-
~~~~~ ~~~~~
o 137 :
o 45 : .
o (Precambrian Eon)
? 38 5 : (, Archaeozoic Era) . .
? 35 : (, bluegreen algae) .
? 26 : (, Proterozoic Era) . .
? 14 : (eucaryotic cell) (, green algae) .
o 5 8 : (, Paleozoic Era)
? (Cambrian Period): 5 8~5. . .
? (Ordovician Period): 5~ 4 3000. .
? (Silurian Period): 4 3~3 9500. .
? (Devonian Period): 3 9500~3 4500. . .
? ( Carboniferous Period): 3 4500~2 8000. .
() .
? (Permian Period): 2 7000~2 3000. .
.
o 2 5 : (, Mesozoic era)
? (Triassic Period): 2 3000~1 8000. .
? (Jurassic Period): 1 8000~1 3500. , .
? ( Cretaceous period): 1 3500~6500. .
.
o 6 5 : 3 (, Tertiary Cenozoic Era) . .
? (Paleocene ): 6500~5500
? (Eocene ): 5500~3370
? (Oligocene ): 3370~2380
? (Miocene ): 2380~530
? (Pliocene ): 530~180.
o 200 : 4 (, Quaternary Cenozoic Era)
? (, Pleistocene Epoch): 200~1.
-
? 40: .
? 20: () .
? 3: () .
? (, Alluvial Epoch, , Holocene): 1~.
? 1: .
o BC 4000: (, , , ) 4 .
o BC 3000~BC 1200: .
o BC 1750:
o (Homeros, BC 800750) (Illias), (Odysseia).
o BC 753 4 21: :
o (Hesiodos, BC 710~?) "(, Theogony)" .
o (Thales, BC 624546) (arche) (). , (Herculean stone,
) .
o (Aisopos, Aesop, BC, 620~560) .
o (Anaximandros, BC 610546) (apeiron) (,,,)
. . .
o (, BC 604?.2.15531?) ().
o (Anaximenes, BC 585525) ().
o (Pythagoras, BC 582~497) ().
(kosmos).
o (Xenophanes, BC 570~480) ().
o (, Buddha, , Gotama Siddhartha, BC 563483) .
( ).
o (, BC 552~479)
o (Herakleitos, BC541~475) () . .
.
o (Ekphantos, BC 520460) (rotation) .
o (Parmenides, BC 515~445) '
()' . . .
o (Anaxagoras, BC 500428) . [(spermata)
(nous)].
o (Sophocles, BC 496~ 406) " (Oedipus Tyrannus)".
-
o (GrecoPersian Wars, BC 490480):
o (Zenon of Elea, , BC 490430) .
o (Protagoras, BC 485414) .
o (Herodotos, BC 484~425) "(, Historiae, )" .
o (Empedocles, BC 483435) (, pluralism). ,,,
(). ,.
o (Leukippos, BC 480420): .
(atom) .
o (, BC 480~390) , ().
o (Socrates, BC 469399) (, maieutike), (, eironeia,
irony), .
o (Hippokrates, BC 460377) () .
. 4
(, eukrasie). (sanguine), (cholerikier), (phlegmatic),
(melancholio).
o BC 433: (Meton, BC 460?~?) 19 7 (, Metonic cycle)
.
o (Democritus, BC 460370) . .
o (Platon, BC 429~347) (Idea).
o (Theaetetos, BC 417~369)
o (Diogenes, BC 412~323) " ". (,
Cynics).
o (Eudoxos, BC 408~355) 27 .
(Golden section, =1.618033988769...) ().
o BC 385: (Academeia) .
o (Aristoteles, BC384322) 5(quintessence).
o (Heracleides Ponticos, BC 388~315) .
o (BC 372~289) ().
o (, BC 369~BC 289) ().
o (Alexandros the Great, BC 356~323.6.13)
o (Epikouros, BC 342~271) . (Ataraxia, ' ' ).
"() ()
"
-
o BC 335: (Lykeion) .
o (Zenon of Citium, BC 335~263) (Stoicism) . .
. " .
."
o (Herophilos, BC 335~280) . .
