PRELIMINARY TITLE OF THE CIVIL CODE.docx

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PRELIMINARY TITLE OF THE CIVIL CODE

1990 Question No. 14-a to 14-c

After a devastating storm casing!ides"read destrction in for Centra# L$on"rovinces% t&e e'ective and #egis#ative (ranc&esof t&e government agreed to enact a s"ecia# #a!a""ro"riating P) (i##ion for "r"oses of re#ief andre&a(i#itation for t&e "rovinces* In vie! of t&ergent natre of t&e #egis#ative enactment% it is"rovided in its e+ectivit, c#ase t&at it s&a## ta-ee+ect "on a""rova# and after com"#etion of "(#ication in t&e O.cia# /a$ette and a

ne!s"a"er of genera# circ#ation in t&eP&i#i""ines* T&e #a! !as "assed (, t&e Congresson 0#, )% )112* 3igned into #a! (, t&e Presidenton 0#, 4% )112% and "(#is&ed in sc& ne!s"a"erof genera# circ#ation on 0#, 5% )112 and in t&eO.cia# /a$ette on 0#, )2% )112*

6a7 As to t&e "(#ication of said #egis#ativeenactment% is t&ere s.cient o(servance orcom"#iance !it& t&e re8irements for a

va#id "(#ication9 E'"#ain ,or ans!er*

6(7 :&en did t&e #a! ta-e e+ect9 E'"#ain ,orans!er*

6c7 Can t&e e'ective (ranc& start re#easingand dis(rsing fnds a""ro"riated (, t&e

said #a! t&e da, fo##o!ing its a""rova#9E'"#ain ,or ans!er*

ARTICLE 2

Laws shall take efect

ater teen days ollowing

the completion o their

publication either in the

Ocial Gazette, or in a

newspaper o general

circulation, unless it is

otherwise provided !his

"ode shall take efect one

year ater such publication



1996 Question No. 1-1

IGNORANCE OF THE LA !s. "I#TA$E OF

FACT

Is t&ere an, di+erence in t&eir #ega# e+ect

(et!een ignorance of t&e #a! and ignorance or

mista-e of fact9

#%GGE#TE& AN#ER' Yes% t&ere is a di+erence* :&i#e ignorance of t&e#a! is not an e'cse for not com"#,ing !it& it%ignorance of fact e#iminates crimina# intent as#ong as t&ere is no neg#igence 6Art% NCC7*In addition% mista-e on a do(tf# or di.c#t8estion of #a! ma, (e t&e (asis of good fait&6Art* ;<=* NCC7* Mista-e of fact ma,% frt&ermore%vitiate consent in a contract and ma-e it voida(#e6Art* )412* NCC7*

ALTERNATI(E AN#ER' Yes* Ignorance of t&e #a! di+ers in #ega# e+ectfrom ignorance or mista-e of fact* T&e formerdoes not e'cse a "art, from t&e #ega#conse8ences of &is condct !&i#e t&e #atter doesconstitte an e'cse and is a #ega# defense*

ARTICLE )

#gnorance o the law e$cuses no

one rom compliance therewith1994 Question No. 4-1 to 4-) >Inferior Corts Decisions 6)11?7Are decisions of t&e Cort of A""ea#s considered#a!s9

ALTERNATIVE AN3:ER3@)7 a7 No% (t decisions of t&e Cort of A""ea#sma, serve as "recedents for inferior corts on"oints of #a! not covered (, an, 3"reme Cortdecision% and a r#ing of t&e Cort of A""ea#s ma,(ecome a doctrine* 6Miranda vs** Im"eria# 55 P&i#*)2==7*

(7 No* Decisions of t&e Cort of A""ea#smere#, &ave "ersasive% and t&erefore nomandator, e+ect* Ho!ever% a conc#sion or"rononcement !&ic& covers a "oint of #a!sti## ndecided ma, sti## serve as dicia#gide and it is "ossi(#e t&at t&e same

ma,(e raised to t&e stats of doctrine*

If after it &as (een s(ected to test in t&ecrci(#e of ana#,sis% t&e 3"reme Cort s&o#dBnd t&at it &as merits and 8a#ities s.cient forits consideration as a r#e of ris"rdence 6Civi#Code% Paras7*

ARTICLE *



%udicial decisions applying or

interpreting the laws or the

"onstitution shall orm a part o

the legal system o the

&hilippines200) Question No. 1

A+t. 9 No ,ue o+ cou+t s/a ecine to

+ene+ ,uent 3 +eason o t/e sience5

oscu+it3 o+ insucienc3 o t/e a7s.

200) Question No. 1A+t. 10. In case o out in t/e

inte+8+etation o+ a88ication o a7s5 it is

8+esue t/at t/e a7ain o3 intene

+i/t an ,ustice to 8+e!ai.200: Question No. 2-a to 2-

In )1;% 3onn, and L#% (ot& Fi#i"inociti$ens% !ere married in t&e P&i#i""ines* In )15%t&e, se"arated% and 3onn, !ent to Canada% !&ere&e o(tained a divorce in t&e same ,ear* He t&enmarried anot&er Fi#i"ina% Aring% in Canada on

0anar, )% )1* T&e, &ad t!o sons% 0ames and 0o&n* In )112% after fai#ing to &ear from 3onn,%



L# married Tirso% (, !&om s&e &ad a dag&ter%Verna* In )11)% 3onn, visited t&e P&i#i""ines!&ere &e sccm(ed to &eart attac-*

a7 Discss t&e e+ect of t&e divorce o(tained (,3onn, and L# in Canada*

(7 E'"#ain t&e stats of t&e marriage (et!een3onn, and Aring*

c7 E'"#ain t&e stats of t&e marriage (et!een L#and Tirso*

d7 E'"#ain t&e res"ective B#iation of 0ames% 0o&n

and Verna*

e7 :&o are t&e &eirs of 3onn,9 E'"#ain*

200) Question No. 2

A""#ica(#e La!s #a!s governing marriages 6<2247

/ene and 0ane% Fi#i"ino% met and got married inEng#and !&i#e (ot& !ere ta-ing " "ostgradate

corses t&ere* A fe! ,ears after t&eir gradation%t&e, decided to ann# t&eir marriage* 0ane B#ed anaction to ann# &er marriage to /ene in Eng#andon t&e grond of #atters steri#it,% agrond forann#ment of marriage in Eng#and* T&e Eng#is&cort decreed t&e marriage ann##ed* Retrning tot&e P&i#i""ines% /ene as-ed ,o !&et&er or not &e!o#d (e free to marr, &is former gir#friend* :&at!o#d ,or #ega# advice (e9 ;G

%; #ueste Ans7e+'

No% /ene is not free to marr, &is formergir#friend* His marriage to 0ane is va#id accordingto t&e forms and so#emnities of ritis& #a!% is va#id

&ere 6Artic#e )5% )st "ar*% NCC7*Ho!ever% since/ene and 0ane are sti## Fi#i"inos a#t&og& #iving inEng#and% t&e disso#tion of t&eir marriage is sti##governed (, P&i#i""ine #a! 6Artic#e );% NCC7*3ince% steri#it, is not one of t&e gronds for t&eann#ment of a marriage nder Artic#e ?; of t&eFami#, Code% t&e ann#ment of /enes marriage to

0ane on t&at grond is not va#id in t&e P&i#i""ines6Artic#e )5% NCC7

%; Ate+nati!e Ans7e+' Yes% /ene is free to marr, &is gir#friend (ecase&is marriage !as va#id#, ann##ed in Eng#and* T&eisse of !&et&er or not a marriage is voida(#e%inc#ding t&e gronds t&erefore% is governed (,t&e #a! of t&e "#ace !&ere t&e marriage !asso#emni$ed 6#e' #oci ce#e(rationis7*

Hence% even if steri#it, is not a grond to ann#t&e marriage nder t&e P&i#i""ine #a!% t&e

marriage is nevert&e#ess voida(#e (ecasesteri#it, ma-es t&e marriage voida(#e nderEng#is& #a!* T&erefore% ann#ment of t&e marriagein Eng#and is va#id in t&e P&i#i""ines.



