Preliminary PDHPE: Option 1: First Aid 2016Bold 2: How should the major types of injuries and medical conditions be managed in first aid situations? (Student)

Bold 3: What does the individual need to consider in administering first aid? (Student)

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Bold Heading 2:

View the following: Clickview on line - Video 1: First Aid Emergencies – Home

Video 2 : First Aid Emergencies - Community

To successfully manage an injury, it is essential to be able to identify Signs and symptoms of a wide variety of injuries and apply current primary management techniques.

Activity: Use the videos above, or text books or the internet to research different types of injuries as listed in the table below and for each one:

– Provide a definition or an outline of what it is– Identify the signs and symptoms– Describe the current primary management techniques.

Management of Injuries Identify signs and symptoms, and primary management for each injury and medial

condition. (RHS)

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Injury ( Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Cuts & lacerations

Injury ( Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Fractures - Closed:

Open (compound):

Complicated:

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Injury ( Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Dislocations

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Injury ( Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Head injuries and concussion

– Eye Injuires

– Nasal Injuries

– Burn injuries

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Injury ( Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Teeth injuries

– Electrocution

– Chest Injuries

Apply bandages, slings and splints appropriately in the treatment of different injuries.(RHS)

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Bandages

Bandages are versatile, as they can be used for a variety of functions, such as padding, immobilising and restricting blood flow. A triangular bandage can be folded to act as a pad, used to secure a splint or tied to act as a sling. Figures

Splints

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A splint will immobilise a limb and help to make the casualty comfortable while being transported. A splint is commonly applied to the leg when it is suspected that it has been fractured. A splint needs to extend beyond the fractured area and be well padded, where possible. This will ensure that the injured area remains immobilised and the surrounding skin is not rubbed. Often emergency services will apply the splint to ensure the casualty doesn’t suffer any further discomfort and that the splint is used effectively.

Slings Slings are used to immobilise an injury by providing support and protection from further injury.

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Management of Medical Conditions Identify signs and symptoms, and primary management for each injury and medial

condition. (RHS)

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Practical Activity:

In pairs, first practice then demonstrate the collar and cuff, elevation and arm slings.

Activity: Use First Aid videos, or text books or the internet to research different types of injuries as listed in the table below and for each one:

– Provide a definition or an outline of what it is– Identify the signs and symptoms– Describe the current primary management techniques.

Medical condition (Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Heart attack

– Stroke

– Diabetes

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Medical condition (Define or outline) Signs & Symptoms Management Techniques

– Epilepsy

– Asthma

– Anaphylaxes

– Poisoning

– Bites & Stings

Snake bite

– Bites & Stings

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Funnel-web spider

Red back spider

Bee sting– Exposure to extreme

heat can result in hyperthermia

– Exposure to extreme cold can result in hypothermia

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Bold Heading 3:

Physical environment– Traffic accidents– Water environment– Electricity

Analyse the particular safety issues associated with each physical environment and formulate specific self-protective strategies that should be observed. (RHS)

Introduction:

Before any first aid is administered, the immediate physical environment needs to be taken into consideration to prevent a situation from getting worse. The environment may have been the cause of the accident, or may pose more threats to the first aider, bystanders and the injured person. It is therefore important to analyse safety issues with each particular environment and plan self-protective and management strategies before approaching the accident site.

The management of a situation will be more successful if the first aider is calm and in control. Common accident scenes are traffic accidents, water environments and electrical situations, which usually attract a lot of attention, so maintaining a confident and firm control is a good way to approach to the scene.

The first steps are vital and apply to all accident scenes:

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1. Keep the accident area clear, which may include directing traffic. This may be done by bystanders; and ask one of them to also call emergency services.

2. Check for any other dangers, such as fallen wires, fuel or explosive gases, shattered glass or sharp debris, rips in the water or fire.

3. Check that all casualties have been located and assess the priority of their injury management.

4. When calling emergency services, you need to report the exact location of the accident, number of casualties, type of accident and injuries and what special services may need to attend the site, that is, rescue squad or fire department.

– Traffic AccidentsTo secure control of a traffic accident scene, undertake the following:

o Avoid danger from other traffic. Park surrounding cars to protect the scene and use the vehicles’ hazard lights. Situate bystanders in position to warn approaching traffic, especially if the scene is not clearly visible.

o Light up the scene with headlights on low beam at night.o Avoid any fallen power lines. Do not touch the vehicle if it is in contact with any power lines.o Account for all occupants of each accident vehicle. Some occupants may be hidden behind debris or

thrown from the vehicle.o Turn off the car engine where possible.o Extinguish all cigarettes, and have fire extinguishers ready (if available).o Once the accident site is secure, continue with DRSABCD and injury management.

Activity:

Describe the safety issues associated with traffic accidents and formulate specific self-protective strategies that should be observed.