(, duodenum) .
o (Euclid, BC 330?~275?) " (Stoikheia, Elements)".
o (Euhemeros, BC 330?~260?) "(, Hiera Anagraph)" .
.
o (, BC 320~BC 250) . " ".
o (Aristachus, BC 310~230). , .
o (, BC 298~238): ().
o BC 306: 1(Ptolemaeos I, BC 367~283) (Mouseion)
.
o (Archimedes, BC 287212) . . 13
(Archimedean Solids) .
o (Eratosthenes, BC 273~192) . '(beta, 2)'.
.
o (Apollonios of Perga, BC 262~190) .
(, epicyple), (eccentric) . (ellipse, ), (parabola,
), (hyperbola, ) . '(epsilon, 5)'.
o (BC 214~129) (, probabilism, " ") .
o (, BC 179~122): "(()" . () ,
() . 28() .
o (Hipparchos, BC 160~125) (Rhodos) .
(1 46). (epicycle) . 360 . .
.
o (Titus Lucretius Carus, BC 9955) " (On the Nature of
things)" "(Atom)" .
o (Strabon, BC64~AD 23)
. .
o (Jesus Christ, BC 6?~AD 30?)
o (Heron, 62~150) (, eolipile) .
-
o (Claudios Galenos, 129~199) , .
BC 770
o () 13 (): () (). ()
(~BC 221).
BC 433
o (Meton, BC 460?~?) 19 7 (, Metonic cycle)
.
BC 221
o (, BC 259~209): . .
BC 202
o (, BC 247~195]): () (~AD 220).
BC 129
o (Hipparchos, BC 160~125) 850 .
BC 125
o (Hipparchos, BC 160~125) 304 (304 112,
304=111,035).
BC 108
o () .
o () (): () . .
BC 104
o () (): () . 24() .
BC 45
o BC 45: (Gaius Julius Caesar, BC 100.7.12~BC 44.3.15)
(Julian
calendar) .
BC 37
o ( , BC 58~BC 19): () (~668).
BC 18
o (, ~28): () (~660).
2
o (, BC 53~AD 18) "()" .
79
-
o 8: (Pompeii) .
o (Gaius Plinius Secundus, 23~79.8.24) "(Historia
Naturalis)"
.
85
o : () .
117
o (, 78~139) "()" () .
140
o (Klaudios Ptolemaeos, 85~165) "(Almagest, ' '
)". . 360 .
197
o (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, 160~220) "(,
Apologeticum)" (37). " ". .
206
o (, ) () . 1=365+145/589=365.2462. 1
=29+773/1457=29.53054 . .
208
o (): (, 155~220) (, 182~252, 26) (,
161~223) .
220
o () . () .
242
o (Ammonios Sakkas, 175~242) (NeoPlatonism) .
250
o (Sextus Empiricus, 200?~250?) " (Outlines of Pyrrhonism)",
"Against the Logicians", "Against the Physicists", "Against the
Ethicists", "Against the
Professors" .
269
o (Plotinos, 205~269) (NeoPlatonism) .
310
-
o (): "()" . : (), (), ()
313
o 2: 1 (Constantinus I, 274.2.27~337.5.22) (Milan Edict):
.
325
o 5~6: (Council of Nicaea): . (Nicaenum) .
(Athanasius, 295~373, 30) (Arius, 250~336, 75) .
. (Easter, ) .
330
o 5 11: 1 (Constantinus I, 274.2.27~337.5.22)
(Constantinopl) . (Byzantine Empire) .
o (, 281~356): " 50 1 " () .
372
o , : 2
378
o (Battle of Adrianople): .
(Valens, 328~378.8.9) .
382
o (Eusebius Hieronymus, 345~419, Jerome, Sophronius)
" (Vulgata)" .
389
o (Aurelius Augustinus, 354.11.13~430.8.28) "(Concerning the
Teacher)" (35). (, Doctrine of Illumination) .
391
o (serapium) .
392
o 1 (Theodosius I, 346.1.11~395.1.7) .
395
o . .
409
o (Pelagius, 354~418) " "
.
-
415
o (Hypatia, 370415) .
412
o : () . 600 221 .
