Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science © 2005 .... HISTORY AND NATURE OF SCIENCE ... The student will understand that science is a way of knowing about the world that is characterized

Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science © 2005 Correlated to:

Minnesota Academic Content Standards and Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

(Grades 6-8)

SE = Student Edition TE= Teacher Edition TR = Teaching Resources TECH = Technology 1

MINNESOTA ACADEMIC SCIENCE CONTENT AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

PAGE(S) WHERE TAUGHT (If submission is not a text, cite appropriate resource(s))

GRADE 6 I. HISTORY AND NATURE OF SCIENCE A. Scientific World View The student will understand that science is a way of knowing about the world that is characterized by empirical criteria, logical argument and skeptical review. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will distinguish between scientific evidence and personal opinion.

SE/TE: 8-11, 19, 48, 57, 86, 98, 110, 113-114, 122, 124, 132, 148, 155, 176, 178, 200, 204, 209, 224-225, 246, 255, 264, 266, 270, 286-287, 291, 308, 310, 317, 322, 344, 352-353, 361, 370, 375, 390, 392, 397, 410, 426, 432, 456, 462, 468, 470, 477-478, 487, 492, 510, 512, 514, 518, 521, 532, 546, 548, 550, 559-560, 566-567, 576, 578, 596, 602-603, 605, 612, 617, 622, 629, 634, 636, 641, 658, 666, 670-671, 680, 684-685, 708, 728, 730, 747, 754, 760, 774

TR: Unit 1; Chapter Project Student Worksheet 88, Transparency ES1, Performance Assessment Teacher Notes 353, Transparency ES50; Unit 4; Lab Worksheet: Heating Earth’s Surface, Lab Worksheet: Sunny Rays and Angles; Unit 5; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Traveling Into Space, Transparency Into Space ES220, Student Edition on Audio CD

2. The student will explain why scientists often

repeat investigations to be sure of the results.

SE/TE: 9, 19, 86, 117, 236, 379, 622 TR: Lab Worksheet: Testing Rock Flooring


Minnesota Academic Content Standards and Benchmarks (Performance Standards), (Grades 6-8)




3. The student will recognize that scientists assume that the laws of nature are the same everywhere and that they are understandable and predictable.

SE/TE: 12-13, 12, 22-23, 30, 34, 49, 59, 62, 70-71, 74-75, 79, 86, 90, 100, 102, 104, 106, 109, 117, 120, 126, 135, 147, 151-152, 154-155, 158-162, 166, 183, 186, 190, 196, 203, 206, 208, 216, 223, 228, 242-243, 245, 254, 259, 262, 267, 269-274, 281, 287, 289-290, 298, 323, 325, 359, 367, 374, 378, 384, 411-413, 419, 430, 442, 447, 453, 461, 466, 477, 497, 515-516, 518-519, 520, 522, 532, 541-542, 545, 550, 563, 566, 577, 593, 597, 601, 610, 633, 639, 659, 662, 665, 669, 672, 696, 703-704, 740, 759, 761, 764, 766, 776, 779

TR: Unit 7; Section Summary: Convection and the Mantle, Review and Reinforce: Convection and the Mantle, Enrich: Convection and the Mantle; Unit 2; Section Summary: Energy Conservation, Review and Reinforce: Energy Conservation; Unit 5; Transparency ES209

4. The student will define scientific facts, laws

and theories. SE/TE: 7, 11-12, 18, 20, 22, 26, 30, 34, 62, 73, 131,

135, 143, 147, 150, 154, 162, 168, 173, 175, 193, 205, 208, 248, 257, 306, 316, 318, 321, 326, 350, 367, 378, 403, 430, 435, 441, 447, 461, 466, 489, 527, 538, 545, 551, 554, 556, 558, 570, 574, 585, 587, 610, 618, 624, 643, 661, 669, 705, 734, 736-737, 740, 750, 755-756, 759, 763, 766, 773, 782

TR: Unit 4; Transparency ES172, Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Storms, Transparency ES187, Student Edition on Audio CD

B. Scientific Inquiry The student will understand that scientific inquiry is used in systematic ways to investigate the natural world. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigation and those that cannot.

SE/TE: 5-6, 10, 19, 76, 79-80, 87, 94, 97, 110, 112, 114, 117, 120, 136, 200, 209, 225, 247, 255, 262, 266, 270-271, 287, 289, 296, 334, 361, 411, 425, 448, 502, 514, 533, 547, 560, 566, 578, 610, 613, 641,647, 666, 680, 696, 729

