Preliminary Design ReviewGroup 9001

Robert Zwecker – StructuralNick Meeker – Fluid SystemsChad English – FoundationKevin Argabright – ArchitecturalNathan Netsch – Building thermal SystemsTenzin Seldon – Solar Thermal Systems

Bellingham Washingtono36” of precipitation per yearoMiami – 57”, NYC – 43”, Boston

– 42”oTemperatureoAverage in July - 72°F High and

53°F LowoAverage in Jan. - 43°F High and

31°F LowoAverage of 71 sunny, 93

Partly Cloudy, and 201 cloudy days

http://web03.bestplaces.net/city/Bellingham_WA.gif

Source: http://www.bellingham.org/index.php/visitors/weather

Bellingham WashingtonBellingham Building Codes

oSeismic Zone: D1 oWind Speed: 90 mph (three-second gust) oExposure B* oSnow Load: 25 lbs/ft²-Ground and Roof oRain: 2”/hour for roof drainage design oSoils: Per IRC Table R405.1, IBC Section 1804 oFrost Depth: 18” oMaximum Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity: 2000

lbs/ft² oSoil Classification Type: Group IV

Source: http://www.cob.org/services/permits/construction-codes.aspx

Foundation Analysis

Axial Loading Calculations

Wall thickness, t = 8”

L = 44’

W = 35’A=W*L – (W-2t)*(L-2t)

A = 52.22ft2 or 7520in2

Axial Loading Calculations cont.

psiin

lb

A

F50.21

7520

1617002

Weight of House40lb/ft2 x (44’x35’x2) = 123200lb

Snow Load (per Building Code)25lb/ft2 x (44’x35’) = 38500lb

Total load Weight of House + Snow Load = 161700lb

Photo courtesy of http://www.crowson.com/images/house/120598_new_house_foundation2.jpg

Axial Loading Calculations cont.•Approximate material strength at 3500psi

16250.21

3500

max

psi

psin material

Bending Stress Calculations

•Model soil as a fluid•Frost line at 18” (per Building Code)

15o

Total Height = 11’

35’

19.5”

Bending Stress Calculations cont.

Fsoil = 351384lb

Rc = 117128lb

Rf = 234256lb

σbend = 5.63psi

I

cMbend

maxdyWyFD

soil 0

Radon Gas Infiltration

•EPA maximum 4.0 pCi/L

•Bellingham, WA levels <2.0

References• http://www.bayarearetrofit.com/RetrofitDesign/RetrofitEngineering/retrofitengineeri

ng.html• EDGE• http://www.epa.gov/radon/• http://www.keystonewalls.com/media/technote.pdfs/soil_dens.pdf

Structural – Roof Truss Analysis

Options to Consider1. Roof truss spacing

Begin analysis with .6096 m(2 ft) spacing and work way down to .3048 m(1 ft) spacing if required to support loading

2. Roof truss materials and size Ponderosa Pine Douglas Fir Wood

3. Method of Ventilation4. Type of Truss

Storage Truss Fink Truss

Images: http://www.ufpi.com/product/rooftrusses/images/trusses/fink.jpg, http://www.ufpi.com/product/rooftrusses/images/trusses/attic.jpg

Storage Truss Fink Truss

Applicable Local Codes/Loading

1. Wind speed of 90 mph – converts to 1018 N/m2

2. Snow Load: 25 lb/ft2 – converts to 1197 N/m2

Each flat plate collector is approximately 500 N

To ensure conservatism, a load of 2500 N/m2

will be considered for analysis.

http://www.cob.org/documents/planning/permit-center/publications/adopted-codes.pdf

http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/346834.html

Storage Truss Modeled using CAD

Analysis Method

1. Use ANSYS to determine stress in elements of simple truss and compare ANSYS results to analytical results.

2. Once ANSYS is confirmed as reliable, use ANSYS to complete rest of analyses on more complicated storage truss.

Assume a roof load of 2500 N/m2, yielding 1524 N/m per truss. Truss span is 11.89 m, yielding 18120 N roof load

