Pregnancy: Women's Psychological Development Phase

8/9/2019 Pregnancy: Women's Psychological Development Phase

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pregnancy-womens-psychological-development-phase 1/14

Celeste Duque

2004-2005

Pregnancy & ParentingPregnancy transcends the moment of conception as the Maternity transcends the moment of birth.

27/04/2008

More than events with different temporal durations, Pregnancy and Motherhood areprocesses. From the psychological point of view are dynamic processes of construction and development.5 CLE - Psychology V

2

Pregnancy & Parenting[Cont.]

The fact that a woman is pregnant does not automatically ensure that it can adapt to the fundamental necessity of realization of maternal tasks.

27/04/2008

5 CLE - Psychology V

3


Pregnancy & Parenting are distinct realities, both organic and psychological terms. And, also, may not be coincidental.

27/04/2008


4


The Maternity implies that most of you want to have a child, if you wish, aboveall, be a mother.

27/04/2008


5


When it checks for a proposed adaptive maternity, pregnancy becomes a time that

allows the woman's psychological preparation for motherhood.

27/04/2008




6


Then allows:

Test papers and maternal tasks, in terms of cognitive (beliefs, information); Start the restructuring process of emotional relationships to include the new member (in the family);5 CLE - Psychology V 7

27/04/2008


Incorporate the new presence (son) as their own identity, separate from itself;Learning to accept him and love him as a unique person with needs, desires and life itself.

27/04/2008


8


And this, although, at first, and given the huge physical immaturity of this newbeing, requiring a relationship of great dependency on adults, for reasons of survival.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 9

Index1. Motherhood as a stage of psychological development

The concept of crisis in psychological development pregnancy as a crisis in thelife cycle of women

27/04/20085 CLE - Psychology V

10

PregnancyImportance of multidisciplinary teams:The psychologist should capture the emotional nuances and its manifestations atintra-and interpersonal, and help the obstetrician and nurses to deepen their understanding of the dynamic operation of the 5th CLE Psychology V-11 pregnant asa whole 27/04/2008

Pregnancy

[Cont.]



The technological revolution of Obstetrics allows the realization of a pre and perinatal increasingly sophisticated, reducing to a minimum the risks of maternaland fetus.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 12

Pregnancy

[Cont.]

The technological revolution of Obstetrics ends, however, a serious error:

resulted in a profound dissociation between somatic and emotional aspects in clinical care, whose conventional routine, both during pregnancy and childbirth andpostpartum, rarely meets CLE 5 - Psychology V needs 27/04/2008

13

Pregnancy

[Cont.]

During pregnancy iniciamse:the formation of mother-child bond and the restructuring of the communication network of the family:

27/04/2008

Starting point of a new dynamic equilibrium in the unit 5 CLE - Psychology V family.

14

Pregnancy

[Cont.]

27/04/2008

It is without doubt a moment that deserves the confluence of prevention effortson the part of obstetricians, nurses and psychologists resulting in a more comprehensive and satisfactory care for the physical and emotional health of the woman and her child.5 CLE - Psychology V

15

MaternityMotherhood is a fundamental existential moment in the life cycle of women. Can provide women the opportunity to reach new levels of integration and growth (development) of personality.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 16

27/04/2008


17

Psychological Perspectives



Contributions of PsychoanalysisThis theoretical orientation is still today considered the most important because it provides a very thorough clinical explanation of how it is personality development, although it is subject of bitter criticism, given the great importance5th CLE Psychology given by V 4/27/2008 -Sigmund Freud to

18

Psychological Perspectives [cont.]Contributions from Developmental Psychology The trend of Developmental Psychology in which authors are included as Caplan (1967), Erikson (1959), Bibring (1961)is to conceive of psychological development as a continuum that extends beyondadolescence, marked in periods of crisis, which represent true turning points inemotional growth and determine, 5-in some way, the state CLE Psychology V 1927/04/2008

Psychological Perspectives [cont.]Contributions of developmental psychology Which is to say that psychologically the individual does not cease to grow, so there is always the possibility of rest

ructuring, changes and reinstatements of personality.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 20

27/04/2008


21

Life cycle of womenMay be regarded as three great moments or critical phases in the life cycle of women, which constitute true stages of personality development and have some common points: Adolescent Pregnancy May 22 Climacteric 27/04/2008 CLE - Psychology V

Life cycle of women[Cont.]