ARTICLE );

Laws relating to amily rights and

duties, or to the status, condition

and legal capacity o persons are

binding upon citizens o the

&hilippines, even though living

abroad

200) Question No. 2

A""#ica(#e La!s #a!s governing marriages 6<2247

/ene and 0ane% Fi#i"ino% met and got married inEng#and !&i#e (ot& !ere ta-ing " "ostgradatecorses t&ere* A fe! ,ears after t&eir gradation%t&e, decided to ann# t&eir marriage* 0ane B#ed anaction to ann# &er marriage to /ene in Eng#andon t&e grond of #atters steri#it,% agrond forann#ment of marriage in Eng#and* T&e Eng#is&cort decreed t&e marriage ann##ed* Retrning tot&e P&i#i""ines% /ene as-ed ,o !&et&er or not &e!o#d (e free to marr, &is former gir#friend* :&at!o#d ,or #ega# advice (e9 ;G

%; #ueste Ans7e+'

No% /ene is not free to marr, &is formergir#friend* His marriage to 0ane is va#id accordingto t&e forms and so#emnities of ritis& #a!% is va#id&ere 6Artic#e )5% )st "ar*% NCC7*Ho!ever% since/ene and 0ane are sti## Fi#i"inos a#t&og& #iving inEng#and% t&e disso#tion of t&eir marriage is sti##governed (, P&i#i""ine #a! 6Artic#e );% NCC7*3ince% steri#it, is not one of t&e gronds for t&eann#ment of a marriage nder Artic#e ?; of t&eFami#, Code% t&e ann#ment of /enes marriage to

0ane on t&at grond is not va#id in t&e P&i#i""ines6Artic#e )5% NCC7

%; Ate+nati!e Ans7e+'

Yes% /ene is free to marr, &is gir#friend (ecase&is marriage !as va#id#, ann##ed in Eng#and* T&e





ca"acitate Fe#isa to remarr, (ecase s&e andFe#i"e !ere (ot& Fi#i"inos at t&e time of t&eirmarriage* Ho!ever% in DO0 O"inion No* )4? seriesof )114% Fe#isa is a##o!ed to remarr, (ecase t&e

instice sog&t to (e corrected (, Artic#e <= a#soo(tains in &er case*P 3ggested Ans!er@* T&e foreigner !&o e'ectes &is !i## in t&eP&i#i""ines ma, o(served t&e forma#itiesdescri(edin@)* T&e La! of t&e contr, of !&ic& &eis a citi$en nder Artic#e )5 of t&e Ne! Civi#Code% or <* t&e #a! of t&e P&i#i""ines (eing t&e#a! of t&e "#ace of e'ection nder Artic#e )5 of t&e Ne!Civi# Code*

P 3ggested Ans!er@C* P&i#i""ine #a! !i## not govern t&e intrinsicva#idit, of t&e !i##* Artic#e )= of t&e Ne!Civi# Code"rovides t&at intrinsic va#idit, of testamentar,"rovisions s&a## (e governed (, t&e Nationa# La!of t&e "erson !&ose sccession is nderconsideration* Ca#ifornia #a! !i## govern t&eintrinsic va#idit, of t&e !i##*

2002 Question No. 1)-a an 1)-c

Fe#i"eis a Fi#i"ino citi$en* :&en &e !ent to 3,dne,for vacation% &e met a former (siness associate%!&o "ro"osed to &im a transaction !&ic& too- &imto Mosco!* Fe#i"e (ro-ered a contract (et!een3,dne, Coa#s Cor"* 6Coa#s7% an Astra#ian Brm%and Mosco! Energ, Cor"* 6Energ,7% a RssianBrm% for Coa#s to s""#, coa#s to Energ,on amont&#, (asis for t&ree ,ears* ot& t&ese Brms

!ere not doing% and sti## do not do% (siness in t&eP&i#i""ines*Fe#i"e s&tt#ed (et!een 3,dne, and Mosco! toc#ose t&e contract* He a#so e'ected in 3,dne, a

commission contract !it& Coa#s and in Mosco!!it&Energ,% nder !&ic& contracts &e !as

garanteed commissions (, (ot& Brm (ased on a"ercentage of de#iveries for t&e t&ree,ear "eriod%"a,a(#e in 3,dne, and in Mosco! res"ective#,%t&rog& de"osits in acconts t&at &e o"ened int&e t!o cities* ot& Brms "aidFe#i"e &is commission for for mont&s% after !&ic&t&e, sto""ed "a,ing &im*

Fe#i"e #earned from &is contacts% !&o areresidents of 3,dne, and Mosco!% t&at t&e t!oBrms ta#-ed to eac& ot&er and decided to ct &imo+* He no! B#es sit in Mani#a against (ot& Coa#sand Energ, for s"eciBc "erformance*

A* DeBne or e'"#ain t&e "rinci"#e of #e' #ocicontracts** DeBne or e'"#ain t&e r#e of form non

conveniens*C* 3&o#d t&e P&i#i""ine cort assme risdictionover t&e case9 E'"#ain*

%; #ueste Ans7e+'

LE LOCI CONTRACT3 ma, (e nderstood in t!osenses% as fo##o!s@6)7 It is t&e #a! of t&e "#ace!&ere contracts% !i##s% and ot&er "(#ic



instrments aree'ected and governs t&eir formsand so#emnities% "rsant to t&e Brst "aragra"&%Artic#e )5 of t&e Ne! Civi# Code or 6<7 It is t&e"ro"er #a! of t&e contract e*i*% t&e s,stem of #a!

intended to govern t&eentire contract% inc#dingits essentia# re8isites% indicating t&e #a! of t&e"#ace !it& !&ic& t&econtract &as its c#osestconnection or !&ere t&e main e#ements of t&econtract converge* Asi##strated (, a#amea v*Cort of A""ea#s 6<< 3CRA <4 J)114K7% it is t&e#a! of t&e "#ace!&ere t&e air#ine tic-et !asissed% !&ere t&e "assengers are nationa#s andresidents of% and!&ere t&e defendant air#inecom"an, maintained its o.ce*

%; Ate+nati!e Ans7e+'

A* nder t&e doctrine of #e' #oci contracts% as agenera# r#e% t&e #a! of t&e "#ace !&erea contractis made or entered into governs !it& res"ect to itsnatre and va#idit,% o(#igation andinter"retation*

T&is &as (een said to (e t&e r#e even t&og& t&e"#ace !&ere t&e contract !asmade is di+erentfrom t&e "#ace !&ere it is to (e "erformed% and"artic#ar#, so% if t&e "#ace of t&e ma-ing and t&e

"#ace of "erformance are t&e same 6nited Air#inev* CA% /*R* No* )<?))2%A"ri# <2% <22)7*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

* FORM NON CONVENIEN3 means t&at a cort&as discretionar, at&orit, todec#ine risdictionover a case of action !&en it is of t&e vie! t&at

t&e action ma, (e st#, ande+ective#,addicated e#se!&ere*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

C* No% t&e P&i#i""ine corts cannot ac8ire risdiction over t&e case of Fe#i"e* First#,%ndert&e r#e of form non conveniens% t&e P&i#i""inecort is not a convenient form as a## t&eincidentsof t&e case occrred otside t&e P&i#i""ines*Neit&er are (ot& Coa#s and Energ, doing (sinessinside t&e P&i#i""ines* 3econd#,% t&e contracts!ere not "erfected in t&e P&i#i""ines* nder t&e"rinci"#e of #e' #oci contracts% t&e #a! of t&e"#ace !&ere t&e contract is made s&a##a""#,*

Last#,% t&e P&i#i""ine cort &as no "o!er todetermine t&e facts srronding t&e e'ectionof said contracts* And even if a "ro"er decision co#d(e reac&ed% sc& !o#d &ave no (idinge+ect onCoa#s and Energ, as t&e cort !as not a(#e toac8ire risdiction over t&e said cor"orations*6Mani#a Hote# Cor"* v* NLRC* 4?4 3CRA )% )4)?J<222K7

199* Question No. 1-)

0an is a Fi#i"ino citi$en residing in To-,o% 0a"an*3tate !&at #a!s govern@

)* His ca"acit, to contract marriage in 0a"an*

<* His sccessiona# rig&ts as regards &is deceasedFi#i"ino fat&ers "ro"ert, in Te'as *3*A*



4* T&e e'trinsic va#idit, of t&e #ast !i## andtestament !&ic& 0an e'ected !&i#e soorningin 3!it$er#and*

?* T&e intrinsic va#idit, of said !i##*

%; #ueste Ans7e+'

)* 0anQs ca"acit, to contract marriage isgoverned (, P&i#i""ine #a! i*e*% t&e Fami#,Code"rsant to Art* );% Civi# Code% !&ic& "rovidest&at or #a!s re#ating to% among ot&ers%#ega#ca"acit, of "ersons are (inding "on citi$ens of t&e P&i#i""ines even t&og& #iving a(road*

%; #ueste Ans7e+'<* , !a, of e'ce"tion to t&e genera# r#e of #e'rei sitae "rescri(ed (, t&e Brst "aragra"& of Art*)=* Civi# Code% a "ersonQs sccessiona# rig&tsare governed (, t&e nationa# #a! of t&e decedent6<nd "ar** Art* )=7* 3ince 0anQs deceased fat&er!as a Fi#i"ino citi$en% P&i#i""ine #a! governs 0anQssccessiona# rig&ts*