Simple Truss Analysis

Improvements to be made1. Use more complicated truss2. Possibly reduce truss spacing, to be determined after further analyses.3. Leaning toward 2 x 6” but need to perform more analyses

Factor of Safety

Wood Size Compression Shear

American Ponderosa Pine

2 x 4 '" 1.65 < 1

2 x 6" 2.59 < 1

Douglas Fir 2 x 4 '" 1.18 < 1

2 x 6" 1.86 < 1

Architectural Analysis

Floor PlanFirst Floor

Main House: 44’ x 35’ (13.4 m x 10.7 m) Garage: 26’ x 35’ (7.9 m x 10.7 m)

All floor plans created at http://www.floorplanner.com/

Second Floor

Fluids Analysis

Solar Collector Assumptions•Use Skyline 20-01 Glazed Flat-Plate Collector

•Flow Rate = 0.63 gpm = 0.0397 L/s•ΔP = 18.72 in = 475mm of H20

•AFlat-Plate = 20.08 ft2 = 1.86m2

•No. of Collectors = 4•Atotal = 80.32 ft2 = 7.44m2

• Total Flow Rate = 2.52gpm = 0.159L/s

Possible Pipe Sizes

(in) (mm) (ft/s) (ft/100) (m/100)

1/2 12.7 3 0.92 9 2.753/4 19.1 2 0.61 3 0.921 25.4 1 1/2 0.46 0.6 0.18

Pipe Size (in) Velocity Head

Using Figure1:

Figure 1 – Pipe Sizing

Source: Directory of SRCC Certified Solar Collector Ratings (November, 15 2006)

Pipe ComparisonsMaterial

Diamater (in,mm) ID (in) Max P (psi)

Price ($)

Copper (Low P) 1/2 (13mm) 0.569 741 44.50

3/4 (19mm) 0.811 611 43.36

1 (25.5mm) 1.055 506 149.60

Steel 1/2 (13mm) 0.84 19.07

3/4 (19mm) 1.05 23.81

1 (25.5mm) 1.315 32.28

PVC 1/2 (13mm) 0.602 300 6.35

3/4 (19mm) 0.804 240.00 7.30

1 (25.5mm) 1.029 220.00 7.80

Source: http://www.mcmaster.com/

Copper

Pros

• Very high pressure ratings

• Thinner pipes (less mass)

• Unaffected by UV• Various joint options

Cons

• Expensive• Connections using

soldering• Corrodes

Sources: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-advantages-of-copper-plumbing.htmhttp://www.articlesbase.com/home-improvement-articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-pvc-for-plumbing-uses-902814.htmlhttp://www.steelpipespe.co.za/tubing.htm

Steel PVCPros

• Resists Corrosion• Unaffected by UV• Resists Fire• Provides clean water

supply

Cons

• Expensive• Connections using

soldering

Pros

• inexpensive• Connections made

easily without soldering

• Flexible

Cons

• Easily affected by UV light

• Poor insulator• Susceptible to

freezing• Gives off chemicals

in fire

Hot Water Storage

Hot Water Tanks w/ HX Hot Water Tanks and Separate HX

Component Size (gal)

Cooling Cap

(Btu/Hr) Price ($)

Water Tank w/ HX80

(300L)

15,000 (4.5kW) 1,434.00

120 (450L)

1500(4.5kW) 1,631.00

ComponentSize (gal)

Cooling Cap

(Btu/Hr) Price ($)

HX

16,000 (3.5kW) 1,474.0024,000

(8.8 kW) 1,628.00

Water Tank80

(300L) 705.90120

(450L) 864.50

Sources: http://www.mcmaster.com/ http://solar.altestore.com/ http://www.solartubs.com/