TR: Unit 2; Lab Worksheet: Sand Hills, Transparency ES89






2. The student will distinguish among observation, prediction and inference.

SE/TE: 8, 12-13, 22-23, 30, 34, 39, 48-49, 56, 58-59, 62, 65-66, 69-71, 74-75, 77-79, 84-86, 90, 94, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106-109, 111, 113-114, 117, 120, 126, 128, 131-132, 135, 138, 141, 145, 147, 151-152, 154-155, 158-162, 164, 166, 169, 178, 182-184, 186, 190, 196, 203, 206, 208-210, 212, 216-217, 220, 223, 225, 228, 239, 242-243, 245, 250, 254-256, 259, 262, 267, 269-274, 281-283, 287-288, 289-290, 298, 300-301, 306, 313, 316, 321-323, 325-326, 345, 350, 353-354, 358-359, 362-363, 367, 374, 378, 384, 391, 398, 401, 404, 411-413, 419, 423, 425, 430, 434, 437, 442-443, 447-448, 453, 456, 461, 463, 466, 471, 477, 482, 492, 495, 496-497, 502, 511, 515-516, 518-519, 520-521, 522, 528, 531-532, 538, 541-542, 545, 549-550, 557, 560, 563, 565-567, 569, 574, 577, 586, 593, 595, 597-598, 601, 605, 610, 614, 617, 620, 623, 628, 633, 637, 639-640, 650, 659, 662, 665, 667, 669, 672, 679, 685, 693, 696, 703-706, 712, 714, 716, 725, 727, 735, 740, 743-744, 746, 752, 759, 761, 764, 766, 771, 776, 779, 782

TR: Unit 7; Skills Lab: Gelatin Volcanoes; Unit 2; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Renewable Sources of Energy, Student Edition on Audio CD; Unit 3; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Exploring the ocean; Unit 4; Section Summary: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere, Enrich: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

3. The student will use appropriate tools and

Système International (SI) units for measuring length, time, mass, volume and temperature with suitable precision and accuracy.

SE/TE: 5, 33, 41, 65, 70, 75-76, 90, 104, 127, 134, 175, 177, 182, 204, 208, 270, 288, 346-347, 379, 451, 453, 455, 458, 460, 517, 520, 522-527, 532-533, 542, 545, 549-550, 559, 561-562, 579-580, 613, 615-617, 624-627, 643-645, 650, 659, 667, 682, 699, 707, 714-716, 735, 753, 756, 758-759, 763-766, 778

TR: Unit 5; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Is There Life Beyond Earth?, Lives of Stars






4. The student will present and explain data and findings from controlled experiments using multiple representations including tables, graphs, physical models and demonstrations.

SE/TE: 5, 10, 15, 17, 25, 33, 37, 42, 46, 48, 51, 54, 57, 59, 65, 71, 75, 84, 86-87, 90, 100, 111, 113, 123, 125, 129-130, 136, 138, 142, 144-145, 149, 151-153, 155, 161, 164-168, 174, 176, 181, 185-186, 188, 190, 200-203, 207-208, 211-213, 217-219, 225, 240, 242, 244, 246, 249, 251-252, 265, 267-268, 271, 274, 276, 278-283, 289, 290, 293-294, 298, 303, 309, 312-313, 315, 319-320, 324, 327, 330, 337-339, 346-347, 353, 356, 359, 363-364, 373-374, 399, 407-408, 413, 415-416, 422, 433-436, 438-441, 445-446, 449, 452, 455, 459, 461, 463, 469, 472, 477, 480, 482-484, 486, 488, 494, 497, 518, 520-521, 523, 526, 530, 532-533, 541, 546-547, 550, 552, 555, 580, 583, 588, 591, 597, 601, 604-605, 613, 616, 622-623, 626, 630, 634-635, 638-639, 644, 660, 663, 669, 673-674, 676, 679, 687, 699, 702-703, 708-709, 711, 715, 723-724, 729, 737, 747, 748, 754-755, 757-758, 767

TR: Unit 7; Transparency ES67; Unit 2; Transparencies ES98, ES99, Section Summary: The Relative Age of Rocks, Review and Reinforce: The Relative Age of Rocks, Enrich: The Relative Age of Rocks

C. Scientific Enterprise The student will know that science and technology are human efforts that both influence and are influenced by society. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will describe the types of questions asked, the products, and the methods of investigation used to distinguish science from technology.

SE/TE: 4-6, 10, 25, 40, 43, 52, 57, 70-71, 76, 79-80, 100, 130, 136, 153, 161, 174, 184-185, 192, 207, 244, 262, 264-265, 284, 289, 296, 325, 334, 337, 359, 368-369, 380, 413, 421, 424-425, 432-433, 446, 448, 450, 454-455, 494, 498, 502, 526-527, 534, 540-541, 549, 558-560, 562, 566, 601, 606, 610, 620, 639, 641, 647, 668, 692-693, 696, 704, 718, 726, 751, 772, 776

TR: Unit 4; Section Summary: Layers of the Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Layers of the Atmosphere, Enrich: Layers of the Atmosphere






2. The student will explain why scientists may work in teams or work alone, can collaborate and, at times, compete.

SE/TE: 12, 22, 30, 38, 46-47, 55, 58, 65-66, 68, 70-71, 74, 76, 80, 86, 90, 100, 104, 110, 127, 131, 149, 158, 171, 181, 184, 191, 209, 221, 223, 227, 245, 250, 262, 276, 281, 295, 302, 306, 316, 319, 321, 332-333, 336, 342, 360, 365, 383-384, 391, 403, 407, 409, 420, 423, 430, 442, 448, 453, 461, 466, 482, 516, 521, 527, 538, 545, 551, 558, 566, 571, 577-578, 585, 605, 617, 621, 624, 633, 640, 645, 647, 650,659, 662, 665, 675, 677, 683, 691, 696,699, 705, 710, 717, 722, 724, 727, 733, 740, 750, 759, 766, 782

TR: Unit 4; Transparencies ES179, Section Summary: Global Changes in the Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Global Changes in the Atmosphere, Enrich: Global Changes in the Atmosphere

II. PHYSICAL SCIENCE A. Structure of Matter The student will understand that matter is made of small particles and this explains the properties of matter. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will know that there are more than 100 different elements with unique properties.