427
o (Aurelius Augustinus, 354.11.13~430.8.28) " (, , De
civitate Dei)" . " ' ' ' '
". (, Doctrine of Illumination) .
431
o (Council of Ephesos): (Kyrillos, 376~444.6.27)
(, Monophysitism) .
445
o (): () . 19 7( ) .
451
o (Council of Chalcedon): () .
462
o (, 429~500): () . 391 144 .
476
o (Western Roman Empire) : .
500
o (pseudoDionysius the Areopagite) " (The Celestial
Hierarchy)", " (The Eccliasstical Hierarchy)", " (The Divine
Names)", "(The Mystical Theology)" .
522
o () () . 72() .
524
o (Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, 480~524) " (De
consdatione
philosophiae)" . .
o (Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, 480~524) ,
.
525
o (St. Benedictus von Nursia, 480~550) .
-
o (Dionysius Exiguus, 470?~544?) .
527
o 14: () . .
529
o 1 (Justinianus I, 483~565.11.14) .
570
o (John Philoponus, 490~570) (Impetus theory) .
. .
o (John Philoponus, 490~570) (Tritheism) .
577
o (, 550~577) ():
.
589
o ( , 541~604): . () (~618)
604
o (, 544~610) () .
612
o (): (, ) .
618
o ()
o ( , 565~635): () (~907).
622
o 9: (Mahomet, 570?~632.6.8) (Mecca) (Medina)
(, Hegira). .
627
o (, 602~664) (~645)(25).
636
o (Isidorus, 560~636) "(Etymologiarum seu Originum libri)" .
640
o . .
660
o .
-
666
o () "()" .
667
o (Kallinikos, ) " (Greek fire)" .
668
o . .
698
o (, , ?~719): () (~926).
711
o .
718
o (, navagrha): (, Gautama Siddhanta)
() . ( ).
o 17: .
722
o (, 704~787) (18). "()" .
727
o (, 683~727): () .
732
o (Tours) (Charles Martel,
688~741.10.22) .
751
o : "()" .
o (, ?~755): (Talas) .
.
o (Pippin der Jungere, 714~768.9.24): (Carolingian dynasty)
(37).
756
o (Pippin der Jungere, 714~768.9.24) 2(Stefano II)
. .
758
o (, 705~774.6): "()" . :
-
" ()"
800
o (Charlemagne, 742.4.2~814.1.28) 3(Leo III, 750~816.6.12)
.
822
o (): () () . 1() 100(), 1() 84().
825
o (Muhammad ibn Musa alKhwarizmi alMajousi alKatarbali,
780~850)
" (On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals)" . 0 .
829
o (AlMamun, 786~833.10.10) (Baghdad) .
830
o (AlMamun, 786~833.10.10) " (Bayt alHikmah, House of Wisdom)"
.
.
o (Muhammad ibn Musa alKhwarizmi alMajousi alKatarbali,
780~850)
"alKitab almukhtasar fi hisab aljabr wa'lmuqabala, The
Compendious Book
on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" . (Algebra) .
851
o (Sulaiman alTajir) " (Akhbar alSin wa alHindu, Reports on
China and India)" . "(Sila)" .
918
o ( , 877~943): () (~1392).
935
o .
943
o (alMasudi, 888~957) " (Meadows of Gold and Mines of
Jewels)" . .
958
o 9: .
960
o (, , 927~976): () (33).
-
962
o (Holy Roman Empire) : 1 (Otto I, 912.11.23~973.5.7)
12(Johannes XII, 938~964) () .
964
o (AbdalRahman Al Sufi, 903.12.7~986.5.25) "Book of fixed stars"
.
966
o (Mutahhar ibn Tahir alMaqdisi, ?~?) " (The book of the
Creation
and of History, Kitab albad waltarikh)" .
970
o 2(AlHakam II, 914~976) (Cordoba) .
976
o .
983
o (alAzhar University) . .
990
o (Ibn Yunus, 950~1009) " (alHakim's Handbook of
Astronomical Tables, alZij alHakimi alkabir)" .
993
o 12: (, 942~998) () 1 () . 6
. () () .
1019
o (, 948~1031): () 3 () ().