These three periods have in common the fact that they are: periods of tension biologically determined, are characterized by complex metabolic changes, they area temporary state of unstable equilibrium.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 23

Life cycle of women[Cont.]

A temporary state of unstable equilibrium:27/04/2008

arising from the prospect of major changes involved in aspects of: social role,the need for further adjustments, readjustments interpersonal and intra and 5 ofidentity. 24 CLE change - Psychology V

27/04/2008


25

Concept of CrisisConcept of crisis in psychological development: G. Caplan (1963), believes that



the crisis can be defined as a period of temporary disruption of the functioningof an open system, precipitated by circumstances beyond the transitional capacidadesPsicologiasistema para26 V 5 CLE 04/27/2008

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

Concept of crisis in psychological development: Rapoport (1965), believes that the crisis can be defined very simply as a temporary disturbance of a steady state.

27/04/2008


27

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

The word crisis was initially used by Caplan and Lindemann to designate uum individual reactions to traumatic events such as sudden death of a loved one, birthof a premature fulham, unexpected unemployment, etc.. (Unforeseen crises). Psychology V 28 5 CLE 27/04/2008

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

The same term was used by Eric Erikson to describe the various stages of normal

psychological development, such as puberty, marriage, pregnancy, menopause (predictable crises).

27/04/2008


29

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

Thus, the term crisis can be used for both used when referring to periods of transition as the unexpected inherent in the development.

27/04/2008


30

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

A crisis can be driven by internal changes:normal developmental crises, diseases or trauma;



or External:

loss or threatened loss of a source of security and satisfaction, build up of tensions that threaten to upset the balance of the functional adaptive mechanismsof the ego.5 CLE - Psychology V 31

27/04/2008

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

Crisis always involves a temporary weakening of the basic structure of the ego,so that the individual can not use their usual methods of solving problems and,as such, require the mobilization of adaptive mechanisms of the ego in order tofind new answers 5th CLE - Psychology V 3227/04/2008

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

The strategy used by individuals to overcome their crisis 'existential' can be healthy or unhealthy:forcing the individual to experience an "improvement" (new level of integrationand maturity of personality) or "worse" (higher degree of disintegration, disorganization, and V 5 CLE - Psychology 27/04/2008

33

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

Moments or periods of crisis is precisely why, at the same time, moments of opportunity and danger, are true crossroads in terms of mental health.

27/04/2008


34

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

The subject in crisis tends to more easily accept the help that is offered. Being a temporary period of unstable equilibrium, in search of new solutions, this means that the person becomes more sensitive and vulnerable 27/04/2008, 5 CLE - Psychology V but also more

35

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]



In general it is easier to help someone in crisis than someone who is in periodsof stable equilibrium, when the defense mechanism and adaptation are more highly structured, leading to a greater hesitancy to deal with change. Have a personin crisis, has no choice, there is no other alternative than to accept the May 36 and help change efectuarCLEasPsicologia V 04/27/2008

Concept of Crisis

[Cont.]

Caplan and his team (1964) concluded,Â�from their clinical experience in "crisis intervention" that:You can help anyone overcome a crisis well, regardless of5 CLE - Psychology V

27/04/2008

37

27/04/20085 CLE - Psychology V

38

Pregnancy as a Crisis SituationPregnancy has many characteristics of a crisis situation, which is part of a normal process of development.

27/04/2008

Involves: Need for restructuring and readjustment to the level of several dimens

ions: As it happens at puberty, there is a change of identity and a new definition of roles (the woman comes to see itself and be seen in a totally Psychology Vform 5 CLE 39

Pregnancy as a Crisis Situation[Cont.]

