat other PVP
technologies in the pilot plant and to confirm
the expected results
• Processing data from the pilot plant to validate
the technical and economic feasibility
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PhotoLife Project
LIFE13 ENV/IT/001033
Thank you!http://www.photolifeproject.eu/
HTR Referent: Prof.ssa Francesca Pagnanelli
Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Sapienza
Sapienza Università di Roma
P.le Aldo Moro, 5
00185 Rome, Italy
Ing. Ludovica M. Baldassari
Eco Recycling S.r.l.
Sapienza Università di Roma
P.le Aldo Moro, 5
00185 Rome, Italy