SE/TE: 205, 230-231, 324-325 TR: Unit 7; Transparencies ES64; Unit 2; Guided

Reading and Study Worksheet: Radioactive Dating, Student Edition on Audio CD

2. The student will use evidence to explain that

matter is made of small particles called atoms or molecules which are too small to see.

SE/TE: 14, 324, 778-779 TR: Unit 5; Section Summary: The Expanding

Universe, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

3. The student will know that the mass of a substance remains constant whether it is together, in parts or in a different state.

SE/TE: 517, 667, 763-766, 778-779 TR: Unit 5; Transparencies ES243

4. The student will describe the states of matter in terms of the space between particles.

SE/TE: 778-779 TR: Unit 5; Section Summary: The Expanding

Universe, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

5. The student will distinguish between volume, mass and density.

SE/TE: 70, 134, 153, 288, 450-452, 460, 517, 520, 667, 682, 763-766, 778

TR: Unit 4; Transparency ES159

6. The student will use the characteristic properties of density, melting point, boiling point and solubility to identify and distinguish mixtures and pure substances.

SE/TE: 70, 77-79, 134, 153, 451, 460, 516-517, 520, 682







7. The student will know that atoms are the smallest unit of an element that maintains the characteristics of the element.

SE/TE: 205, 324-325 TR: Unit 2; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet:

Radioactive Dating, Student Edition on Audio CD

B. Chemical Reactions The student will differentiate between chemical and physical changes. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will define chemical and physical changes.

SE/TE: 76-80, 206, 230-231, 550-551

2. The student will observe that substances react chemically with other substances to form new substances with different characteristic properties.

SE/TE: 67-69, 205, 354 TR: Unit 7; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet:

Properties of Minerals, Student Edition on Audio CD

3. The student will give examples and classify

substances as mixtures or pure substances.

SE/TE: 76-80 TR: Transparency ES22, Guided Reading and

Study Worksheet: How Minerals Form, Student Edition on Audio CD

C. Energy Transformations The student will understand that energy exists in many forms and can be transferred in many ways. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will compare and contrast heat, chemical, mechanical and electrical energy and identify transformations of energy from one form to another in everyday situations.

SE/TE: 8-11, 14-15, 132-133, 206, 222-223, 286-296, 331, 354-360, 362, 366-374, 435, 442-444, 446-447, 525, 542-545, 550-551, 639, 645-646, 707, 745-747, 776, 778

TR: Unit 3; Section Summary: Tides, Review and Reinforce: Tides, Enrich: Tides

2. The student will recognize that heat is

transferred by convection, conduction and radiation from warmer objects to cooler ones until both reach the same temperature.

SE/TE: 15, 132-136, 525, 542-545, 548, 550-551, 553, 555, 646, 745-747, 550-551, 745, 747, 776

TR: Unit 4; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Energy and Earth’s Atmosphere, Transparency ES167, Student Edition on Audio CD

3. The student will demonstrate that visible light

from the sun or reflected by objects may be made up of a mixture of many different colors of light.

SE/TE: 542-545, 555, 639, 645, 707-710, 745, 754-755







4. The student will recognize the relationship between light and heat.

SE/TE: 15, 110, 132, 542-551, 639, 645, 707, 745-747, 753

5. The student will describe waves in terms of

speed, frequency and wave length.

SE/TE: 142, 436-438, 473, 685, 745

6. The student will recognize that vibrations such as sound and earthquakes move in waves and that waves move at different speeds in different materials.

SE/TE: 126, 162-177, 179, 188, 436-438, 444, 542-543 745


D. Motion The student will describe the motion of objects. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will use a frame of reference to describe the position, speed, and acceleration of an object.

SE/TE: 286-287, 668-669, 684-687 TR: Unit 5; Transparency ES212, Section

Summary: Gravity and Motion, Review and Reinforce: Gravity and Motion, Enrich: Gravity and Motion

2. The student will measure and graph the

positions and speed of an object.

SE/TE: 442-445, 668-669, 685 TR: Unit 3; Transparency ES 138, Guided Reading

and Study Worksheet: Tides, Student Edition on Audio CD; Unit 5; Transparency ES212, Section Summary: Gravity and Motion, Review and Reinforce: Gravity and Motion, Enrich: Gravity and Motion

3. The student will recognize that unbalanced

forces acting on an object change the object’s speed and/or direction.

SE/TE: 15, 442-445, 666-667, 685

E. Forces of Nature The student will understand that a variety of forces govern the structure and motion of objects in the universe. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will know that electric currents and magnets can exert a force on certain objects and each other.

SE/TE: 8-11, 15, 131, 135, 230-231, 446-447, 666-667, 685

2. The student will know that there are positive and negative charges and that like charges repel one another and opposite charges attract.

SE/TE: 230-231, 446-447, 745-747 TR: Unit 3; Section Summary: Tides, Review and

Reinforce, Enrich







1. The student will recognize how scientific knowledge is subject to change as new evidence becomes available, or as new theories cause scientists to look at old observations differently.