– Water environment

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When attending a water rescue, the safest rescue is if the first aider does not have to enter the water. It is important that the first aider does not attempt a rescue beyond their own swimming capabilities. Throwing a rope, esky lid, a ball, or anything that floats can be used as a lifesaving aid for someone in the water.

Factors to consider in an injury management plan for a water rescue include:

o the number of casualties, for example, from a boating accidento distance from the shore or edge of a boat or pier o the water depth and temperature (dams can be extremely cold from a depth of one metre downwards)o what rescue equipment is availableo the physical and psychological state of the casualty, and their swimming abilityo rips or currents at the beacho hidden dangers under the water.

Once the accident site is safe, continue with DRSABCD and appropriate management of injuries to the casualty.

Activity:

Describe the safety issues associated with water environments, including the beach, pool, river or lake, fishing, boating and formulate specific self-protective strategies that should be observed.

– Electricity

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There are many dangerous hidden aspects of electricity that may not be common knowledge to most people, such as the way electricity travels and the voltage a line may have. All electricity should be approached and treated with extreme care, as an electric shock may be fatal.

Factors to consider in an injury management plan for an electric shock include:

o Approach the casualty with extreme care and determine the power source.o Turn off the power source, where possible, and remove the plug.o If unable to turn off the power, use a non-conductive item, such as a broom handle or a piece of wood,

stand on a dry area and attempt to move the power source.o Stand clear of high voltage power lines until the power source has been cut off as fatal shocks can be

received from a distance away. Contact emergency services.o

Once the accident scene is safe, continue with DRSABCD and injury management.

Activity:

Describe the safety issues associated with electricity and formulate specific self-protective strategies that should be observed.

Infection control and protection

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– HIV /AIDS– Blood-borne viruses (Hepatitis B & C )

Describe the procedures to be taken to reduce the risk of contact with body fluids and in the event of contact with body fluids in first aid settings.

It is essential for the first aider to ensure they undertake good hygiene practices by assuming that every situation is potentially infectious, in order to prevent transmitting diseases or infections.

Controlling infection is achieved by protecting both the first aider and the injured person from the transmission of:

o droplets—nasal, airway or throat secretionso bodily fluids and blood—vomit, saliva, urine, faeces or puso infected needles of sharp objects.

Exposure to viruses can be prevented and managed by following the principles of a three-step risk management process:

1. Hazard identification2. Risk assessment3. Risk control

– HIV / AIDSThe likelihood of transmission of HIV / AIDS to the first aider is highly unlikely. For this to occur blood from the victim would have to come in direct contact with an open wound of the first aider. Although this is highly unlikely there is still a small chance of transmission.

To prevent transmission of HIV / AIDS, the first aider should implement the following strategies: o wash hands before giving treatment, if possibleo cover any exposed woundso avoid touching potentially infected material (dressings) with bare handso use disposable gloves (if they tear during treatment, remove, wash hands and put on a new pair)o if available, use a resuscitation mask (disinfect after use)o Medical personnel should wear eye goggleso dispose of all treatment materials in a secured plastic bago wash hands thoroughly with soap and warm watero clean contaminated surfaces with detergent and watero remove any personal protective clothing (apron, mask, eye protection or gloves).

– Blood borne viruses (hepatitis B & C)

Hepatitis is a disease that inflames and damages the liver. It encompasses three viruses (Hepatitis A, B & C). Like HIV / AIDS, hepatitis must be transmitted from an infected person to a non-infected person. Hepatitis B is found in blood, semen, vaginal fluid and in small amount of saliva. Hepatitis is found in the blood. The usual mode of transmission for hepatitis is unprotected sex, sharing of needles or by sharing contaminated tattooing or body piercing equipment. To prevent the transmission of hepatitis the first aider should implement the same preventative strategies as with HIV / AIDS.

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Activity:

You are the owner of a small retail shop that employs four people. You fall and open a head wound that will later require 12 stitches. Your employees rush to your aid and three are contaminated with blood. Describe the immediate first aid response.

Legal and moral dilemmas– Legal implications e.g. Work, Health and Safety Legislation, litigation– Moral obligations e.g. duty of care, responsible citizenship– Commonsense versus heroics

Debate the legal and moral dilemmas associated with providing first aid (RHS) Distinguish between manageable firs aid situation and an emergency situation.(RHS)

– Legal implications e.g. Work, Health and Safety Legislation, litigation

Once the first aider has commenced treatment they are then committed to ‘duty of care’ until professional help arrives.

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Moral obligations e.g. duty of care, responsible citizenship

Comonsense versus heroics

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Support following first aid situations– debriefing– counselling

identify available sources of support for those involved I the delivery of emergency first aid. (RHS)

Support following first aid situations

– Debriefing

– Counselling

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