80 gal Water Tank and HXAlternate Energy

Technologies’ 80 Gal Storage Tank w/ 15,00

Btu/hr HX

80 Gal American Water

Heater Company Solar

Storage Tank

$1,400 $2,200

+

Heliodyne CounterFlow

Heat Exchanger–

16,000 Btu/Hr (4.7KW)

Source: http://solar.altestore.com/

$1,600 • $2,500

+

120 gal Water Tank and HX

Alternate Energy Technologies’ 120 Gal Storage Tank

w/ 15,00 Btu/hr HX

120 Gal American Water

Heater Company Solar Storage

Tank

Heliodyne CounterFlow

Heat Exchanger–

16,000 Btu/Hr (4.7KW)

Source: http://solar.altestore.com/

Building Thermal Analysis

Climate

Source: http://www.wunderground.com Source: http://www.city-data.com

CTAverage

CMinLowAverage

CMaxHighAverage

oYear 29.

4..

25..

Heat Transfer AnalysisThermal Resistivity

measured by R in terms of K/(m2 K)

Heat Transfer Coefficient, U is defined by

Total heat lost-

Heat loss is total (Q) is total amount of energy lost through convection & conduction.

The higher the R-value the better

RU

1

)( TUAQ

Example of cross-sectional view of wallSource: http://

www.devsantimberframehomes.ie/what_is_timber_frame.php

Total House R-Value

*These recommendations are cost-effective levels of insulation based on the best available information on local fuel and materials costs and weather conditions.

Source: US Department to Energy

Source: US Department to Energy R-Values listed in F-ft2-h/Btu

Location R-Value Km2/W

Attic 6.7-10.6

Wall Cavity 2.3-2.6

Wall Insulation Sheathing 0.44-1.1

Floor 4.4-5.3

BtuFfthWmK o /678.5/1 22

According to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in a marine climate one should use:

1. R-19 friction fit, kraft-faced fiberglass insulation

2. blown-in cellulose insulation

Vapor barriers must be utilized for

moisture control: polystyrene sheeting and latex paint

Vinyl Exterior will be used: more durable in high moisture areas and has been requested by customer

2X6 framing is recommended by DOE and will be used.

Insulation

Source: US Department of Energy

Source: http://www.houleinsulation.com/

InsulationCriteria Kraft-Faced Fiberglass Blown-In Cellulose

Performance R-value depends on thickness of material

R-Value depends on thickness of material. R-Value is typically 2-3 inches thinner of same R-Value of Fiberglass

Ease of Installation Must be hand installed. Must be cut for electrical wire fitting and other obstacles in the wall.

Blown-in, easily gets around obstructions and fills odd shaped cavities.

Effectiveness in Marine Climate

Allows moisture to pass through fibers, but if proper control is not used, material can adsorb moisture and reduce R-value

More chemically resistant to moisture. Proper moisture control still must be utilized, to prevent damage and to keep dry to preserve R-value.

Source: Superseal Construction Products, US Department of Energy

WindowsWindows historically have been

the greatest source of heat lost.Originally single pane window have

been the norm, but are illegal today by some building codes.

Today we have double and triple pane windows.Spacing between panes create additional thermal

barrier. Spacing can be filled with air, or with Argon or Krypton gas for higher thermal resistance.

Many windows today qualify for Federal Tax Credit

Source: http://www.accentcountryhomes.com/

Source: http://www.energystar.gov

WindowsType of Window Pros Cons

Single Pane(Illegal based on codes)

Basic protection Lowest resistance to heat lost. One thermal layer.

Double Pane (Air)

3 thermal barriers. Two panes of glass and 1 space of dead air.

Air is effective but inert gas has much higher R-value.

Double Pane (Argon/ Krypton)

3 thermal barriers.Two panes of glass and 1 space of dead gas, which has higher thermal resistance than air.

Slightly more expensive than regular air filled double pane.

Triple Pane (Air or Inert Gas)

Highest R-value of all., with 5 thermal barriers. Three panes of glass and 2 spaces of dead air/gas.

Very expensive. Unaffordable to average consumer.