Ate+nati!e Ans7e+'

<* 0anQs sccessiona# rig&ts are governed (,P&i#i""ine #a!% "rsant to Artic#e )241 and t&esecond "aragra"& of Artic#e )=% (ot& of t&e Civi#Code* Artic#e )241% Civi# Code% "rovides t&atca"acit, to scceed s&a## (e governed (, t&e #a!of t&e nation of t&e decedent% i*e** &is nationa##a!* Artic#e )= "rovides in "aragra"& t!o t&at t&eamont of sccessiona# rig&ts% order of

sccession% and intrinsic va#idit, of testamentar,sccession s&a## (e governed (, t&e nationa##a! of t&e decedent !&o is identiBed as a Fi#i"inoin t&e "resent "ro(#em*

1996 Question No. 1*

A#ma !as &ired as a domestic &e#"er in Hong-ong(, t&e Dragon 3ervices% Ltd*% t&rog& &its #oca#agent* 3&e e'ected a standard em"#o,mentcontract designed (, t&e P&i#i""ine Overseas:or-ers Administration 6POEA7 for overseasFi#i"ino !or-ers* It "rovided for &er em"#o,mentfor one ,ear at a sa#ar, of 3S)%222*22 a mont&*It !as s(mitted to and a""roved (, t&e POEA*

Ho!ever% !&en s&e arrived in Hong-ong% s&e !asas-ed to sign anot&er contract (, Dragon3ervices% Ltd* !&ic& redced &er sa#ar, to on#,3S=22*22 a mont&* Having no ot&er c&oice% A#masigned t&e contract (t !&en s&e retrned to t&eP&i#i""ines% s&e demanded "a,ment of t&e sa#ar,di+erentia# of 3S?22*22 a mont&* ot& Dragon3ervices% Ltd* and its#oca# agent c#aimed t&at t&esecond contract is va#id nder t&e #a!s of Hong-ong% and t&erefore (inding on A#ma*Is t&eir

c#aim correct9 E'"#ain*

%; #ueste Ans7e+'

T&eir c#aim is not correct* A contract is t&e #a!(et!een t&e "arties (t t&e #a! can disregard t&econtract if it is contrar, to "(#ic "o#ic,* T&e"rovisions of t&e )15 Constittionon t&e"rotection of #a(or and on socia# stice 63ec* )2*



Art II7 em(od, a "(#ic "o#ic, of t&eP&i#i""ines*3ince t&e a""#ication of Hong-ong #a! in t&is caseis in vio#ation of t&at "(#ic "o#ic,% t&e a""#ications&a## (e disregarded (, or Corts* 6Cada#in v*

POEA* <4 3CRA 5=<7Fi+st Ate+nati!e Ans7e+'

T&eir c#aim is not correct* Assming t&at t&esecond contract is (inding nder Hong-ong #a!%sc& second contract is inva#id nder P&i#i""ine#a! !&ic& recogni$es as va#id on#, t&e Brstcontract* 3ince t&e case is (eing #itigated in t&eP&i#i""ines% t&e P&i#i""ine Cort as t&e form !i##not enforce an, foreign c#aim o(no'ios to t&e

formQs "(#ic "o#ic,* T&ere is a strong "(#ic"o#ic, ens&rined in or Constittion on t&e"rotection of #a(or* T&erefore% t&e second contracts&a## (e disregarded and t&e Brst contract !i## (eenforced* 6Cada#in v* POEA% <4

#econ Ate+nati!e Ans7e+'

No% t&eir c#aim is not correct* T&e second contracte'ected in Hong-ong% "arta-es of t&e natre of a

!aiver t&at is contrar, to P&i#i""ine #a! and t&e"(#ic "o#ic, governing Fi#i"ino overseas !or-ers*Art* )5% "rovides t&at or "ro&i(itive #a!sconcerning "ersons% t&eir acts% or t&eir "ro"ert, or!&ic& &ave for t&eir o(ect "(#ic order% "(#ic"o#ic, and good cstoms s&a## not (e renderedine+ective (, #a!s or conventions agreed "on ina foreign contr,* esides% A#maQs consent to t&esecond contract !as vitiated (, nde inence%

(eing virta##, &e#"#ess and nder Bnancia#distress in a foreign contr,% as indicated (, t&egiven fact t&at s&e signed (ecase s&e &ad noc&oice* T&erefore% t&e defendants c#aim t&at t&e

contract is va#id nder Hong-ong #a! s&o#d (ereected since nder t&e DOCTRINE OFPROCE33AL PRE3MPTION a foreign #a! isdeemed simi#ar or identica# to P&i#i""ine #a! in t&ea(sence of "roof to t&e contrar,% and sc& is notmentioned in t&e "ro(#em as &aving (eenaddced*

199: Question No. 10

A""#ica(#e La!s Contracts of Carriage 6)2

)11;7

On Decem(er )11) Vanessa "rc&ased from t&eMani#a o.ce of EroAire an air#ine tic-et for itsF#ig&t No* 5)2 from Da##as to C&icago on )=

0anar, )11<* Her ig&t reservation !asconBrmed* On &er sc&ed#ed de"artre Vanessac&ec-ed in on time at t&e Da##as air"ort* Ho!ever%at t&e c&ec-in conter s&e discovered t&at s&e!as !ait#isted !it& some ot&er "assengers(ecase of intentiona# over(oo-ing% a EroAire"o#ic, and "ractice* EroAire admitted t&atVanessa !as not advised of sc& "o#ic, !&en s&e"rc&ased &er "#ane tic-et* Vanessa !as on#, a(#eto , t!o da,s #ater (, ta-ing anot&er air#ine*Vanessa sed EroAire in Mani#a for (reac& of contract and damages* EroAire c#aimed t&at itcannot (e &e#d #ia(#e for damages (ecase its



"ractice of over(oo-ing "assengers !as a##o!ed(, t&e *3* Code of Federa# Reg#ations* Vanessaon t&e ot&er &and contended t&at assming t&att&e *3* Code of Federa# Reg#ations a##o!ed

Intentiona# over(oo-ing% t&e air#ine com"an,cannot invo-e t&e *3* Code on t&e grond t&att&e tic-et !as "rc&ased in Mani#a% &ence%P&i#i""ine #a! s&o#d a""#,% nder !&ic& Vanessacan recover damages for (reac& of contract of carriage* Decide* Discss f##,*

%; #ueste Ans7e+'

Vanessa can recover damages nder P&i#i""ine

#a! for (reac& of contract of carriage% P&i#i""ine#a! s&o#d govern as t&e #a! of t&e "#ace !&eret&e "#ane tic-ets !ere (og&t and t&e contract of carriage !as e'ected* In a#amea v* Cort of A""ea#s 6/*R No* )2?<4;% Nov* )2%)1147 t&e3"reme Cort a""#ied P&i#i""ine #a! in recover,of damages for (reac& of contract of carriage fort&e reason t&at it is t&e #a! of t&e "#ace !&ere t&econtract !as e'ected*

Ate+nati!e Ans7e+'If t&e vio#ation of t&e contract !as attended !it&(ad fait&% t&ere is a grond to recover mora#damages* t since t&ere !as a federa# reg#ation!&ic& !as t&e (asis of t&e act com"#ained of% t&eair#ine cannot (e in (ad fait&* Hence% on#, acta#damages can (e recovered* T&e same is tre !it&regard to e'em"#ar, damages*

199) Question No. )

A""#ica(#e La!s :i##s e'ected a(road

A% a Fi#i"ino% e'ected a !i## in U!ait !&i#e t&ereas a contract !or-er* Assme t&at nder t&e #a!sof U!ait% it is enog& t&at t&e testator a.' &issignatre to t&e "resence of t!o !itnesses andt&at t&e !i## need not (e ac-no!#edged (efore anotar, "(#ic* Ma, t&e !i## (e "ro(ated in t&eP&i#i""ines9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

Yes* nder Artic#es ); and )5 of t&e Civi# Code%

t&e forma#it, of t&e e'ection of a !i## is governed(, t&e #a! of t&e "#ace of e'ection* If t&e !i## !ase'ected !it& t&e forma#ities "rescri(ed (, t&e#a!s of U!ait and va#id t&ere as sc&% t&e !i## isva#id and ma, (e "ro(ated in t&e P&i#i""ines*

