DP RCDisaster Prevention Research Center,National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Tectono-Hydrology Research Group

Precursory and Coseismic Groundwater Precursory and Coseismic Groundwater Level Changes with Earthquakes of Level Changes with Earthquakes of

Taiwan, 2003~2004 Taiwan, 2003~2004

WenWen--Chi LaiChi Lai11, Chjeng, Chjeng--Lun ShiehLun Shieh11, Kuo, Kuo--Chyng ChangChyng Chang22, Kai, Kai--Wen KuoWen Kuo33,,

1. DPRC, NCKU, Taiwan 2. Water Resource Agency, MOEA, Taiwan3. Central Weather Bureau, MOEA, Taiwan

22

DP RCI. IntroductionI. Introduction

Tectonic Setting of Taiwan.Tectonic Setting of Taiwan.Highly Seismic hazard risk.Highly Seismic hazard risk.Advantage of the researchAdvantage of the research

High density monitoring High density monitoring network for water resources network for water resources Groundwater Monitoring Groundwater Monitoring Networks of TaiwanNetworks of TaiwanHigh density High density seismic seismic monitoring networkmonitoring network. . High seismic activityHigh seismic activity

Good quality observationGood quality observation

→→ Waiting for good newsWaiting for good news……(Cheng et al.,2000)

2003/3/31

Eurasian Plate

Eurasian Plate

Philippine Sea PlatePhilippine Sea Plate

33

DP RC

Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network (1992~2003)(1992~2003)

Design for water resources managementDesign for water resources managementMonitoring different aquifer in same site Monitoring different aquifer in same site

########

########

#### ####

#######

##

####

#

###

## #####

####

###

######## ##

#####

####

#####

###### ###

##

####

#####

##

##

###

###########

#### ## ############

#####

######### ##

#######

###### #####

######## ####

##

######

####

#### ###

#### ###

## ####

####

############# ###

###

#######

######

##

###

## ###

##

##

###

####

#######

####

######## ##

##

#

#

###

############

##

############

###

#

###

###

####

##

#####

#

#

###

#####

###

####

#

##

##

#####

######

####

###

######

####

###

####

######

#

##

######

###

###

####

###

####

########

#####

##

########

####

######

##

##

########

## #######

#####

#

###

#

##

#

######

###

####

#

##

##########

35351616HsinchuHsinchu--Miaoli Miaoli AreaArea

560560228228TotalTotal45453030Ilan PlainIlan Plain

1321325555Pingtung PlainPingtung Plain

1051054040ChiayiChiayi--TainanTainanAreaArea

1931937070Choshui River Choshui River Alluvial FanAlluvial Fan

101055Taoyuan TablelandTaoyuan Tableland

30301212Taipei BasinTaipei Basin

WellWellSiteSiteSubSub--ProvinceProvince

Well Fault

44

DP RC

Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network:Taiwan Groundwater Monitoring Network:Detail Hydrogeological DatabaseDetail Hydrogeological Database

55

DP RCObservation NetworkObservation Network

Philippine Sea PlatePhilippine Sea Plate

Eurasian PlateEurasian Plate

AccretionalAccretionalWedgeWedge

Luzon Arc

Luzon Arc

Ryuku ArcRyuku Arc

TaipeiTaipei

Kaoshiung

KaoshiungTainanTainan

Taichung

Taichung

TaitungTaitung

HulienHulien

IlanIlanIlan Seismic Zone

Ilan Seismic Zone

TaitungTaitung--Huilen Seismic Zone

Huilen Seismic Zone

SanyiSanyi--Puli Seismic ZonePuli Seismic Zone

ChiayiChiayi--Tainan Seismic Zone

Tainan Seismic Zone

DLI

BTO

JSUWUT

JUS

SBT

JND CHS

HDN

SIP

DHR

LJANBA

TWNHUA

TLO

XXX

XXX

Well Location

Before 2004

After 2004

66

DP RCII. ObservationII. Observation

Observation and Instruments settingObservation and Instruments settingOriginal

Observation Station

Data LoggerBarometer

Aquifer II

Radon DetectorPower SupplyData Logger

Data Processor

Aquifer I

Thermal sensor

Pressure transducer

GPS Antenna

Temperature meter

Rain Gauge New Observation

Station

77

DP RCDescription of observation wellsDescription of observation wells

Qc: Quaternary conglomerate, Qg: Quaternary gravel, Qs: Quaternary sandstone, Qm: Quaternary shale and mudstone

Location Site

Longitude Latitude

Elevation (m)

Depth (m)

Screened Depth (m)