Wood vs. Vinyl Vinyl is rot resistant and requires little maintenance.

Wood can rot due to moisture

Sources: http://www.jeld-wen.com/, http://www.andersenwindows.com/ , US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Doors

Type of Door Pros Cons

Wood Classic look Durable

Could rot in marine climateR-value not as high

Steel High R-value Can RustCan dent depending on quality of construction,Not easy to paint

Fiberglass High R-valueRust resistantPaintableDurableStronger than some steel doors

Can not be in direct sun-light which weakens the door material

Sources: http://www.jeld-wen.com/, http://www.andersenwindows.com/ , US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Solar Thermal Analysis

Quick facts

• A typical U.S. household consumes about 11,000 kWh per year, costing an average of $1,034 annually.

• A medium (80-gallon) storage tank works well for three to four people for hot water usage.

• Slope of the collector should roughly equal the latitude of the location.

• List of providers: ACR Solar International (CA), Heliodyne, Inc. (CA), Radco Products, Inc. (CA), Sealed air corporation (CA), SunBank Solar (CA), SunEarth, Inc.(CA),

• Liquid based flat-plate collectors are preferred since it’s more efficient than air based ones.

• Glazed preferred over unglazed due to its higher generating capability.

Comparison of glazed flat-plate liquid type collectors

PerformanceMJ/m^2*d

Durability Cost Weight Warranty Over-all rating

Coll. 1 11-6-1 1103 kPa

$57.5/ft^2

20.5 kg 10 years

4

Coll. 2 30-17-5 1034 kPa

$30.2/ft^2

69.3 kg 5 years 2

Coll. 3 36-20-5 1103 kPa

$ 76.6 kg 5F:10L years

1

Coll. 4 18-11-3 1103 kPa

$29.58/ft^2

39.2 kg 10 years

3

Coll. 5 11-6-1 1103 kPa

$ 19.08 kg

5F:20 L years

5

1: Skyline 20-01; 2:GOBI 410; 3:Radco 412C-HP; 4: SunEarth EC 24; 5: Sunbank SB20

F-Chart Analysis

F-Chart Analysis

Economics SummaryFirst Year Fuel Cost $65First Year Fuel Savings $ 75Initial Investment $ 2001Life Cycle Savings $ 314Life Cycle CostsFuel $ 1445Equipment $ 1341Total $ 2786Breakdown of Equipment CostsExpensesDown Payment $ 2001Mortgage $ 0Maint. & Ins. $ 0Property Tax $ 889CreditsInterest $ 0Depreciation $ 0Resale $ 429Tax Credits $ 1121

Solar Heat Dhw Aux f [GJ] [GJ] [GJ] [GJ] [ ]

Jan 2.055 0.753 1.277 1.561 0.231Feb 3.148 0.681 1.158 0.892 0.515Mar 3.196 0.793 1.277 1.163 0.438Apr 5.501 0.438 1.221 0.161 0.903May 5.348 0.362 1.241 0.203 0.874Jun 5.235 0.218 1.182 0.124 0.912Jul 5.833 0.145 1.203 0.034 0.975Aug 5.729 0.122 1.197 0.026 0.981Sep 3.105 0.271 1.164 0.626 0.564Oct 2.620 0.495 1.218 1.046 0.390Nov 1.248 0.692 1.199 1.828 0.034Dec 1.465 0.706 1.258 1.786 0.090Year 44.482 5.675 14.594 9.448 0.534

Bibliography

• U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 2009. 20 Oct. 2009. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/appliances.html>

• SunMaxx: Flat Plate Collectors. 2008. 20 Oct. 2009. <http://solarhotwater.siliconsolar.com/pdfs/shw-pcs-005-flat-plate.pdf>

• Directory of SRCC Certified Solar Collector Ratings. 2006. 23 Oct. 2009. <https://edge.rit.edu/content/Resources/public/SRCCDocuments/OG100DIRFULL_20061115.pdf>

Questions/Comments?