1992 Question No. 14-a

A""#ica(#e La!s #a!s governing contracts 6)11<7

and Y entered into a contract in Astra#ia%

!&ere(, it !as agreed t&at !o#d (i#d acommercia# (i#ding for Y in t&e P&i#i""ines% and in"a,ment for t&e constrction% Y !i## transfer andconve, &is catt#e ranc& #ocated in t&e nited3tates in favor of * :&at #a! !o#d govern@

a7 T&e va#idit, of t&e contract9

(7 T&e "erformance of t&e contract9

c7 T&e consideration of t&e contract9





A#ternative Ans!er@

A* :&en a contract &as a foreign e#ement sc& asin t&e facta# setting stated in t&e "ro(#em !&ereone of t&e "arties is a foreign cor"oration% t&e

contract can (e sstained as va#id "artic#ar#, t&esti"#ation e'"ressing t&at t&e contract isgoverned (, t&e #a!s of t&e foreigncontr,* /ivent&is genera##, acce"ted "rinci"#e of internationa##a!% t&e contract (et!eenMaritess and 0AL is va#idand it s&o#d t&erefore (e enforced** :&erender a 3tateQs o!n conicts r#e t&at domestic#a! of anot&er 3tate s&o#da""#,% ma, t&e cortsof t&e former nevert&e#ess refse to a""#, t&e#atter9 If so% nder !&atcircmstance9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

* T&e t&ird "aragra"& of Art* )5 of t&e Civi# Code"rovides t&at@Pro&i(itive #a!s concerning"ersons% t&eir acts or "ro"ert,% and t&ose !&ic&&ave for t&eir o(ect "(#ic order% "(#ic "o#ic,and good cstoms s&a## not (e renderedine+ective (,#a!s or dgments "rom#gated% or(, determinations or conventions agreed "on ina foreigncontr,*According#,% a stateQs o!n

conict of #a!s r#e ma,% e'ce"tiona##, (eina""#ica(#e% given "(#ic "o#ic, considerations (,t&e #a! of t&e form*/oing into t&e s"eciBc"rovisions of t&e contract in 8estion% I !o#d r#eas fo##o!s@)* T&e dration of t&e contract is noto""osed to P&i#i""ine #a! and it can t&erefore(eva#id as sti"#ated<* T&e second "rovision tot&e e+ect t&at not!it&standing dration% 0a"an Air

Lines60AL7 ma, terminate &er em"#o,ment isinva#id% (eing inconsistent !it& or La(or #a!s4*

T&at t&e contract s&a## (e constred as governednder and (, t&e #a!s of 0a"an andon#, t&e corts

of To-,o% 0a"an s&a## &ave risdiction% is inva#id asc#ear#, o""osed to t&eaforecited t&ird "aragra"&of Arts* )5 and )522 of t&e Civi# Code% !&ic&"rovides@

Art* )522* T&e re#ations (et!een ca"ita# and#a(or are not mere#, contracta#* T&e, aresoim"ressed !it& "(#ic interest t&at #a(or contractsmst ,ie#d to t&e common good* T&erefore%sc&

contracts are s(ect to t&e s"ecia# #a!s on #a(ornions% co##ective (argaining% stri-es and#oc-ots%c#osed s&o"% !ages% !or-ing conditions% &ors of #a(or and simi#ar s(ects*

1990 Question No. 11-1 an 11-2

6)7 If a !i## is e'ected (, a testator !&o is aFi#i"ino citi$en% !&at #a! !i## govern if t&e !i## ise'ected in t&e P&i#i""ines9 :&at #a! !i## govern

if t&e !i## is e'ected in anot&er contr,9 E'"#ain,or ans!ers*

6<7 If a !i## is e'ected (, a foreigner% forinstance% a 0a"anese% residing in t&e P&i#i""ines%!&at #a! !i## govern if t&e !i## is e'ected in t&eP&i#i""ines9 And !&at #a! !i## govern if t&e !i## ise'ected in 0a"an% or some ot&er contr,% forinstance% t&e *3*A*9 E'"#ain ,or ans!ers*



P 3ggested Ans!er@

6)7 If t&e testator !&o is a Fi#i"ino citi$en e'ectes&is !i## in t&e P&i#i""ines% P&i#i""ine#a! !i## governt&e forma#ities*

A#ternative Ans!er@

If said Fi#i"ino testator e'ectes &is !i## in anot&ercontr,% t&e #a! of t&e contr, !&ere&e ma,(e orP&i#i""ine #a! !i## govern t&e forma#ities* 6Artic#e);% Civi# Code

P 3ggested Ans!er@

6<7 If t&e testator is a foreigner residing in t&eP&i#i""ines and &e e'ectes &is !i## in

t&eP&i#i""ines% t&e #a! of t&e contr, of !&ic& &eis a citi$en or P&i#i""ine #a! !i## govern t&eforma#ities*

P First A#ternative Ans!er@

If t&e testator is a foreigner and e'ectes &is !i##in a foreign contr,% t&e #a! of &is "#ace of residence or t&e #a! of t&e contr, of !&ic& &e isa citi$en or t&e #a! of t&e "#ace of e'ection% orP&i#i""ine #a! !i## govern t&e forma#ities 6Artic#es

)5* )=* )5* Civi# Code7*

P PO33ILE ADDITIONAL AN3:ER3@

a* In t&e case of a Fi#i"ino citi$en% P&i#i""ine #a!s&a## govern s(stantive va#idit, !&et&er &ee'ectes &is !i## in t&e P&i#i""ines or in a foreigncontr,* (* In t&e case of a foreigner% &is nationa##a! s&a## govern s(stantive va#idit, !&et&er &e

e'ectes &is !i## in t&e P&i#i""ines or in a foreigncontr,*

ARTICLE 1<!he orms and solemnities o contracts, wills, andother public instruments shall be governed by thelaws o the country in which they are e$ecuted

'hen the acts reerred to are e$ecuted beore thediplomatic or consular ocials o the (epublic o the &hilippines in a oreign country, thesolemnities established by &hilippine laws shall be

observed in their e$ecution

&rohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or property, and those which have, or their ob)ect, public order, public policy and good customs shallnot be rendered inefective by laws or )udgments

promulgated, or by determinations or conventionsagreed upon in a oreign country

1* 2006 Question No. 4-4

199* Question No. 10



Rig&t of First Refsa# Lessee E+ect 6)117

In a <2 ,ear #ease contract over a (i#ding% t&e#essor is e'"ress#, granted a rig&t of Brst "ro"ert,to a t&ird "erson !&o -ne! a(ot t&e #ease and

(ot& in fact agreed to res"ect it*Conse8ent#,% t&e#essee (rings an action against (ot& t&e #essorse##er and t&e (,er 6a7 torescind t&e sa#e and 6(7to com"e# s"eciBc "erformance of &is rig&t of Brstrefsa# in t&e senset&at t&e #essor s&o#d (eordered to e'ecte a deed of a(so#te sa#e infavor of t&e #essee at t&esame "rice* T&edefendants contend t&at t&e "#ainti+ can neit&ersee- rescission of t&e sa#e nor com"e# s"eciBc"erformance of a mere rig&t of Brst refsa#*

Decide t&e case* 6;G7

P 3ggested Ans!er@

T&e action B#ed (, t&e #essee% for (ot& rescissionof t&e o+ending sa#e and s"eciBc "erformance of t&e rig&t of Brst refsa# !&ic& !as vio#ated% s&o#d"ros"er* T&e r#ing inE8atoria# Rea#t,Deve#o"ment% Inc* vs* Ma,fair T&eater% Inc* 6<=?3CRA ?47% a case !it&simi#ar facts% sstains (ot&rig&ts of action (ecase t&e (,er in t&e

s(se8ent sa#e -ne! t&ee'istence of rig&t of Brstrefsa#% &ence in (ad fait&*

A#ternative Ans!er@

T&e action to rescind t&e sa#e and to com"e# t&erig&t to Brst refsa# !i## not "ros"er*6Ang YAsncion vs* CA% <4 3CRA =2<7* T&e Cort r#edin a nanimos en (anc decisiont&at t&e rig&t of Brst refsa# is not fonded "on contract (t on a

8aside#icta# re#ations&i" covered (, t&e"rinci"#es of &man re#ations and nstenric&ment 6Art* )1% et se8* Civi# Code7*Hence t&eon#, action t&at !i## "ros"er according to t&e

3"reme Cort is an action for damages in a"ro"er form for t&e "r"ose*

1996 Question No. 2

asiDe#ict Acts contrar, to mora#s 6)11=7

Rosa !as #easing an a"artment in t&e cit,*ecase of t&e Rent Contro# La!% &er #and#ordco#d not increase t&e renta# as mc& as &e

!anted to% nor terminate &er #ease as #ong as s&e!as "a,ing &er rent* In order to force &er to #eavet&e "remises% t&e #and#ord sto""ed ma-ing re"airson t&e a"artment% and cased t&e !ater ande#ectricit, services to (e disconnected* T&edi.c#t,of #iving !it&ot e#ectricit, and rnning!ater res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos(rea-do!n*3&e sed t&e #and#ord for acta# andmora# damages*:i## t&e action "ros"er9 E'"#ain*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