1029
o (AlZarqali, Arzachel, 1029~1087) (, Astrolabe) .
o (Mohammad ibn asSaffar) (, Astrolabe) .
.
1044
o (, 998~1078): "(()" . , .
o 10: .
1054
o 720: (Michael Cerularius, 1000~1059.1.21)
-
: (~1439).
1066
o (The Norman Conquest). 1(William I, 1027~1087.9.9) .
1070
o (, 1017~1073) "()" . () .
o (, 1020~1077): " ()" . () .
o (, 1011~1077): "()" .
1075
o (, 1031~1095) "()" .
1077
o (Anselmus, 1033~1109) "(Monologium)" .
o (Humiliation at Canossa): 4(Heinrich IV,
1050.11.11~1106.8.7,
27) 7(Gregorius VII, 1020~1085.5.25)
.
1085
o 6(Alfonso VI, 10401109.7.1) (Toledo) .
1086
o (Doomesday Book) .
1090
o () (, 1020~1101): ()
() .
1092
o () (, 1020~1101): () .
.
1095
o (, 1031~1095) "()" . () , , ,
. .
o 2(Urbanus II, 1042~1099.7.29) (Council of Clermont) 1
.
1096
o (1096~1270, 174 ).
1097
o 1: () .
-
1106
o (, Yao Shunfu, ): () . 73 1 .
25725/360=71.5/.
1102
o 6 8: () .
1108
o 2: (, 1050~1111.5.8) 9 .
1115
o (, 1068~1123): (~1234).
1116
o () "()" . .
1117
o (Peter Abelard, 1079~1142.4.21) " (Sic et Non)" . 158
.
1118
o (Odre Des Templiers, The Knights Templar) . (Hugues de
Payens, 1070~1136) 8 .
1119
o (, ) "()" . .
1123
o 1: (, 1091~1153): "()" .
.
1126
o (Adelard of Bath, ) . Algoritmi de numero Indorum
("alKhwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning")
1137
o : "()" .
1144
o (Robert of Chester, ) " (Liber de compositione
alchimiae)" . .
1145
o 23: (, 1075~1151): () .
-
o (Robert of Chester, ) (Muhammad ibn Musa alKhwarizmi
alMajousi
alKatarbali, 780~850) .
1154
o (Abu Abd Allah Abdullah Muhammed ibn Muhammed ibn Ash Sharif
al Idrisi,
1099~1166) " (The Pleasure Excursion of One who is Eager to
Traverse the Regions of the World The Book of Roger)" .
.
1158
o (University of Bologna) ().
1167
o (University of Oxford) .
1175
o (Gherard of Cremona, 1114~1187): (Almagest) ,
(Elements) .
1186
o (, 1130~1200): "()" .
1190
o (Alexander Neckam, 1157.9.8~1217) " (De Utensilbus)" (33).
.
1198
o (Ibn Rushd Averroes von Cordoba, 1126~1198) .
( ) .
. .
1199
o ( ): () . 1=365.2425.
1202
o (Leonardo Fibonacci, 1170~1250) "(Liber Abaci)" (32).
1204
o (Moses Maimonides, 1135.3.30~1204.12.13) "
(The Guide of the Perplexed)" . . "
".
o (, , Chingiz Khan, 1155~1227.8.18) .
-
1209
o (University of Cambridge) .
o (Francesco d'Assisi, 1182~1226.10.3) (Franciscan Order)
.
1215
o (University of Paris) ().
o 1111~30: 4 : "", ""
.
1216
o (Dominicus, 1170~1221.8.6): (Dominican Order) .
o (): () ( 1210 ()
). () .
1219
o (, , Chingiz Khan, 1155~1227.8.18) .
1222
o (University of Padua) . ,
.
1224
o 2(Friedrich II, 1194.12.26~1250.12.13) (University of
Napoli)
.
1229
o 9(Gregorius IX, 1165~1241.8.22): (University of Toulouse)
.
1230
o (Robert Grosseteste, 1175~1253.10.9, R. Bacon ) "(De Colore)"
.
, .
-
o (John Sacrobosco, 1195~1256) " (Tractatus De Sphaera)"
(35). .