SE/TE: 7, 11-12, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 34, 39, 48, 56, 62, 65-66, 69, 73, 77-78, 81, 86, 90, 94-95, 98, 102, 104, 107, 111, 113-114, 120, 128, 131-132, 135, 137, 141, 143, 145, 147, 150, 154-155, 162, 168-169, 173, 175, 178, 184, 193, 201, 203, 205, 208-210, 212, 217, 220, 225, 248, 255-256, 257, 269, 277, 282-283, 293, 301, 306, 313, 316, 318, 321-322, 326, 350, 353-354, 358, 363, 367, 378, 391, 398, 401, 403-404, 411, 425, 430, 434-435, 437, 441, 447-448, 456, 461, 463, 466, 482, 486, 489, 492, 497, 511, 521, 527-528, 532, 538, 545, 551, 554, 556-557, 558, 560, 565, 567, 569-571, 574, 585-586, 587, 598, 605, 610, 614, 617-618, 623-624, 628, 643, 647, 659, 661, 669, 679, 681, 685, 688, 693, 704-706, 712, 714, 721, 724, 731, 734, 736-737, 740, 743-744, 746, 750, 752, 755-756, 759, 763, 766, 771, 773, 782; Unit 2; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Renewable Sources of Energy, Student Edition on Audio CD; Unit 3; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Exploring the ocean

2. The student will explain natural phenomena

by using appropriate physical, conceptual and mathematical models.

SE/TE: 10, 40, 47, 57, 62, 70-71, 74, 90, 100, 130, 153-154, 158, 174, 207, 244, 289, 325-326, 337, 350, 359, 413, 421, 423, 430, 446, 450, 453, 466, 494, 526, 549, 551, 562, 574, 601, 620-621, 639, 650, 668, 704, 726-727, 740, 772-773, 776, 782

TR: Unit 5; Section Summary: The Outer Planets, Review and reinforce, Enrich






B. Scientific Inquiry The student will design and conduct scientific investigations. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will formulate a testable hypothesis based on prior knowledge.

SE/TE: 19, 76, 79, 87, 114, 117, 120, 200, 209, 225, 247, 255, 262, 266, 270-271, 287, 289, 306, 343, 345, 361, 411, 416, 441, 514-515, 533, 547, 560, 578, 595, 613, 621, 664, 666, 680, 729

TR: Unit 2; Lab Worksheet: Sand Hills, Transparency ES89

2. The student will recognize that a variable is a

condition that may influence the outcome of an investigation and know the importance of manipulating one variable at a time.

SE/TE: 18, 30, 72, 79, 90, 131, 135, 147, 154, 158, 161, 163, 168, 188, 191, 195, 203, 216, 222, 228, 245, 252, 259, 269, 281, 290, 295, 297, 300, 306, 316, 322, 333, 337, 345, 350, 374, 384, 395, 417, 430, 441, 450, 453, 456, 461, 466, 481, 485, 489, 493, 502, 520, 538, 552, 558, 568, 571, 574, 585, 595, 610, 616, 621, 633, 647, 650, 659, 662, 665, 677, 683, 710, 733, 737, 766, 779, 782

3. The student will write a specific step-by-step

procedure for a scientific investigation.

SE/TE: 19, 75, 85, 87, 117, 140, 208, 379, 411, 455, 463, 533, 547, 623, 729

4. The student will explain how classroom

scientific investigations relate to established scientific principles.

SE/TE: 11-12, 18, 22, 26, 30, 59, 62, 73, 117, 123, 131, 135, 143, 147,149, 161, 173, 175, 191, 193, 208, 257, 306, 318, 321, 326, 350, 367, 378, 403, 430, 435, 441, 447, 461, 466, 489, 527, 533, 538,545, 551, 556, 558-559, 570, 574, 585, 587, 610, 618, 635, 643, 659, 661, 669, 689, 705, 736-737, 740, 743, 750, 755-756, 759, 763, 766, 773, 782

TR: Unit 3; Transparency ES142; Unit 5; Section Summary: Is There Life Beyond Earth, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

C. Scientific Enterprise The student will know that science and technology are human efforts that both influence, and are influenced by, society. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will give examples of the development of technology influencing scientific knowledge, and investigation and scientific knowledge influencing the development of technology.

SE/TE: 4-5, 25, 43, 52, 161, 184-185, 192, 264-265, 284, 368-369, 380, 424, 432-433, 454-455, 498, 534, 540-541, 558-559, 606-607, 692-693, 718, 751






D. Historic Perspectives The student will understand how scientific discovery, culture, societal norms and technology have influenced one another in different time periods. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will cite examples of individuals throughout history who made discoveries and contributions in science and technology.

SE/TE: 6-7, 13, 34-35, 70-71, 137-143, 150, 471-472, 524, 624, 680-681, 683, 688-689, 702, 704, 718, 722, 724-725, 730, 744, 758, 765, 775-776

TR: Unit 5; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Earth’s Moon, Student Edition Audio CD

2. The student will cite examples of how culture

influences scientific and technological advances.

SE/TE: 4-5, 25, 43, 52, 136-140, 150-159, 161, 184-185, 192, 264-265, 284, 327-329, 334-344, 368-369, 380, 424, 432-433, 454-455, 498, 534, 540-541, 558-559, 606, 692-693, 700-705, 718, 744-751

IV. LIFE SCIENCE A. Cells The student will understand that all organisms are composed of cells that carry on the many functions needed to sustain life. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will know that cells are the fundamental units of life.