Yes% (ased on 8aside#ict nder t&e &manre#ations "rovisions of t&e Ne! Civi# Code6Artic#es)1% <2 and <)7 (ecase t&e actcommitted (, t&e #essor is contrar, to mora#s*Mora# damages arerecovera(#e nder Artic#e <<)16)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)* A#t&og& t&e action is(ased on



8aside#ict and not on contract% acta# damagesma, (e recovered if t&e #essee is a(#e to "rove t&e#osses and e'"enses s&e s+ered*

A#ternative Ans!ers@

)7 Yes% (ased on (reac& of contract* T&e #essor&as t&e o(#igation to nderta-e re"airs to ma-et&e a"artment &a(ita(#e and to maintain t&e#essee in t&e "eacef# and ade8ate eno,ment of t&e #ease for t&e entire dration of t&e contract6Artic#e )=;?* NCC7* 3ince t&ere !as !i##f# (reac&of contract (, t&e #essor% t&e #essee is entit#ed tomora# damages nder Artic#e 4<<2% NCC* 3&e isa#so entit#ed to acta# damages% e* g* #oss of

income% medica# e'"enses% etc*% !&ic& s&e can"rove at t&e tria#*<7 Yes% (ased on contract andWoron tort* T&e #essor !i##f##, (reac&ed &iso(#igations nder Artic#e )=;?* NCC% &ence% &e is#ia(#e for (reac& of contract* For sc& (reac&% t&e#essee ma, recover mora# damages nder Art*<<<2 of t&e NCC% and acta# damages t&at s&ema, &aves+ered on accont t&ereof* And sincet&e condct of t&e #essor !as contrar, to mora#s%&e ma,a#so (e &e#d #ia(#e for 8aside#ict* T&e

#essee ma, recover mora# damages nder Artic#e<<)16)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)% and a## acta#damages !&ic& s&e ma, &ave s+ered (, reasonof sc& condct nder Artic#es 1% <2 and <)*47 Yes%t&e action s&o#d "ros"er for (ot& acta# andmora# damages* In fact% even e'em"#ar,damagesand attorne,Qs fees can (e c#aimed (, Rosa% ont&e at&orit, of Mag(ana vs* IAC 6)453CRA 4<7%considering t&at% as given% t&e #essorQs !i##f# and

i##ega# act of disconnecting t&e!ater and e#ectricservices res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos(rea-do!n* Art* <2 NCC and Art% <)% NCCat&ori$e t&e a!ard of damages for sc& !i##f#

and i##ega# condct*ARTICLE 19

*very person must, in the e$ercise o his

rights and in the perormance o his duties,

act with )ustice, give everyone his due,

and observe honesty and good aith

10. 2006 Question No. 4-4

1996 Question No. 2


Rosa !as #easing an a"artment in t&e cit,*ecase of t&e Rent Contro# La!% &er #and#ordco#d not increase t&e renta# as mc& as &e!anted to% nor terminate &er #ease as #ong as s&e

!as "a,ing &er rent* In order to force &er to #eavet&e "remises% t&e #and#ord sto""ed ma-ing re"airson t&e a"artment% and cased t&e !ater ande#ectricit, services to (e disconnected* T&edi.c#t,of #iving !it&ot e#ectricit, and rnning!ater res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos(rea-do!n*3&e sed t&e #and#ord for acta# andmora# damages*:i## t&e action "ros"er9 E'"#ain*

P 3ggested Ans!er@



Yes% (ased on 8aside#ict nder t&e &manre#ations "rovisions of t&e Ne! Civi# Code6Artic#es)1% <2 and <)7 (ecase t&e actcommitted (, t&e #essor is contrar, to mora#s*

Mora# damages arerecovera(#e nder Artic#e <<)16)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)* A#t&og& t&e action is(ased on

8aside#ict and not on contract% acta# damagesma, (e recovered if t&e #essee is a(#e to "rove t&e#osses and e'"enses s&e s+ered*


)7 Yes% (ased on (reac& of contract* T&e #essor&as t&e o(#igation to nderta-e re"airs to ma-e

t&e a"artment &a(ita(#e and to maintain t&e#essee in t&e "eacef# and ade8ate eno,ment of t&e #ease for t&e entire dration of t&e contract6Artic#e )=;?* NCC7* 3ince t&ere !as !i##f# (reac&of contract (, t&e #essor% t&e #essee is entit#ed tomora# damages nder Artic#e 4<<2% NCC* 3&e isa#so entit#ed to acta# damages% e* g* #oss of income% medica# e'"enses% etc*% !&ic& s&e can"rove at t&e tria#*<7 Yes% (ased on contract andWoron tort* T&e #essor !i##f##, (reac&ed &is

o(#igations nder Artic#e )=;?* NCC% &ence% &e is#ia(#e for (reac& of contract* For sc& (reac&% t&e#essee ma, recover mora# damages nder Art*<<<2 of t&e NCC% and acta# damages t&at s&ema, &aves+ered on accont t&ereof* And sincet&e condct of t&e #essor !as contrar, to mora#s%&e ma,a#so (e &e#d #ia(#e for 8aside#ict* T&e#essee ma, recover mora# damages nder Artic#e

<<)16)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)% and a## acta#damages !&ic& s&e ma, &ave s+ered (, reasonof sc& condct nder Artic#es 1% <2 and <)*47 Yes%t&e action s&o#d "ros"er for (ot& acta# and

mora# damages* In fact% even e'em"#ar,damagesand attorne,Qs fees can (e c#aimed (, Rosa% ont&e at&orit, of Mag(ana vs* IAC 6)453CRA 4<7%considering t&at% as given% t&e #essorQs !i##f# andi##ega# act of disconnecting t&e !ater and e#ectricservices res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos(rea-do!n* Art* <2 NCC and Art% <)% NCCat&ori$e t&e a!ard of damages for sc& !i##f#and i##ega# condct*

ARTICLE 20

*very person who, contrary to law, wilully or

negligently causes damage to another, shall

indemniy the latter or the same

))* 2006 Question No. 4-)

2006 Question No. 4-4

199* Question No. <-1

I8ie T+ust =199*>

0an and &is sister 0ana in&erited from t&eirmot&er t!o "arce#s of farm#and !it& e'act#,t&esame areas* For convenience% t&e TorrencecertiBcates of tit#e covering (ot& #ots !ere "#acedin 0ans name a#one* In )11=% 0an so#d to an



innocent "rc&aser one "arce# in itsentiret,!it&ot t&e -no!#edge and consent of

0ana% and !rongf##, -e"t for &imse#f t&e entire"rice "aid*)* :&at t&e rig&ts of action% if an,% does

0ana &ave against andWor t&e (,er9 64G7<* 3incet&e t!o #ots &ave t&e same area% s""ose 0anaB#e a com"#aint to &ave &erse#f dec#ared so#eo!ner of t&e entire remaining second #ot%contending t&at &er (rot&er &ad forfeited&is s&aret&ereof (, !rongf##, dis"osing of &er ndivideds&are in t&e Brst #ot% !i## t&e sit "ros"er9 6<G7

P 3ggested Ans!er@

)* :&en% for convenience% t&e Torrens tit#e to t&e

t!o "arce#s of #and !ere "#aced in0oanQs namea#one% t&ere !as created an im"#ied trst 6ares#ting trst7 for t&e (eneBt of 0ana!it& 0an astrstee of one&a#f ndivided or idea# "ortion of eac& of t&e t!o #ots* T&erefore%0ana can B#e anaction for damages against 0oan for &avingfrad#ent#, so#d one of t&e t!o "arce#s !&ic& &e"art#, &e#d in trst for 0anaQs (eneBt* 0ana ma,c#aim acta# or com"ensator,damage for t&e #ossof &er s&are in t&e #and mora# damages for t&e

menta# angis&% an'iet,%mora# s&oc- and!onded fee#ings s&e &ad s+ered e'em"#ar,damage (, !a, of e'am"#e for t&e common good%and attorne,Qs fees*0ana &as no case of actionagainst t&e (,er !&o ac8ired t&e #and for va#eand ingood fait&% re#,ing on t&e transfer certiBcateof tit#e s&o!ing t&at 0an is t&e registered o!nerof t&e #and*

A#ternative Ans!er@

)* nder Artic#e ?5= of t&e Civi# Code% 0ana canB#e an action for 8ieting of tit#e ast&ere is a c#odin t&e tit#e to t&e s(ect rea# "ro"ert,* 3econd%

0ana can a#so B#e an action for damages against 0an% (ecase t&e sett#ed r#e is t&at t&e "ro"errecorse of t&e tre o!ner of t&e "ro"ert, !&o!as "rediced and frad#ent#, dis"ossessed of t&e same is to (ring an action for damagesagainst t&ose !&o cased or em"#o,ed t&e same*