Geology Wells

SIP 121.071 24.831 78.86 150 132-144 Qg, Qs 3

DHR 120.561 23.688 75.41 258 222-252 Qg 3

LUJ 120.342 23.227 26.87 228 204-222 Qs, Qm 3

NBA 120.340 23.071 42.77 153 135-147 Qs 3

TWN 121.782 24.746 3.79 130 130-150 Qs, Qm 3

TLO 120.784 24.491 156.54 99 80-99 Qs 2

HUL 121.605 23.977 16.09 205 140-160 Qc 1

HRD 120.429 23.347 43.77 300 220-250 Qm, Qs 1

88

DP RCObservation hydrographObservation hydrograph-- EasternEastern

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

660

680

700

720

740

760

660

680

700

720

740

760

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

985

1000

1015

1030

020406080100120140

Rainfall_HUL(mm/hr)

HUL

Corrected

Original850

860

870

880

890

900

910

920

860

870

880

890

900

910

920TWN

Corrected

Original

99

DP RCObservation hydrographObservation hydrograph-- CentralCentral

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

975

990

1005

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rainfall_DHR(m

m/hr)

DHR

Corrected

Original

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

100

200

300

400

500

600

700HRD

Original

1010

DP RCObservation hydrographObservation hydrograph-- SouthernSouthern

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

640

660

680

700

720

660

680

700

720

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

970

985

1000

1015

1030

0255075100125150

Rainfall_NBA

(mm/hr)

LUJ

Corrected

Original270

300

330

360

390

420

450

270

300

330

360

390

420

450NBA

Corrected

Original

1111

DP RCObservation hydrographObservation hydrograph-- CentralCentral

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

525

550

575

600

625

650

675

700

Nov-03

Dec-03

Jan-0

4

Feb-04

Mar-04

Apr-04

May-04

Jun-0

4

Jul-0

4

Aug-04

Sep-04

Oct-04

Nov-04

970

985

1000

1015

1030

0

20

40

60

80

100

Rainfall_SIP(m

m/hr)

SIP

Corrected

Original

300400500600700800900

10001100

30040050060070080090010001100TLO

Corrected

Original

1212

DP RCIII. Results and DiscussionsIII. Results and Discussions

6/10/03M6.5

12/10/03M6.6

5/19/04M6.5

11/8/04M6.7

ML 3 4 5 6

2003 118 181 43 3

2004 86 125 25 5

Events 204 306 68 8

Events of the earthquake ML >3 in Taiwan 03’~04’

CMT solution and distribution of events3

4

5

6

7

03/1

03/2

03/3

03/4

03/5

03/6

03/7

03/8

03/9

03/1

003

/11

03/1

204

/104

/204

/304

/404

/504

/604

/704

/804

/904

/10

04/1

1

Mag

nitu

deM

agni

tude

1313

DP RCObserved coseismic events (03Observed coseismic events (03’’~04~04’’))

Total 68 Observation, step changes (S) 21events, oscillation (O) 27 events, O+S 20 events

Catalog Events HUL TWN LUJ NAB HRD DHR TLO SIP 2003/4/3 Tainan, M=4.9 2 S S

2003/6/10 Taitung, M=6.5 4 S O O+S O 2003/6/17 Taitung , M=5.9 2 O O 2003/12/10 Taitung , M=6.6 7 O+S O+S S S O+S O+S O 2003/12/11 Taitung, M=5.7 1 S 2003/12/18 Taitung, M=5.8 1 O

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

15:03:36 15:05:02 15:06:29 15:07:55 15:09:22 15:10:48

Gro

undw

ater

Lev

el (

cm)

M6.5

(HUL) 5/19/04 M6.5(HUL) 5/19/04 M6.5(TWN) 04/11/9 M6.7(TWN) 04/11/9 M6.7

Step Step –– Like ChangeLike Change Oscillation ChangeOscillation Change

1414

DP RC

NBANBA

HULHUL

LJALJAHRDHRD

DHRDHR

TLOTLO

SIPSIP TWNTWN▲1.12

▼1.35

▼27.57

▼2.35

▼0.86

▼1.22

▼0.16

B

EQ 2003/12/10 Taitung M 6.6EQ 2003/12/10 Taitung M 6.6

21 Wells decrease in 21 Wells decrease in TainanTainan--Kaoshiung Area Kaoshiung Area (3~107 cm)(3~107 cm)

▲1.12

2 wells increase in 2 wells increase in Miaoli area (6cm~35 cm)Miaoli area (6cm~35 cm)

44.6

44.7

44.8

44.9

45

45.1

45.2

45.3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

EQ

-11.6

-11.4

-11.2

-11

-10.8

-10.6

-10.4

-10.2

-10

-9.81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

EQ

MICAP-G (Naito & Yoshikawa, 1999)

1515

DP RC

The The coseismiccoseismic groundwater level changes groundwater level changes records, eastern Taiwan, Dec. 10, 2003 records, eastern Taiwan, Dec. 10, 2003

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00

1005

1010

1015

hPa

mm

/ 2min

0.36

0.39SIP

9.56

9.59 TLO

9.05

9.1TWN

7.41

7.44 HUL

EQ

Atmoshpric Pressure (SIP) Rainfall (SIP)

2003/12/10

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00

1005

1010

hPa

mm

/2min

2.5

2.7DHR

6.8

7.1LUJ

4.03

4.05NBA

EQ

Atmospheric Pressure (DHR) Rainfall (DHR)

1616

DP RCOscillation Step-Like

-14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7

Log of Volumetric Strain

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

Cose

is mic

G WL

C han

g e(c

m)

NondetectableOscillation

Step & Oscillation

Step-like chg.