1231
o (University of Salerno) ().
o 4 13: 9(Gregorius IX, 1165~1241.8.22): " (Parens
Scientarum)" : .
o 1 .
1232
o
"()" .
1234
o ( 21) () . "()" .
1235
o (John Sacrobosco, 1195~1256) "(De Anni Ratione)" . (Julian
calendar) .
1236
o "" ( ) .
o "()" . (, ?~1246) .
1242
o (Roger Bacon, 1214~1294.6.11) "De secretis operibus artis et
natur"
(Black Powder) (28).
1247
o (Nasir alTusi, 1201.2.18~1274.6.26) " (Tahrir alMajisti,
Commentary on the Almagest)" . .
o (, ): " ( )" . 1241~1252
.
1250
o (Abu Yahya Zakariya Ibn Muhammad alQazwini, 1203~1283) "
(Monument of Places and History of God's Bondsmen, Athar albilad
waakhbar
alibad)" .
1252
o 10(Alfonso X, 1221.11.23~1284.4.4) " (Alfonsine Tables)"
(31).
-
1253
o (Robert Grosseteste, 1175~1253.10.9) "(Physics)"
, .
o : .
1258
o 2: (Baghdad) . (Abbasid dynasty) .
1267
o (Roger Bacon, 1214~1294.6.11) "(Major Work, Opus Maius)" .
.
o (Jamal alDin , ) 7(, , , , ,
, ) (, 1215~1294) .
o (Jamal alDin , ) "()" .
1268
o (Roger Bacon, 1214~1294.6.11) " (Communia naturalium)",
" (Communia mathematica)" . " ". "
".
1269
o (Peter Peregrinus of Maricourt, 1214~1294) " (Epistola de
magnete)" . .
o (): (Phagspa Lodro Gyaltsen, , , 1235~1280)
( 8, 31) .
1270
o (, 1231~1316) (Torquetum) ()
(39).
o (Ali alHasan ibn alHaytham, 965~1039) " () 7
(Opticae thesaurus Alhazeni libri vii)" .
1271
o ( , , 1215~1294): () (~1368).
o (Nasir alTusi, 1201.2.18~1274.6.26) " (Ziji Ilkhani, Ilkhan
Tables)" .
, .
1272
o (Roger Bacon, 1214~1294.6.11) " (Compendium philosophiae)"
.
1273
-
o (Thomas Aquinas, 1225~1274.3.7) "(, Summa Theologiae)"
. .
1275
o "Carta Pisana" .
1277
o 3 7: (Stephen Tempier, ~) 219
.
1280
o (Albertus Magnus, 1193?~1280.11.15) " (De Alchimia)" .
o (, 1206~1289): () .
o (, 1215~1294): () .
1281
o (, 1235~1281), (, 1231~1316) (, 1209~1281):
() .
1296
o (Portolan Chart) .
1299
o (Marco Polo, 1254~1324.1.8) "(, The Description of the
World)". 'Cipangu' (>Jihpenkuo> Cipangu) .
o (Firenze, Florence) .
o (,) "()" .
1304
o (, ~1304) .
1305
o (Raimundus Lullus, 1232~1315.6.29) " (Ars Magna)" .
1307
o 10 13: (The Knights Templar) . (Jacque de
Molay,1244~1314.3.19) .
1308
o 34: () () ().
1309
o : (, Avignonese Captivity) (~1377).
-
1313
o (Berthold der Schwarze, Berthold Schwarz, ) .
1316
o 22 (Joannes XXII, 1249~1334) .
1318
o (Petrus Vesconte, ) 16 .
1321
o (Alighieri Dante, 1265~1321.9.14) "(, Divina Commedia)" .
1323
o : (Thomas Aquinas, 1225~1274.3.7) ().
1327
o (Jean Buridan, 1295~1358) "
(impetus) ". (32). 'impetus'
(causa efficiens).
o (Thomas Bradwardine, 1290~1349.8.26) " (De Continuo)" .
1328
o (Thomas Bradwardine, 1290~1349.8.26) "(, Treatise on the
Proportions of Velocity in Motion)" . .
1330
o (Levi ben Gershom, 1288~1344) ( , Cross Staff, Jacob's
Staff)
.