T&ird% since 0ana &ad t&e rig&t to &er s&are in t&e"ro"ert, (, !a, of in&eritance% s&e can demandt&e "artition of t&e t&ing o!ned incommon% nderArtic#e ?1? of t&e Civi# Code% and as- t&at t&e tit#e

to t&e remaining "ro"ert, (edec#ared ase'c#sive#, &ers*Ho!ever% since t&e farm#and !asso#d to an innocent "rc&aser for va#e% t&en

0ana &asno case of action against t&e (,erconsistent !it& t&e esta(#is&ed r#e t&at t&e rig&tsof aninnocent "rc&aser for va#e mst (eres"ected and "rotected not!it&standing t&efradem"#o,ed (, t&e se##er in secring &is tit#e*6Edarte vs* CA% <;4 3CRA 41)7

P ADDITIONAL AN3:ER3@ 0ana &as t&e rig&t of action to recover 6a7 &erone&a#f s&are in t&e "roceeds of t&e sa#e!it&#ega# interest t&ereof% and 6(7 sc& damages ass&e ma, (e a(#e to "rove as &aving (eens+ered(, &er% !&ic& ma, inc#de acta# or com"ensator,damages as !e## as mora# ande'em"#ar, damagesde to t&e (reac& of trst and (ad fait& 6Im"eria#



vs* CA% <;1 3CRA =;7* Of corse% if t&e (,er -ne!of t&e coo!ners&i" over t&e #ot &e !as (,ing%

0ana can see- 6c7reconven,ance of &er one&a#f s&are instead (t s&e mst im"#ead t&e (,er ascodefendant anda##ege &is (ad fait& in"rc&asing t&e entire #ot* Fina##,% consistent !it&t&e r#ing in Im"eria# s*CA* 0ana ma, see-instead 6d7 a dec#aration t&at s&e is no! t&e so#eo!ner of t&e entire remaining #ot on t&e t&eor,t&at 0an &as forfeited &is one&a#f s&aret&erein*0ana can B#e an action for damagesagainst 0an for &aving frad#ent#, so#d one of t&et!o "arce#s !&ic& &e "art#, &e#d in trst for

0anaQs (eneBt* 0ana ma, c#aim acta# or

com"ensator, damage for t&e #oss of &er s&are int&e #and mora# damages for t&e menta#angis&%an'iet,% mora# s&oc- and !onded fee#ings s&e&ad s+ered e'em"#ar, damage (,!a, of e'am"#e for t&e common good% and attorne,Qsfees* 0ana &as no case of action againstt&e(,er !&o ac8ired t&e #and for va#e and in goodfait&% re#,ing on t&e transfer certiBcates&o!ingt&at 0an is t&e registered o!ner of t&e #and*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

<* 0anaQs sit to &ave &erse#f dec#ared as so#eo!ner of t&e entire remaining area !i## not"ros"er (ecase !&i#e 0anQs act in se##ing t&eot&er #ot !as !rongf#* It did not &ave t&e #ega#e+ect of forfeiting &is s&are in t&e remaining #ot*Ho!ever% 0ana can B#e an action against 0an for"artition or termination of t&e coo!ners&i" !it& a"ra,er t&at t&e #ot so#d (e addicated to0an% and

t&e remaining #ot (e addicated and reconve,edto &er*

A#ternative Ans!er@

<* T&e sit !i## "ros"er% a""#,ing t&e r#ing inIm"eria# vs* CA cited a(ove* ot& #a! and e8it,at&ori$e sc& a res#t% said t&e 3"reme Cort*

3trict#, s"ea-ing% 0anaQs contention t&at &er(rot&er &ad forfeited &is s&are in t&e second #ot isincorrect* Even if t&e t!o #ots &ave t&e same area%it does not fo##o! t&at t&e, &ave t&esame va#e*3ince t&e sa#e of t&e Brst #ot on t&e Torrens tit#e int&e name of 0an !as va#id% a##t&at 0ana ma,recover is t&e va#e of &er ndivided interestt&erein% "#s damages* In addition%s&e can as- for"artition or reconve,ance of &er ndividedinterest in t&e second #ot% !it&ot "redice to an,agreement (et!een t&em t&at in #ie of t&e"a,ment of t&e va#e of 0anaQs s&arein t&e Brst#ot and damages% t&e second #ot (e reconve,ed to&er*

3econd A#ternative Ans!er@

<* T&e sit !i## not "ros"er% since 0anQs !rongf#act of "oc-eting t&e entire "roceeds of t&e sa#e of t&e Brst #ot is not a grond for divesting &im of &isrig&ts as a coo!ner of t&e second#ot* Indeed%sc& !rongdoing (, 0an does not constitte% fort&e (eneBt of 0ana% an, of t&emodes of ac8iringo!ners&i" nder Art* 5)<% Civi# Code*

1996 Question No. 2




Rosa !as #easing an a"artment in t&e cit,*ecase of t&e Rent Contro# La!% &er #and#ordco#d not increase t&e renta# as mc& as &e

!anted to% nor terminate &er #ease as #ong as s&e!as "a,ing &er rent* In order to force &er to #eavet&e "remises% t&e #and#ord sto""ed ma-ing re"airson t&e a"artment% and cased t&e !ater ande#ectricit, services to (e disconnected* T&edi.c#t,of #iving !it&ot e#ectricit, and rnning!ater res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos(rea-do!n*3&e sed t&e #and#ord for acta# andmora# damages*:i## t&e action "ros"er9 E'"#ain*

P 3ggested Ans!er@ Yes% (ased on 8aside#ict nder t&e &manre#ations "rovisions of t&e Ne! Civi# Code6Artic#es)1% <2 and <)7 (ecase t&e actcommitted (, t&e #essor is contrar, to mora#s*Mora# damages arerecovera(#e nder Artic#e <<)16)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)* A#t&og& t&e action is(ased on

8aside#ict and not on contract% acta# damages

ma, (e recovered if t&e #essee is a(#e to "rove t&e#osses and e'"enses s&e s+ered*


)7 Yes% (ased on (reac& of contract* T&e #essor&as t&e o(#igation to nderta-e re"airs to ma-et&e a"artment &a(ita(#e and to maintain t&e#essee in t&e "eacef# and ade8ate eno,ment of t&e #ease for t&e entire dration of t&e contract

6Artic#e )=;?* NCC7* 3ince t&ere !as !i##f# (reac&of contract (, t&e #essor% t&e #essee is entit#ed tomora# damages nder Artic#e 4<<2% NCC* 3&e isa#so entit#ed to acta# damages% e* g* #oss of income% medica# e'"enses% etc*% !&ic& s&e can"rove at t&e tria#*<7 Yes% (ased on contract andWoron tort* T&e #essor !i##f##, (reac&ed &iso(#igations nder Artic#e )=;?* NCC% &ence% &e is#ia(#e for (reac& of contract* For sc& (reac&% t&e#essee ma, recover mora# damages nder Art*<<<2 of t&e NCC% and acta# damages t&at s&ema, &aves+ered on accont t&ereof* And sincet&e condct of t&e #essor !as contrar, to mora#s%&e ma,a#so (e &e#d #ia(#e for 8aside#ict* T&e

#essee ma, recover mora# damages nder Artic#e<<)16)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)% and a## acta#damages !&ic& s&e ma, &ave s+ered (, reasonof sc& condct nder Artic#es 1% <2 and <)*47 Yes%t&e action s&o#d "ros"er for (ot& acta# andmora# damages* In fact% even e'em"#ar,damagesand attorne,Qs fees can (e c#aimed (, Rosa% ont&e at&orit, of Mag(ana vs* IAC 6)453CRA 4<7%considering t&at% as given% t&e #essorQs !i##f# andi##ega# act of disconnecting t&e !ater and e#ectric

services res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos(rea-do!n* Art* <2 NCC and Art% <)% NCCat&ori$e t&e a!ard of damages for sc& !i##f#and i##ega# condct*