2. The student will distinguish between single-cellular and multi-cellular organisms.

SE/TE: 332-333 TR: Unit 2; Section Summary: Early Earth,

Review and Reinforce, Enrich

3. The student will distinguish between plant and animal cells.

SE/TE: 243,252-254, 314, 333, 336, 338-341,451, 479-480, 488-489, 734, 737, 769, 479-480

4. The student will recognize that cells

repeatedly divide for growth and repair.

SE/TE: 248-249, 332-333 TR: Unit 2; Section Summary: Early Earth,

Review and Reinforce, Enrich

5. The student will recognize that cells convert energy from food for the production of molecules necessary for life, and for life processes including cell growth and cell division.

SE/TE: 248-249, 252-253, 343

6. The student will recognize that specialized cells in multi-cellular organisms perform specialized functions.

SE/TE: 336-337 TR: Unit 2; Transparency ES108






B. Diversity of Organisms The student will understand that living systems, at every level of organization, demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will explain that individuals are composed of specialized cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that perform specialized functions.

SE/TE: 310-316, 330-334 TR: Unit 2; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet:

Early Earth, Student Edition on Audio CD

2. The student will recognize that an organism’s body plan and its ability to regulate its internal environment enable it to make or find food, grow and reproduce in a constantly changing environment.

SE/TE: 248-249, 252-253, 259, 343, 403, 460, 484, 487, 489

TR: Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: How Soil Forms, Student Edition on Audio CD

3. The student will recognize that behavioral responses of organisms may be determined by heredity and past experience.

SE/TE: 336-337

4. The student will use and create dichotomous keys.

SE/TE: 40-41, 49

5. The student will use the characteristics of an organism to identify the kingdom to which it belongs.

SE/TE: 479-480 TR: Unit 3; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet:

Ocean Habitats, transparency ES150

C. Interdependence of Life The student will understand that within ecosystems, complex interactions exist between organisms and the physical environment. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will provide examples of the potentially irreversible effects of human activity on ecosystems.

SE/TE: 107-110, 248-255, 419, 470-477, 481, 495, 528-531

2. The student will define a population as all individuals of a species that exist together at a given place and time.

SE/TE: 107-110, 248-255, 470-477, 490-500

3. The student will define an ecosystem as all populations living together and the physical factors with which they interact.

SE/TE: 107-110, 248-255, 470-477, 490-5000, 778-788

4. The student will explain the factors that affect the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support, including available resources, abiotic and biotic factors and disease.

SE/TE: 107-110, 248-255, 421-422, 470-477






D. Heredity The student will understand that heredity information is contained in genes which are inherited through both sexual and asexual reproduction. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will recognize that inherited traits result from information contained in genes, which are located on chromosomes of each cell.

2. The student will recognize that each gene carries a single unit of information and can influence more than one trait.

3. The student will explain how inherited traits can be determined by one or many genes.

4. The student will comprehend that interactions with the environment affect some inherited traits.

5. The student will comprehend that reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.

6. The student will compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.

E. Biological Populations Change Over Time The student will understand how biological evolution provides a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms, as well as for the striking similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will recognize extinction is a common event.

SE/TE: 316, 337, 342-343 TR: Unit 2; Transparency ES108

2. The student will describe how the fossil record documents the appearance and diversification of many life forms.

SE/TE: 107-110, 138-139, 248-255, 314-316, 345 470-477, 490-500

3. The student will explain how biological adaptations in structure, function and behavior enhance the reproductive success and survival of a species in a particular environment.

SE/TE: 310-316, 330-333, 490-500






4. The student will recognize that scientific evidence can be used to infer common ancestry among some organisms.

SE/TE: 138-139, 310-321, 323, 325, 333-334, 637-638, 734-735

5. The student will explain how diversity of species develops through gradual processes over generations.

SE/TE: 107-110, 138-139, 248-255, 314-316, 345 470-477, 490-500

TR: Unit 3; Section Summary: Resources from the ocean, Review and Reinforce, Enrich:

F. Flow of Matter and Energy The student will understand how the flow of energy and the recycling of matter contribute to a stable ecosystem. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will know that plants use the energy in light to make sugars out of carbon dioxide and water.

SE/TE: 14-15, 243, 296, 331-334, 378, 435, 446-447, 451, 514, 542-545, 549, 639, 643-645, 707, 713-716, 778


2. The student will explain how energy is transferred through food chains and food webs in an ecosystem.

SE/TE: 354-355, 446, 480, 488-489

3. The student will explain how the amount of useable energy available to organisms decreases as it passes through a food chain and/or food web.

SE/TE: 354-355, 446, 480, 488-489

4. The student will know that the total amount of matter in a closed system remains the same as it is transferred between organisms and the physical environment even though its location or form changes.

SE/TE: 66-72, 76-80, 223, 323-327, 542-551

5. The student will compare and contrast predator/prey, parasite/host and producer/consumer/decomposer relationships.

SE/TE: 253, 480

G. Human Organism The student will understand human body systems and their relationship to disease. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will recognize that disease can be caused by genetics, infection by other organisms, exposure to environmental factors or a combination of these.