1335
o (Richard of Wallingford, 1290~1335) .
o (William Heytesbury William Hentisbery, 1313~1373) "
(Regulae Solvendi Sophismata, Rules for Solving Sophism)" .
(Merton rule, ) .
1337
o (Hundred Years' War) (~1453).
1342
o (Francesco Petraraca, 1304.7.20~1374.7.19) "(Canzoniere)"
(38).
1348
o (, Black Death, pest) .
-
1350
o (Suiseth Richard Swineshead The Calculator, ) " (Liber
Calculationum, Book of calculations)" .
1353
o (Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313~1375.12.21) "(Decameron)" .
1356
o 4(Karl IV, 1316.5.14~1378.11.29): (Goldene Bulle, )
. 7 (, prince elector) .
1363
o 12: (, 1329~1398): () (33).
() () .
1364
o (Giovanni de Dondi, 1318~1389) (Astrarium) .
1368
o (, 1328.10.21~1398.6.24): () (~1644). () .
o (, 1311~1375): "()" .
1370
o ( 19): "()" .
1377
o ( 3): (:
) .
o ( 3): (, 1326~1395.4.19): () .
o (Nicole d' Oresme, 1325~1382.7.11) " " . .
"' ' ' '
.", " ".
1378
o (~1417): .
1380
o ( 6): (, 1326~1395.4.19): .
.
1391
o (Geoffrey Chaucer, 1342~1400.10.25) Lewis
"(Treatise on the Astrolabe )" .
-
1392
o .
1395
o 4: (, 1320~1402): ()
(25).
1396
o 5: () (), () () .
1397
o (Franco Sacchetti, 1332~1400) "300 (Trecentonovelle)" .
1398
o () .
1402
o 2 5: : () .
o 2 8: (, 1333~1407), (, 1355~1409), :
"()" .
1403
o 3 () .
o () () . ()
() .
1410
o (Pierre d'Ailly, 1350~1420.8.9) " (Imago Mundi)" .
.
o (Titus Lucretius Carus, BC 9955) " (On the
Nature of things)" .
1415
o () () 13: () .
1417
o 17: () .
1418
o 8 10: (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 21)
.
1420
-
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 23) 2.
() (23). (1376~1451).
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 23) 2.
() .
1421
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 24) 3:
(), (), () () .
1424
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 27) 6.
() .
1426
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 27) 8. (),
, () . .
1429
o 5: (Jeanne d'Arc, 1412.1.6~1431.5.28, 19 )
(Orleans) (17).
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 32) 11: (,
~1434.6.2), (, 1396~, 33): "()" .
1431
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 34) 13:
() . (), ().
1432
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 35) 14.
"" . (, 1380~1436), (, 1382~1433). "
( )" .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 35) 14.
() .
o (, Armillary Sphere) : (, 1396~1478, 36) (,
~1434.6.2) , (1376~1451) () .
1433
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 36) 15:
(), (, ~1455.10, 1441 "" ):
() . () .
-
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 36) 15:
"()" : (, Armillary Sphere), (), (),
() .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 36) 15:
() 85 . (), (), (, ~1452),
()
1434
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 37) 16.
() .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 37) 16 10 2:
() () () .
1436
o (Leon Battista Alberti, 1404.2.14~1472.4.25) "" . (,
Perspective) .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 39) 18:
"()" .
1437
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 40) 19.
() (), (),
() . (, ~1434.6.2), (), (,
~1455. 1441 "" ), , (, 1385~1440)
1438
o .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450, 41) 20:
(). () .
1440
o (Lorenzo Valla, 1407~1457.8.1) ' (Donation of
Constantine)'
, (33).
o (Nicolaus Cusanus, Nicholas Krebs, Nicolaus Chrypffs,
1401~1464.8.11) "
(On Learned Ignorance, De docta ignorantia)" (39).
" ". " ". (, Globular
Earth). .
1441
-
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 23.
() .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 23. (),
(), (), (), (), ()
. () .
o () () () . .
1442
o (Academieia Platonica)(~1494): (Cosimo de Medici,
1389.9.271464.8.1) . (Johannes Bessarion, 1403~1472.11.18)
(Geogius Gemistus Plethon, 1355~1450) . .