Step-Like Chg.Vol. Strain: >10-10

Amplitude: ±3 cm

OscillationVol. Strain: 10-10>>10-12

Amplitude: ±1 cm

NondetectableVol. Strain: 10-12 >Amplitude: : >1 mm

Nondetectable

Criteria of the Coseismic Changes Criteria of the Coseismic Changes

1717

DP RCEstimation of the Estimation of the theoretic responses theoretic responses

Using Using BaytapBaytap--GG Program to estimate the Tidal component of Program to estimate the Tidal component of observed groundwater levelobserved groundwater level

Calculate the theoretic tidal potential from Calculate the theoretic tidal potential from GOTIC IIGOTIC II ProgramProgram

Derived the Derived the static strain sensitivitystatic strain sensitivity by by

static strain sensitivity = (tidal responses static strain sensitivity = (tidal responses ÷÷ tidal potential)tidal potential)

Calculate the coseismic static volumetric strain using Calculate the coseismic static volumetric strain using MICAPMICAP--GGprogramprogram

Derived the Derived the predicted amplitudepredicted amplitude estimated from tidal response by estimated from tidal response by

Amp. Of Chg.= ( calculated volumetric strain Amp. Of Chg.= ( calculated volumetric strain ×× strain sensitivity)strain sensitivity)

1818

DP RCStatic Volumetric Strain SensitivityStatic Volumetric Strain Sensitivity

SIP TLO DHR HRD LUJ NBA TWN HUL Amplitude (10-8) [Phase Shift (degree)]

Vol. starin by M2 earth tide, te 1.35 [0] 1.35 [0] 1.37 [0] 1.38 [0] 1.38 [0] 1.38 [0] 1.35 [0] 1.37 [0]

Vol. starin by M2 oceanic tidal loading, to

1.11 [-314]

2.08 [-321]

0.18 [-276]

0.14 [-283]

0.11 [-290]

0.11 [-301]

0.60 [-227]

6.10 [-184]

Vol. starin by earth + oceanic tide, tt=te + to

2.27 [-340]

3.25 [-336]

1.40 [-352]

1.42 [-355]

1.42 [-356]

1.45 [-356]

1.04 [-335]

4.73 [-185]

M2 amplitude of water level, tw 5.19±0.45 3.72±0.67 6.17±0.60 2.61±1.05 2.54±0.59 4.24±0.29 3.93±0.27 23.77±0.50

[-323±24] [-282±49] [-339±23] [-252±18] [-350±34] [-349±15] [-272±21] [-21±6] Strain sens. by M2 tide, Ws = tw/tt (mm/10-8)

2.28 1.14 4.39 1.84 1.78 2.92 3.78 5.02

*Negative phase shifts denote lags.

1919

DP RC

Comparison of the theoretic and Comparison of the theoretic and observed responses observed responses

(c) LUJ (d) NAB

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

-10 0 10 20

-2

-1

0

1

2

n = 1

n = 30

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-2

-1

0

1

2

n = 1

n = 1

n = 1

n = 60

(a) HUL (b) TWN0 20 40 60 80

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

n = 1

n = 60

0 30 60 90 120 150

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

n = 1

n = 5

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

n = 1

n = 300

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

n = 1

(g) TLO (h) SIP

(e) HRD (f) DHR

Am

p. O

f Gro

undw

ater

Lev

el C

hg. (

cm)

Am

p. O

f Gro

undw

ater

Lev

el C

hg. (

cm)

Static Volumetric Strain (10Static Volumetric Strain (10--88))

2020

DP RCPrePre--seismic Groundwater Level Changesseismic Groundwater Level Changes

EQ

2004/10/15 Ilan Earthquake, M7.0 (TWN)

1cm

1day

Filtered trend comp.Original data.