SE/TE: 317, 345, 419-422, 481, 495, 528-531, 534-535

2. The student will identify risks associated with natural, chemical and biological hazards.

SE/TE: 356, 365, 418-419, 425, 481, 494-496, 528-535, 588, 643-645







3. The student will describe the structure and function of systems for digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination and for protection from disease, in the human organism.

SE/TE: 14-15, 528-531


1. The student will explain and give examples of how science can be used to make informed ethical decisions by identifying likely consequences of particular actions.

SE/TE: 5, 19, 22, 27, 30, 45, 70-71, 75, 87, 90, 104, 107, 113, 117, 120, 123, 140, 146, 149, 150, 155, 158, 177, 183, 185, 196, 199, 205, 225, 228, 238, 244, 246-247, 251, 268, 271, 274, 283, 306, 316, 322, 326, 350, 353, 359-360, 366, 369, 379, 384, 395, 411, 419, 425, 430, 447, 454, 458, 462, 466, 489, 494, 496, 502, 515-516, 521, 532, 546-547, 552, 559, 562, 596-597, 604-605, 610, 623, 634, 646, 650, 659, 668, 679, 693, 696, 700, 704-705, 736-737, 740, 762, 776

TR: Unit 2; Transparency ES115; Unit 4; Lab Worksheet: How Clean is the Air?; Unit 5; Transparency ES212, Transparency ES243






2. The student will explain the development, usefulness and limitations of scientific models in the explanation and prediction of natural phenomena.

SE/TE: 5, 13, 15, 22-23, 30, 33, 37, 42, 49, 54, 59, 62, 65, 70-71, 74-75, 79, 84, 86, 90, 100, 102, 104, 106, 109, 111, 117, 120, 123, 126, 135, 138, 142, 145, 147, 149, 151-154, 155, 158, 161-162, 165-168, 181, 183, 185-186, 188, 190, 196, 203, 206, 208, 212-213, 216-217, 219, 223, 225, 228, 240, 242-243, 245, 254, 259, 262, 265, 267-269, 273-274, 280-283, 287, 289-290, 293-294, 298, 303, 309, 312-313, 315, 319-320, 324, 327, 330, 333, 336, 346-347, 359, 364, 367, 374, 378, 407-408, 411-413, 419, 422, 430, 433-436, 439-442, 447, 453, 455, 461, 463, 466, 469, 472, 477, 482, 484, 486, 488, 497, 515-516, 518, 520, 522, 530, 532, 541-542, 545, 550, 552, 555, 563, 566, 577, 583, 588, 591, 593, 597, 601, 610, 616, 623, 633, 638-639, 659-660, 662, 665, 669, 672, 674, 676, 679, 687, 696, 699, 702-704, 708, 715, 723-724, 729, 740, 748, 754-755, 759, 766-767, 776, 779

TR: Unit 5; Section Summary: The Outer Planets, Review and reinforce, Enrich






B. Scientific Inquiry The student will understand that scientific inquiry is used by scientists to investigate the natural world in systematic ways. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will know that scientific investigations involve the common elements of systematic observations, the careful collection of relevant evidence, logical reasoning and innovation in developing hypotheses and explanations.

SE/TE: 22, 24, 27, 30, 39, 48, 65-66, 69, 77, 81, 86, 90, 94-95, 98, 102, 104, 107, 111, 113-114, 115, 120, 128, 132, 137, 140-141, 145, 155, 158, 169, 178, 184-185, 201, 203, 209-210, 212, 217, 220, 225, 255-256, 268-269, 277, 282-283, 293, 301, 306, 313, 322, 326, 350, 353-354, 358, 360, 363, 384, 391, 395, 398, 401, 404, 411, 419, 425, 434, 437, 448, 456, 463, 486, 492, 496-497, 511, 521, 528, 532, 544-545, 557, 560, 565, 567, 569, 571, 586, 598, 605, 610, 614, 617, 623, 628, 647, 659, 679, 681, 685, 688, 696, 704, 706, 712, 721, 724, 731, 743-744, 746, 752, 771

TR: Unit 7; Skills Lab: Gelatin Volcanoes; Unit 2; Lab Worksheet: Sand Hills, Transparency ES89, Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Renewable Sources of Energy, Student Edition on Audio CD; Unit 3; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: Exploring the ocean; Unit 4; Section Summary: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere, Enrich: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

2. The student will describe how scientists can

conduct investigations in a simple system and make generalizations to more complex systems.

SE/TE: 19, 22, 27,30, 75-76, 85, 87, 117, 140, 158, 183, 185, 196, 200, 208, 228, 262, 268, 306, 316, 326, 350, 360, 366, 379, 384, 395, 411, 419, 447, 455, 463, 489, 496, 502, 515, 533, 544, 547, 552, 610, 613, 623, 659, 668, 696, 729, 737, 740

3. The student will use multiple skills to design

and conduct scientific investigations.






Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will specify variables to be changed, controlled and measured.

SE/TE: 9, 18-19, 30, 79, 87, 90, 117, 131, 135, 147, 154, 158, 161, 163, 168, 188, 191, 195, 203, 216, 223, 228, 237, 245, 252, 259, 269, 281, 283, 290, 295, 297, 300, 306, 316, 322, 333, 337, 345, 350, 374, 379,384, 395, 417, 430, 441, 450, 456, 552-453, 461, 466, 481, 485, 489, 502, 520, 538, 558, 568, 571, 574, 585, 595, 610, 616, 621, 623, 633, 647, 650, 659, 662, 665, 677, 683, 710, 733, 737, 766, 779, 782

TR: Unit 4; Section Summary: What Causes Climate, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

2. The student will use sufficient trials and

adequate sample size to ensure reliable data.