.
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 24: (,
1396~1478), (, ~1434.6.2): "()" .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 24: (,
1406~1465, 36), (, 1416~1464, 26): "()" .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 24 3:
() .
1443
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 25: 28 .
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 25: ()
.
1445
o (Johannes Gutenberg, 1397~1468.2.3) .
o 27 4: "()" .
o 27: (, 1406~1465, 39) "()" .
o 27: "()" .
1446
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) .
1447
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 29: ()
.
1448
o 5(Nicolaus V, 1397.11.15~1455.3.24): (Vatican Library) .
-
o (1397.4.10/5.15~1450.4.8/5.18, 14181450) 30 9:
() .
1449
o (Nicolaus Cusanus, Nicholas Krebs, Nicolaus Chrypffs,
1401~1464.8.11)
.
1450
o (Nicolaus Cusanus, Nicholas Krebs, Nicolaus Chrypffs,
1401~1464.8.11) "
(On Experiments Done with Weightscales, Idiota De Staticis
Experimentis)" .
1451
o 1: "()" .
1453
o 5 29: (Osman Turk Empire) 2(Mehmed II,
1432.3.20~1481.5.3, 21): . (Byzantine Empire) .
o (John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle, 1426?~1453.7.17) .
1455
o (Wars of reses) (~1485). (House of York, White rose)
(House of Lancaster, Red rose) .
1463
o (, 1417~1468) 9: (), (, 1415~1482): "()"
.
1464
o (Johann Mller Regiomontanus, 1436.6.6~1476.7.6) "
(De triangulis omnimodis, On triangles of every kind)" (28).
1466
o 12: () () .
1471
o (Marsilio Ficino, 1433.10.19~1499.10.1) "(Shepherd of men,
Pimander)"
(38).
1474
o (Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, 1397~1482.5.10)
.
o (Johann Mller Regiomontanus, 1436.6.6~1476.7.6)
"(Ephemerides)"
-
(38). "(, Lunar Distance)" (Longitude) .
1474~1506 .
1475
o (Konrad von Megenberg, 1309~1374.3.14) " (Das Buch der
Natur)" . .
1479
o : (Aragun) 2(Fernando II, 1452.3.10~1516.1.23)
(Castilla) (Isabel I, 1451.4.22~1504.11.26) .
o (, 1427~1504): .
1480
o (Martin Bahaim, 1459~1507.7.29) (, , Astrolabe,
) (21).
1481
o 12: () .
1482
o (Marsilio Ficino, 1433.10.19~1499.10.1) " (Theologia
Platonica)" .
1484
o (Chritian Rosenkreutz, 1378~1484) (Rosicrucian) .
o " (Latin Herbarius)" .
1486
o (Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, 1463.2.24~1494.11.17) "
(Oration on the
Destiny of Man)" (23). .
1488
o (Bartolomeu Diaz, 1450~1500.5.29) (Cape of Good Hope) .
1489
o (Marsilio Ficino, 1433.10.19~1499.10.1) " (De Vita
coelitus comparanda)" .
1492
o 1: (Granada) , (Reconquista) .
o 8 3 (Christopher Columbus, 1451.8.26~1506.5.21) 1 .
o (Martin Bahaim, 1459~1507.7.29) (, globe) .
1493
o (Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, 1463.2.24~1494.11.17) " "
.
-
1494
o .
o 6 7: : (Treaty of Tordesillas) .
o (Luca Pacioli, 1445~1510) "(, Summa de arithmetica,
geometria,
proporcioni e proporcionalita)" . (double bookkeeping) .
1495
o (Aldo Pio Manuzio, 1449~1515.2.6) (Aldine Press) . ' '
. . 8 () .
1497
o (Vasco da Gama, 1469~1524) ( 28). .
1498
o (Leonardo da Vinci, 1452.4.15~1519.5.2)
" " .
1500
o (Hieronymus Brunschwygk, ) " " .
1501
o (Amerigo Vespucci, Americi Vespucii, 1454.3.9~1512.2.22)
.
1503
o (Amerigo Vespucci, Americi Vespucii, 1454.3.9~1512.2.22) ""
.