Gro

undw

ater

leve

l (cm

)

2121

DP RC

720722724726728730732

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level (cm) Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(fit) (cm)

-1-012

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(resid) (cm)

1016101710181019102010211022

Hulien:Barometer:Pressure (hPa)

131415161718

Hulien:Therometer:Air Temperature (c)

25.69025.69525.70025.70525.71025.715

Hulien:Therometer:Water Temperature (c)

00h00m00s08-02-04

12h00m00s08-02-04

00h00m00s09-02-04

12h00m00s09-02-04

00h00m00s10-02-04

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

Hulien:Raingage:Rain fall (mm)

14:10 +1.5 cm

Feb. 9 15:14, 2004, Hulien Earthquake, (M=4.3 Depth 27.6 Km)

GWL(cm)GWL(cm)

Res.(cm)Res.(cm)

Baro..(hp)Baro..(hp)

Air temp. (C)Air temp. (C)

GWL temp. (C)GWL temp. (C)

Rain fall (mm)Rain fall (mm)

2cm

6cm Obs.Tidal.

2222

DP RC

Intens.Obs. Sta.Distance

(km)Depth(km)Lat.Lon.MLOcc. TimeNo.

44HULHUL13.3 13.3 18.918.924.0524.05121.51121.514.64.62004/05/13 23:28:472004/05/13 23:28:479305393053

11HULHUL15.7 15.7 21.121.124.0924.09121.52121.524.14.12004/07/14 20:04:302004/07/14 20:04:30--

33HULHUL23.3 23.3 19.519.523.8623.86121.43121.434.84.82004/07/09 19:19:292004/07/09 19:19:299306993069

EQ

EQ

EQ

Sea levelGroundwater level

T.D.

T.D.

T.D.

2323

DP RC650

660

670

680

690

700

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level (cm) Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(fit) (cm)

-10

-5

0

5

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level(resid) (cm)

1000

1005

1010

1015

1020

Hulien:Barometer:Pressure (hPa)

10-04-05 20-04-05 30-04-05 10-05-050.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0Hulien:Raingage:Rain fall (mm)

I III II

4/5/

05

4/10

/05

4/15

/05

4/20

/05

4/25

/05

4/30

/05

5/5/

05

5/10

/05

5/15

/05

Time

3

4

5

6

Mag

nitu

de (M

L)

Seismic activity and the groundwater level Seismic activity and the groundwater level changes changes ((April~MayApril~May, 2005), 2005)

SeismicitySeismicity((MMLL))

Orig. WL. Orig. WL. (green)(green)FiltedFilted ComponentsComponents(red(red))

Residual water levelResidual water level(cm)(cm)

Barometric PressureBarometric Pressure((hpahpa))

RainfallRainfall(mm)(mm)

April,2005

May,2005

2424

DP RC

Discussion: Discussion: Possible Mechanism of Possible Mechanism of Observation in Hulien Observation WellObservation in Hulien Observation Well

Effected by ocean tideEffected by ocean tideLocated on complex fault zoneLocated on complex fault zone

Tide GaugeStation

Hulien ObservationWell

1 km200 m

Location of Hulien observation well and tidal gauge stationLocation of Hulien observation well and tidal gauge station

2525

DP RC

00h00m00s16-03-04

00h00m00s17-03-04

00h00m00s18-03-04

00h00m00s19-03-04

00h00m00s20-03-04

00h00m00s21-03-04

00h00m00s22-03-04

00h00m00s23-03-04

00h00m00s24-03-04

00h00m00s25-03-04

00h00m00s26-03-04

714

716

718

720

722

Hulien:Waterlog:Water level (cm) Hulien:Sealevel:Sealevel (cm)

Comparison of Sea Level and Comparison of Sea Level and Groundwater Level Observation Groundwater Level Observation

Red: sea level observation in Huilen Harbor (6 min)Green: Groundwater level observation in Huilen Observation(2 min)

Seasonal trend.

2626

DP RC

Possible Mechanism of Observation in Possible Mechanism of Observation in Hulien Observation WellHulien Observation Well

Wave Propagation ModelWave Propagation Model

h0

X0

觀測井 海水面

1Km

150m

16m

FaultFault

♁☉

(Source)(Receiver) (Medium)

2727

DP RCSummarySummary

Valuable information of earthquake induced Groundwater Valuable information of earthquake induced Groundwater level changes derived from dense level changes derived from dense ““Groundwater Monitoring Groundwater Monitoring Networks of TaiwanNetworks of Taiwan””

Observed coseismic patterns can fit to poroelastic behavior, Observed coseismic patterns can fit to poroelastic behavior, but the amplitudes are but the amplitudes are amplifyamplify compare to the static strain compare to the static strain sensitivity estimated from tidal response.sensitivity estimated from tidal response.

Curiously preCuriously pre--seismic groundwater level changes in the seismic groundwater level changes in the pattern of pattern of tidal deviationtidal deviation occurred repeatedly in several local occurred repeatedly in several local seismic events nearby the HUL.seismic events nearby the HUL.

The The wave propagation modelwave propagation model were issued from HUL were issued from HUL observation results.observation results.