SE/TE: 10, 30, 57, 72, 75, 86, 90, 117, 130, 177, 204-205, 247, 270-271, 289, 322, 353, 359, 384, 413, 421, 430, 444, 446, 494, 511, 513, 521, 526, 533, 547, 550, 559, 562, 597, 601, 603, 610, 623, 634, 639, 650, 659, 704-705, 708, 711, 740, 761

3. The student will use appropriate technology

and mathematics skills to access, gather, store, retrieve and organize data.

SE/TE: 4-5, 10, 25, 30, 40, 43, 47, 52, 57, 62, 70-72, 74-75, 86, 90, 100, 117, 130, 153-154, 158, 161, 174, 177, 184-185, 192, 204-205, 207, 244, 247, 264-265, 270-271, 284, 289, 322, 325-326, 337, 350, 353, 359, 368-369, 380, 384, 413, 421, 423-424, 430, 432-433, 444, 446, 450, 453-455, 466, 494, 498, 511, 513, 521, 526, 533-534, 540-541, 547, 549, 550-551, 558-559, 562, 574, 597, 601, 603, 606, 610, 620-621, 623, 634, 639, 650, 659, 668, 692-693, 704-705, 708, 711, 718, 727, 740, 751, 761, 772-773, 776, 782

TR: Unit 4; Section Summary: Layers of the Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Layers of the Atmosphere, Enrich: Layers of the Atmosphere






C. Scientific Enterprise The student will know that science and technology are human efforts that both influence and are influenced by civilizations and cultures worldwide. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will evaluate the credibility and validity of scientific and technological information from various sources.

SE/TE: 4-5, 10, 12, 22, 25, 30, 38, 40, 43, 46-47, 52, 55, 57-58, 62, 70-72, 74-75, 86, 90, 100, 117, 127, 130-131, 153-154, 158, 161, 174, 177, 181, 184-185, 191-192, 204-205, 207, 221, 223, 227, 244-245, 247, 262, 264-265, 270-271, 284, 289, 295, 302, 306, 316, 321-322, 325-326, 332, 337, 342, 350, 353, 359-360, 365, 368-369, 380, 383-384, 403, 407, 409, 413, 421, 423-424, 430, 432-433, 444, 446, 450, 453-455, 461, 466, 482, 494, 498, 511, 513, 521, 526-527, 533-534, 538, 540-541, 545, 547, 549, 550-551, 558-559, 562, 566, 571, 574, 585, 597, 601, 603, 606, 610, 620-621, 623, 633-634, 639-640, 650, 659, 665, 668, 677, 683, 691-693, 696, 704-705, 708,710- 711, 718, 722, 727, 733, 740, 750-751, 759, 761, 766, 772-773, 776, 782

TR: Unit 4; Section Summary: Layers of the Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Layers of the Atmosphere, Enrich: Layers of the Atmosphere; Unit 5; Section Summary: Star Systems and Galaxies, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

D. Historic Perspectives The student will understand how scientific discovery, culture, societal norms and technology have influenced one another in different time periods. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will relate personal experiences in scientific investigation to the experiences of scientists throughout history.

SE/TE: 4-7, 13, 25, 34-35, 43, 52, 70-71, 133-143, 150-159, 161, 184-185, 192, 264-265, 284, 327-329, 334-344, 368-369, 380, 424, 4322-433, 454-455, 471-472, 498, 524, 534, 540-541, 558-559, 606, 624, 680-681, 683, 688-689, 692-693, 700-705, 718, 722, 724-725, 730, 744-751, 758, 765, 775-776

TR: Unit 5; Section Summary: Observing the Solar System, Review and Reinforce, Enrich






2. The student will cite examples of how science and technology contributed to changes in agriculture, manufacturing, sanitation, medicine, warfare, transportation, information processing or communication.

SE/TE: 4-5, 25, 43, 52, 161, 184-185, 192, 264-265, 284, 368-369, 380, 424, 432-433, 454-455, 498, 534, 540-541, 558-559, 606, 692-693, 718, 751

TR: Unit 4; Section Summary: Layers of the Atmosphere, Review and Reinforce: Layers of the Atmosphere, Enrich: Layers of the Atmosphere; Unit 5; Section Summary: Star Systems and Galaxies, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

III. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE A. Earth Structure and Processes The student will identify Earth’s composition, structure and processes. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will explain how earthquakes, volcanoes, sea-floor spreading and mountain building are evidence of the movement of crustal plates.

SE/TE: 39-47, 128-129, 136-147, 150-154, 162-168, 187, 200-203, 218-219, 239, 319, 331, 332, 400, 616, 618, 712-713

TR: Unit 7; Section Summary: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

2. The student will describe how features on the

Earth’s surface are created and constantly changing through a combination of slow and rapid processes of weathering, erosion, sediment deposition, landslides, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

SE/TE: 6-7, 102-106, 124-126, 153, 162-169, 172, 174, 178-182, 187, 200, 209-216, 217-223, 238-245, 250, 258, 266-269, 272-281, 287-290, 293-294, 297-299, 301-303, 310-318, 332-333, 440-441, 639

TR: Unit 2; Section Summary: Fossils, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency ES96

3. The student will describe the various

processes and interactions of the rock cycle.