ARTICLE 21



+ny person who wilully causes loss or

in)ury to another in a manner that is

contrary to morals, good customs or public

policy shall compensate the latter or the

damage

)<* 2000 Question No. 1:-a

Consie+ation? (aiit3 =2000>

a7 Lo#ita !as em"#o,ed in a Bnance com"an,*

ecase s&e co#d not accont for t&e fndsentrsted to &er% s&e !as c&arged !it& estafa and

ordered arrested* In order to secre &er

re#ease from ai#% &er "arents e'ected an a.davit

of desistance !&ic& #ed to t&e !it&dra!a# of t&e

information against Lo#ita and &er re#ease from

ai#* T&e "arents fai#ed to com"#, !it& t&eir

"romissor, note and t&e Bnance com"an, sed

t&em for s"eciBc "erformance* :i## t&e action"ros"er or not9 64G7

P 3ggested Ans!er@

T&e action !i## "ros"er* T&e "romissor, note

e'ected (, Lo#itaQs "arents is va#id and (inding%

t&e consideration (eing t&e e'tingis&ment of

Lo#itaQs civi# #ia(i#it, and not t&e stiing of t&e

crimina# "rosection*

A#ternative Ans!er@

T&e action !i## not "ros"er (ecase t&econsideration for t&e "romissor, note !as t&e

non"rosection of t&e crimina# case for estafa*

T&is cannot (e done an,more (ecase t&e

information &as a#read, (een B#ed in cort and to

do it is i##ega#* T&at t&e consideration for t&e

"romissor, note is t&e stiing of t&e crimina#

"rosection is evident from t&e e'ection (, t&e

Bnance com"an, of t&e a.davit of desistance

immediate#, after t&e e'ection (, Lo#itaQs

"arents of t&e "romissor, note* T&e consideration

(eing i##ega#% t&e "romissor, note is inva#id and

ma, not (e enforced (, cort action*

ARTICLE 4)

'hen the civil action is based on an

obligation not arising rom the act or

omission complained o as a elony, such

civil action may proceed independently o

the criminal proceedings and regardless o

the result o the latter



)4* 199< Question No. )-a to )-c

Predicia# estions 6)1157

In t&e conte't t&at t&e term is sed in civi# #a!%

state t&e 6a7 conce"t 6(7 re8isites and

6c7conse8ences of a "redicia# 8estion*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

6a7 Conce"t A "redicia# 8estion is one !&ic&

mst (e decided Brst (efore a crimina# action ma,

(e institted or ma, "roceed (ecase a decision

t&erein is vita# to t&e dgment in t&e crimina#

case* In t&e case of Peo"#e vs* Ade#o Aragon 6L

;142% Fe(* )5% )1;?7% t&e 3"reme Cort deBned

it as one !&ic& arises in a case% t&e reso#tion of

!&ic& 8estion is a #ogica# antecedent of t&e

isses invo#ved in said case and t&e cogni$ance of

!&ic& "ertains to anot&er tri(na# 6Paras% Vo#* )%

Civi#* Code Annotation% )11 ed* "% )1?7*

6(7 Re8isites@

)* T&e "redicia# 8estion mst (e determinative

of t&e case (efore t&e cort*

<* 0risdiction to tr, said 8estion mst (e #odged

in anot&er tri(na#*

XT&e civi# action invo#ves an isse simi#ar or

intimate#, re#ated to t&e isse raised in t&e

crimina# action% and

XT&e reso#tion of sc& isse determines !&et&er

or not t&e crimina# action ma, "roceed*

6c7 Conse8ences

T&e crimina# case mst (e ss"ended* T&s% in a

crimina# case for damages to oneQs "ro"ert,% a

civi# action t&at invo#ves t&e o!ners&i" of said

"ro"ert, s&o#d Brst (e reso#ved 6De Leon vs*

Ma(anag* 4 P&i#* <2<7

ARTICLE )6

&re)udicial -uestions which must be

decided beore any criminal prosecution

may be instituted or may proceed, shall be



governed by rules o court which the

.upreme "ourt shall promulgate and

which shall not be in con/ict with the

provisions o this "ode

@. ;ER#ON#

14. 1996 Question No. 1-2

Ino+ance o t/e La7 !s. "istae o Fact

=1996>

Question No. 1'

Is t&ere an, di+erence in t&eir #ega# e+ect

(et!een ignorance of t&e #a! and ignoranceor

mista-e of fact9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

Yes% t&ere is a di+erence* :&i#e ignorance of t&e#a! is not an e'cse for not com"#,ing!it& it%

ignorance of fact e#iminates crimina# intent as

#ong as t&ere is no neg#igence 6Art% NCC7*In

addition% mista-e on a do(tf# or di.c#t

8estion of #a! ma, (e t&e (asis of good fait&

6Art*;<=* NCC7* Mista-e of fact ma,% frt&ermore%

vitiate consent in a contract and ma-e it

voida(#e6Art* )412* NCC7*

A#ternative Ans!er@

Yes* ignorance of t&e #a! di+ers in #ega# e+ect

from Ignorance or mista-e of fact* T&eformer does

not e'cse a "art, from t&e #ega# conse8ences of

&is condct !&i#e t&e #atter doesconstitte an

e'cse and is a #ega# defense

0ridica# Ca"acit, vs* Ca"acit, to Act 6)11=7

estion@

<7 Distingis& ridica# ca"acit, from ca"acit, to

act*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

0RIDICAL CAPACITY is t&e Btness to (e t&e

s(ect of #ega# re#ations !&i#eCAPACITY TO ACT is

t&e "o!er or to do acts !it& #ega# e+ect* T&e

former is in&erent in ever,natra# "erson and is

#ost on#, t&rog& deat& !&i#e t&e #atter is mere#,



ac8ired and ma, (e #osteven (efore deat& 6Art*

45% NCC7*

A#ternative Ans!er@

0ridica# ca"acit,% as distingis&ed from ca"acit,

to act@ 6a7 conditions detrimenta# to t&emora# !e##

(eing of t&eir t&e former is "assive !&i#e t&e #atter

is active% 6(7 t&e former is in&erentin a "erson

!&i#e t&e #atter is mere#, ac8ired% 6c7 t&e former

is #ost on#, t&rog& deat& !&i#e t&e#atter ma, (e

#ost t&rog& deat& or restricted (, cases ot&er

t&an deat&% and Id7 t&e former cane'ist !it&ot

ca"acit, to act !&i#e t&e #atter cannot e'ist

!it&ot ridica# ca"acit,*

Quasi-&eict? Acts cont+a+3 to o+as =1996>

Question No. 2'

Rosa !as #easing an a"artment in t&e cit,*

ecase of t&e Rent Contro# La!% &er

#and#ordco#d not increase t&e renta# as mc& as

&e !anted to% nor terminate &er #ease as #ong as

s&e !as "a,ing &er rent* In order to force &er to

#eave t&e "remises% t&e #and#ord sto""ed ma-ing

re"airson t&e a"artment% and cased t&e !ater

and e#ectricit, services to (e disconnected* T&e

di.c#t,of #iving !it&ot e#ectricit, and rnning

!ater res#ted in RosaQs s+ering a nervos

(rea-do!n*3&e sed t&e #and#ord for acta# and

mora# damages*:i## t&e action "ros"er9 E'"#ain*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

Yes% (ased on 8aside#ict nder t&e &man

re#ations "rovisions of t&e Ne! Civi# Code

6Artic#es)1% <2 and <)7 (ecase t&e act

committed (, t&e #essor is contrar, to mora#s*

Mora# damages arerecovera(#e nder Artic#e <<)1

6)27 in re#ation to Artic#e <)* A#t&og& t&e action is

(ased on 8aside#ict and not on contract% acta#

damages ma, (e recovered if t&e #essee is a(#e to

"rovet&e #osses and e'"enses s&e s+ered*


)7 Yes% (ased on (reac& of contract* T&e #essor

&as t&e o(#igation to nderta-e re"airs to

ma-et&e a"artment &a(ita(#e and to maintain t&e

#essee in t&e "eacef# and ade8ate eno,ment of





de to t&e gross neg#igence of t&e (s driver% ma,

s&e and &er &s(and c#aim damages from t&e (s

com"an, for t&e deat& of t&eir n(orn c&i#d9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

No% t&e s"oses cannot recover acta# damages

in t&e form of indemnit, for t&e #oss of #ife of t&e

n(orn c&i#d* T&is is (ecase t&e n(orn c&i#d is

not ,et considered a "erson and t&e#a! a##o!s

indemnit, on#, for #oss of #ife of "erson* T&e

mot&er% &o!ever ma, recover damagesfor t&e

(odi#, inr, s&e s+ered from t&e #oss of t&e

fets !&ic& is considered "art of &er interna#

organ* T&e "arents ma, a#so recover damages for

inries t&at are inicted direct#, "ont&em% e*g*%

mora# damages for menta# angis& t&at attended

t&e #oss of t&e n(orn c&i#d* 3incet&ere is gross

neg#igence% e'em"#ar, damages can a#so (e

recovered* 6/e#s v* CA% < 3CRA 2)J)1=)K7

1999 Question No. 1

Donations Va#idit, E+ectivit, for n(orn C&i#d

6)1117

E#ated t&at &er sister !&o &ad (een married for

Bve ,ears !as "regnant for t&e Brst time%A#ma

donated P)22% 222*22 to t&e n(orn c&i#d*

nfortnate#,% t&e (a(, died one &or after

de#iver,* Ma, A#ma recover t&e P)22% 222*22 t&at

s&e &ad donated to said (efore it !as (orn

considering t&at t&e (a(, died9 3tated ot&er!ise%

is t&e donation va#id and (inding9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