Case of primipara

If parity

Pregnant is the role of wife (or partner) to the role of mother. Here too there

is a certain change of role: Being a mother of a child is not the same as beinga mother of two or more children ...

27/04/2008

What is happening is that the arrival of another child requires the change of composition of family network intercommunication.5 CLE - Psychology V

40

Parenthood as Crisis Situation[Cont.]

Obviously the process of changing identity and role also exists at the level ofthe husband. Also parenthood should be considered as a critical level of emotion



al development of man.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 41

27/04/2008


42

Redefining RolesThe woman may have played beyond the role of wife, until then, the role of "mother" or "daughter" of her husband. When do you expect your own child has to adaptto this new role - being a mother of that child.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 43

Redefining Roles[Cont.]

This new definition of roles is, often, to revive the old relationship conflicts

.27/04/2008


44

Redefining Roles[Cont.]

The wife or husband may:Want to be better parents than their parents being unable to compete with them f

ace the baby as a younger brother and as such compete for the affection of the father or mother, competing for the affection of the baby, etc ...27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 45

27/04/2008


46

Socioeconomic factorsThe complexity of the changes caused by the arrival of a baby are not limited to

psychological and biochemical variables. There are still considering changes inthe level of socio-economic factors.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 47

Socioeconomic factors[Cont.]

27/04/2008

We live in a materialistic society in which the woman contributes her salary tothe household income, usually working out, and cultivates diverse interest: professional study, career, social, cultural, CLE 48 5 - Psychology V




The fact that an expected child entails consequences in the short, medium and long term. Privations are real emotional or economic: They increase the tension, intensified regression and ambivalence.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 49


Concern for the future: Increases the needs of pregnant and increase the frustration this causes, as a result, feelings of anger and resentment that prevent itfrom finding gratification in gravidez.5 of CLE - Psychology V 50 4/27/2008

27/04/2008


51

New Levels of Integration

Another feature: It represents an opportunity to reach new levels:Integration, Maturity, and Expansion

27/04/2008

personality - both women and men. Or adopt a solution that predominate the pathological level of the mother-baby. 5 CLE - Psychology V 52

27/04/2008


53

Mother-BabyMother-baby healthy: It implies, in general, understand and meet adequately theneeds of the baby, the baby is seen as being separate and not confused with thesymbiotic mother.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 54

Mother-Baby

[Cont.]

Materno-filial pathological or diseased: The mother is unable to perceive and th

erefore to meet adequately the needs of the baby, the baby symbiotically confused with the mother (mother and baby are one and the same person).27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 55

Mother-Baby

[Cont.]

Mother-baby pathological or unhealthy is characterized also by the expectation that: the baby meets certain neurotic needs of the mother as, for example:avoid loneliness, to satisfy her need for affection; Make her feel useful.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 56

Mother-Baby

[Cont.]



Or, the baby represents, symbolically, a diseased part of the mother, this is often the underlying dynamics of:endless trips to doctors with a request to find out "what's wrong with the baby," when it is perfectly healthy.5 CLE - Psychology V

27/04/2008

57

27/04/2008


58

Marriage & PregnancyPregnancy can:

lead to greater levels of integration and deepening the relationship of the couple;

But on the other

First, you can:

break a fragile structure and neurotically balanced.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 59

Marriage & Pregnancy[Cont.]

The woman who:Want to delete the husband of her life could not go beyond the stage of infantile dependence in relation to his own mother; If you feel inferior because of being a woman;

pregnancy may constitute a threat:27/04/2008

marriage, or


60Marriage & Pregnancy[Cont.]

For the man who:Feel intense jealousy of the unborn child, and felt in relation to younger siblings; Envy personal or professional success (in terms of family or social) of women, etc ...27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 61

27/04/2008


62



Pregnancy and RegressionDominatedHypersomnia; Voracity; Protection.