SE/TE: 94-101, 107-112, 114-116, 238-245, 248-250, 319, 318, 324, 326, 405

4. The student will interpret successive layers of

sedimentary rocks and their fossils to document the age and history of the Earth.

SE/TE: 97, 102-106, 111, 115-116, 138-139, 267, 276-277, 294, 299, 303, 310-318, 320-321, 325-326, 333-334, 345, 637-638, 734-735

TR: Unit 2; Transparency ES97, Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: The Relative Age of Rocks, Student Edition on Audio CD

5. The student will recognize that constructive

and destructive Earth processes can affect the evidence of Earth’s history.

SE/TE: 15, 39-47, 124-131, 153, 162-168, 172-174, 178-183, 187, 216, 266-269, 315, 327-329, 330-333, 392-395, 457, 545, 620, 639, 661-665, 668, 712-713, 735






6. The student will classify and identify rocks and minerals using characteristics including but not limited to density, hardness and streak.

SE/TE: 66-74, 76-79, 80-85, 94-101, 110-112, 115-116, 119, 126, 238-245, 244, 248, 310-312, 318-321, 324, 326, 421, 494, 496-499

TR: Unit 2; Transparency ES97, Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: The Relative Age of Rocks, Student Edition on Audio CD; Unit 3; Section Summary: Resources from the Ocean, Review and Reinforce, Enrich

7. The student will investigate the impact

humans have on the environment.

Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will identify and research an environmental issue and evaluate its impact.

B. The Water Cycle, Weather and Climate The student will investigate how the atmosphere interacts with the Earth system. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will define radiation, conduction and convection and explain their effects on weather and climate.

SE/TE: 15, 133-135, 542-543, 548, 550-551, 553, 614, 618-619745-747, 776

TR: Unit 4; Section Summary: Heat Transfer, Review and Reinforce, Enrich, Transparency ES170

2. The student will identify the forces that create

currents and layers in the Earth’s atmosphere and water systems.

SE/TE: 126-131, 134-135, 331-333, 392-393, 413, 439, 456-461, 522-527, 550-551, 553, 555, 560-561, 617, 642, 712-713, 735

TR: unit 3; Transparency ES122

3. The student will describe the effect of Earth’s rotation on the winds and ocean currents.

SE/TE: 301-303, 457, 456-461, 552-558, 553, 581, 584, 617-618, 620, 639, 642, 661-662, 670, 725

4. The student will collect and use data to predict

the weather.

SE/TE: 459, 495, 512, 519, 581-585, 598-607, 614 TR: Unit 4; Lab Worksheet: Reading a Weather

Map

5. The student will identify the composition and structures of the atmosphere.

SE/TE: 14-15, 332-333, 512-517, 519, 522-527, 544, 553, 555, 560-566, 584-585, 599, 602, 641-647, 708, 713-716, 720-721, 724-725

TR: Unit 5; Guided Reading and Study Worksheet: the Inner Planers, Transparencies, ES227, ES230

6. The student will describe climate changes that

have occurred over time.

SE/TE: 139, 244-245, 250-251, 315, 337, 344, 458, 615-619, 625, 636-647






C. The Universe The student will compare objects in the solar system and explain their interactions with the Earth. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will recognize that the sun is the principal energy source for the solar system and that this energy is transferred in the form of radiation.

SE/TE: 15, 133, 525, 542-545, 550-551, 639, 645-646, 700-705, 707, 712-719, 745, 747, 777

2. The student will explain how the combination of the Earth's tilted axis and revolution around the sun causes the progression of seasons and weather patterns.

SE/TE: 598-607, 620-621, 661-665, 670-671, 706

3. The student will compare and contrast the planets, taking into account their composition, mass and distance from the sun and recognize the conditions that have allowed life to flourish on Earth.

SE/TE: 701, 703-705, 712-719, 721-727, 769, 777 TR: Unit 5; Transparency ES229, ES230

4. The student will use the predictability of the motions of the Earth, and sun to explain the length of day, length of year, phases of the moon, eclipses, tides and shadows.

SE/TE: 15, 39, 41, 131, 135, 331, 442-447, 660-671, 673, 676-677, 680-683, 689, 708, 718-719, 733


C. The Universe The student will describe the composition and structure of the universe. Benchmarks (Performance Standards)

1. The student will recognize that the universe consists of many billions of galaxies, each containing many billions of stars and that there are vast distances that separate these galaxies and stars from one another.

SE/TE: 752-759, 762-766, 768-771, 774-776, 778 TR: Unit 5; Transparency ES246

2. 2. The student will recognize that the sun is a medium-sized star and is the closest star to Earth. It is the central and largest body in the solar system and is one of billions of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.

SE/TE: 392, 444, 542-545, 555, 639, 645, 706-710, 753, 755, 763, 767, 771, 773


Reference: http://education.state.mn.us/html/intro_standards_science.htm

Documents

Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Earth Science © 2005 .... HISTORY AND NATURE OF SCIENCE ... The student will understand that science is a way of knowing about the world that is characterized