T&e donation is va#id and (inding% (eing an act

favora(#e to t&e n(orn c&i#d% (t on#, if t&e (a(,

&ad an intraterine #ife of not #ess t&an seven

mont&s and "rovided t&ere !as de acce"tance of

t&e donation (, t&e "ro"er "erson re"resenting

said c&i#d* If t&e c&i#d &ad #ess t&an seven mont&s

of intraterine #ife% it is not deemed (orn since it

died #ess t&an <? &ors fo##o!ing its de#iver,% in

!&ic& ease t&e donation never (ecame e+ective

since t&e donee never (ecame a "erson% (irt&

(eing determinative of "ersona#it,*

A#ternative Ans!er@





"esos !&ic& is &is &a#f s&are in t&e a(so#te

commnit, amonting to ) Mi##ionPesos* His !ife%

!i##% t&erefore% in&erit O*<; Mi##ion Pesos and &is

"arents !i## in&erit 2*<;Mi##ion Pesos* :&en Mrs*Cr$ died% s&e !as scceeded (, &er "arents as

&er intestate &eirs* T&e, !i## in&erit a## of &er

estate consisting of &er 2*; Mi##ion &a#f s&are in

t&e a(so#te commnit, and &er 2*<; Mi##ion

in&eritance from &er &s(and% or a tota# of 2*5;2

Mi##ion Pesos* In sm% t&e "arents of Mr* Cr$ !i##

in&erit <;2%222 Pesos !&i#e t&e "arents of Mrs*

Cr$ !i## in&erit 5;2%222 Pesos*6(7 T&is (eing a

case of sccession% in t&e a(sence of "roof as to

t&e time of deat& of eac&of t&e s"oses% it is

"resmed t&e, died at t&e same time and no

transmission of rig&ts from one to t&e ot&er is

deemed to &ave ta-en "#ace* T&erefore% eac& of t&em is deemed to &ave an estate va#ed at

P;22%222%22% or one&a#f of t&eir conga# "ro"ert,

of P) mi##ion* T&eir res"ective "arents !i## t&s

in&erit t&e entire P) Mi##ion in e8a# s&ares% of

P;22%222*22 "er set of "arents*

1999 Question No. 1

Donations Va#idit, E+ectivit, for n(orn C&i#d

6)1117

E#ated t&at &er sister !&o &ad (een married for

Bve ,ears !as "regnant for t&e Brst time% A#ma

donated P)22% 222*22 to t&e n(orn c&i#d*

nfortnate#,% t&e (a(, died one &or after

de#iver,* Ma, A#ma recover t&e P)22% 222*22 t&at

s&e &ad donated to said (efore it !as (orn

considering t&at t&e (a(, died9 3tated ot&er!ise%

is t&e donation va#id and (inding9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

T&e donation is va#id and (inding% (eing an act

favora(#e to t&e n(orn c&i#d% (t on#, if t&e (a(,

&ad an intraterine #ife of not #ess t&an seven

mont&s and "rovided t&ere !as de acce"tance of

t&e donation (, t&e "ro"er "erson re"resenting

said c&i#d* If t&e c&i#d &ad #ess t&an seven mont&s

of intraterine #ife% it is not deemed (orn since it

died #ess t&an <? &ors fo##o!ing its de#iver,% in

!&ic& ease t&e donation never (ecame e+ective



since t&e donee never (ecame a "erson% (irt&

(eing determinative of "ersona#it,*

A#ternative Ans!er@

Even if t&e (a(, &ad an intraterine #ife of more

t&an seven mont&s and t&e donation !as "ro"er#,

acce"ted% it !o#d (e void for not &aving

conformed !it& t&e "ro"er form* In order to (e

va#id% t&e donation and acce"tance of "ersona#

"ro"ert, e'ceeding Bve t&osand "esos s&o#d (e

in !riting* 6Artic#e 5?% "ar* 47

1999 Question No. <-

;+ete+ition? Co8uso+3 Hei+ =1999> 6a7 Mr*

Cr$% !ido!er% &as t&ree #egitimate c&i#dren%

A%andC* He e'ected a :i## institting as &is

&eirs to &is estate of One mi##ion 6P)% 222% 22* 227

Pesos &is t!o c&i#dren A and % and &is friend F*

"on &is deat&% &o! s&o#d Mr* Cr$s estate (e

divided9 E'"#ain* 64G7

6(7 In t&e "receding 8estion% s""ose Mr* Cr$

stitted &is t!o c&i#dren A and as &is &eirs in &is

!i##% (t gave a #egac, of P)22% 222* 22 to &is

friend F* Ho! s&o#d t&e estate of Mr *Cr$ divided"on &is deat&9

P 3ggested Ans!er@

6a7 Assming t&at t&e instittion of A% and F

!ere to t&e entire estate% t&ere !as "reterition of

C since C is a com"#sor, &eir in t&e direct #ine*

T&e "reterition !i## res#t in t&e tota# ann#ment of

t&e instittion of &eirs* T&erefore% t&e instittion of

A% and F !i## (e set aside and Mr* C$Qs estate

!i## (e divided% as in intestac,% e8a##, among A%

and C as fo##o!s@ A P444%444*44

P444*444*44 and C P444%444*44*6(7 On t&e

same assm"tion as #etter 6a7% t&ere !as

"reterition of C* T&erefore% t&e instittion of A and

is ann##ed (t t&e #egac, of P)22*222*22 to F

s&a## (e res"ected for not (eing in o.cios*



T&erefore% t&e remainder of P122*222*22 !i## (e

divided e8a##, among A% and C*

199: Question No. 1*

;+o8e+t3? Rea !s. ;e+sona ;+o8e+t3 =199:>

3a#vador% a tim(er concessionaire% (i#t on &is #ot

a !are&ose !&ere &e "rocesses andstores &is

tim(er for s&i"ment* Adoining t&e !are&ose is a

frnitre factor, o!ned (, NARRAMI of !&ic&

3a#vador is a maorit, stoc-&o#der* NARRAMI

#eased s"ace in t&e !are&ose !&ere it "#aced its

frnitrema-ing mac&iner,*)* Ho! !o#d ,o

c#assif, t&e frnitrema-ing mac&iner, as

"ro"ert, nder t&e Civi#Code9 E'"#ain*<* 3""ose

t&e #ease contract (et!een 3a#vador and

NARRAMI sti"#ates t&at at t&eend of t&e #ease

t&e mac&iner, s&a## (ecome t&e "ro"ert, of t&e

#essor% !i## ,or ans!er (e t&esame9 E'"#ain*

P 3ggested Ans!er@

)* T&e frnitrema-ing mac&iner, is mova(#e

"ro"ert, (ecase it !as not insta##ed (,t&e o!ner

of t&e tenement* To (ecome immova(#e nder Art*

?); 6;7 of t&e NCC% t&emac&iner, mst (e

insta##ed (, t&e o!ner of t&e tenement*

A#ternative Ans!er@

It de"ends on t&e circmstances of t&e case* If t&e

mac&iner, !as attac&ed in a B'edmanner% in sc&

a !a, t&at it cannot (e se"arated from t&e

tenement !it&ot (rea-ing t&e materia# or

casing deterioration t&ereof% it is immova(#e

"ro"ert, JArt* ?); 647% NCCK*

Ho!ever% if t&e mac&iner, can (e trans"orted

from "#ace to "#ace !it&ot im"airment of t&e

tenement to !&ic& t&e, !ere B'ed% t&en it is

mova(#e "ro"ert,* JArt* ?)= 6?7% NCCK

P 3ggested Ans!er@

<* It is immova(#e "ro"ert,* :&en t&ere is a

"rovision in t&e #ease contract ma-ing t&e#essor%

at t&e end of t&e #ease% o!ner of t&e mac&iner,

insta##ed (, t&e #essee% t&e said mac&iner,is

considered to &ave (een insta##ed (, t&e #essor



t&rog& t&e #essee !&o acted mere#, as &isagent*

Having (een insta##ed (, t&e o!ner of t&e

tenement% t&e mac&iner, (ecame

immova(#e*nder Art* ?); of t&e NCC* 6Davao3a!mi## v* Casti##o =) P&i#* 5217

ARTICLE 41

2or civil purposes, the etus is considered

born i it is alive at the time it is

completely delivered rom the mother3s

womb 4owever, i the etus had an intra

uterine lie o less than seven months, it is

not deemed born i it dies within twenty

our hours ater its complete delivery rom

the maternal womb

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