The oral characteristics

that indicate a basic identification of pregnant towards the fetus.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 63

Pregnancy and Regression[Cont.]

This identification countdown reached its climax, according to Otto Rank (1929),in the very process of delivery,when the mother relives the trauma of his birth.

27/04/2008

5 CLE - Psychology V64


Here the regression is not necessarily a pathological process. Instead, it can be part of the movement itself of the development process.

27/04/2008


65


Anna Freud (1965) sees the development as a temporary set of regressionsThe disease is characterized by permanent regressions.

and progressions, using the model of the spiral

27/04/2008


66


This model is also implicit in the theory of crisis:To achieve a new level of personality organization - progression; You must go through a period of relative disorganization - regression.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 67

27/04/2008




68

Crisis pregnancy as

[Cont.]

Locate the pregnancy period as a crisis situation, obviously not to say thatThe critical period ends with the delivery; Much of the maturational changes occur postpartum.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 69

Crisis pregnancy asThe puerperium should be considered:The continuation of the critical situation. Implies new changes:

[Cont.]

Consolidation of the physiological relationship mÃ£ebebÃ©

And big changes:27/04/2008

Routines 5 CLE -

Psychology V

70

27/04/2008


71

System FamilyTo emphasize that the birth of a child is a family experience.To provide an effective prenatal care is necessary not only support the "pregnant woman" but "family pregnant."27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 72

System Family

[Cont.]

One can consider that the family system as a whole, is composed of several subsystems that interact continuously among themselves.

27/04/2008


73

System Family

[Cont.]

Howells (1972) considers the family as "a body that has a complete unit itself.As an individual, the family is also:



an organized system, with a peculiar structure, communication channels and 5 elements CLE - Psychology V characteristic.

27/04/2008

74

System Family

[Cont.]

Any event that occurs with part of this system affects the whole system. Therefore, pregnancy is an experience that belongs to the family as a whole.

27/04/2008


75

System Family

[Cont.]

Even in a family composed of father, mother and sonsubsystems never represent a true dyad, since from the moment it learns of the pregnancy and until the first weeks after delivery when the mother-infant interaction is extremely close, the husband-father participates actively forming trulya family triad.5 CLE - Psychology V

27/04/2008

76

System FamilyFor example:

[Cont.]

The man will react to the needs for greater protection and care that a woman will have to assume a protective role in living with her fears and anxieties related to childbirth and the postpartum period a portion to her the task of caring for the baby, she Experience with expectations and fantasies about the baby and th

e same time that it produces within 5 CLE 77 04/27/2008 themselves their relationship PsicologiaaV child. with

System Family

[Cont.]

This first triad family continues to remain stable, in that there is only one child.Â�With the coming of each new child the whole composition of the network intercommunication family becomes, as they add new subsystems that act dynamically between 5 CLE - Psychology V 78 itself. 27/04/2008

System Family

[Cont.]



It is unfortunate that most research on the psychological aspects of pregnancy and childbirth are basically focus:

on ways of experiencing pregnancy.27/04/2008 5 CLE - Psychology V 79

changes in women's and devote little attention to fatherhood, as critical and in

ter-influence of the couple

System Family

[Cont.]

The reactions (attitudes and behavior) of man in relation to pregnant women greatly influences theiracceptance or rejection of pregnancy such as how will experience a whole range of other changes (eg, CLE Psychology of the V alteraÃ§Ãµes5 - 27/04/2008 scheme

80

System Family

[Cont.]

The attitudes of women in relation to her husband, will also influence the man in particular:Encouraging him to participate to the fullest during and after pregnancy. Contributes greatly to lessen or intensify the 5th of abandonment, feelings ciÃºmes81 CLE- Psychology V 27/04/2008

System Family

[Cont.]

Never be over-emphasized the interactions of the entire family unit in that eachmember of this unit undergoes significant changes under the impact of pregnancy.

27/04/2008


82

Documents

Pregnancy: Women's Psychological Development Phase