1507
-
o (Martin Waldseemller, 1475~1522) " (Cosmographiae
introductio)"
(32). .
1509
o (Luca Pacioli, 1445~1510) " (The Devine Proportion)" .
1510
o (Raffaello Sanzio, 1483.4.6~1520.4.6) " (School of
Athens)"
(27).
o (Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, 1486.9.14~1535) "(De occulta
philosophia
libri tres)" (24).
o (Peter Henlein, 1480~1542): (spiral spring) (
, Pocket watch) " " (30).
1511
o (Desiderius Erasmus, 1469.10.27~1536.7.12) "(, Praise of
Folly, Encomium Moriae)" .
1513
o 10 (Leo X, 1475.11.11~1521.12.1) (Council of Laterano) .
(Averroes, ) .
1514
o (Johannes Werner, 1468.2.14~1522) "(, Lunar Distance)"
(Longitude) .
1516
-
o (Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, 1469.5.3~1527.6.21) "(Il
principe)"
.
o (Thomas More, 1477.2.7~1535.7.6) "(Utopia)" (39).
o (Pietro Pomponazzi, 1462.9.16~1525.5.18) " (On the Immortality
of the
Soul)" .
1517
o 10 (Leo X, 1475.11.11~1521.12.1) .
o 10 31 (Martin Luther, 1483.11.10~1546.2.18) "95 " ( 34).
.
o 12: (, ) () .
1518
o 13: () .
1519
o 8 10 (Ferdinand Magellan, 1480~1521.4.27) (Sevilla)
(Torre del Oro) (~1522).
1521
o 8 13: (Hernan Cortes, 1485~1547.12.2) (Aztec)
(36).
o (Berengarius of Carpi, 1470~1550) .
1525
o (Jacob Zech) (, fusee) .
o (): () (, 1279~1368) "()"
"(, astrolabe)" .
1526
o (Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus, 1493.11.10~1541.9.24)
"(Philosophia
Occulta)" . (, zinc) "zink( )" (33).
1527
o (, 1473~1542.2.10) "()" .
-
o 5: (Sacco di Roma): 5(Carl V, 1500.2.24~1558.9.21)
. .
1530
o (Regnier Gemma Frisius, 1508.12.8~1555.5.25) "()
() (On the Principles of Astronomy and Cosmography, with
Instruction for
the Use of Globes, and Information on the World and on Islands
and Other Places Recently
Discovered)" . (22).
o 1(Francois I, 1494.9.12~1547.3.31) (College De France) .
.
1531
o (The Great Comet, ) .
o 25: () .
1532
o (Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus, 1493.11.10~1541.9.24) "
(Exposition
of the Comet)" .
1533
o (Francisco Pizarro, 1475~1541.6.26) (Cuzco) .
1534
o 8 (Henry VIII, 1491.6.28~1547.1.28): (Act of Supremacy) .
(, , The Anglican Domain) .
o 8 15: (Ignatius de Loyola, 1491~1556.7.31) (Francisco de
Xavier,
, 1506.4.71552.12.3) 7 : (Montmartre)
(Society of Jesus, Jesuits) .
o (Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus, 1493.11.10~1541.9.24) "
(Von
der Bergsucht)" .
1535
o 2 13: (Tartaglia, Nicola Fontana, 1499~1557.12.13)
(36).
1536
o (John Calvin, 1509.7.10~1564.5.27) " (Institutio christianae
religionis)"
. ( ) .
o (Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus, 1493.11.10~1541.9.24) "(The
Great
Surgery Book, Die grosse Wundartzney)" . : (Luther)
-
1537
o (Tartaglia, Nicola Fontana, 1499~1557.12.13) "(Nova
Scientia)"
(38). .
o (Albrecht Durer, 1471.5.21~1528.4.6) " (De varietate
Figurarum)"
.
1539
o (Jerome Bock, 1498~1554) " (Neu Kreutterbuch)" .
1540
o 9 27: (Ignatius de Loyola, 1491~1556.7.31): (Society of
Jesus, Jesuits) .
o (Lodovico Ferrari, 1522.2.2~1565.10.5) 4 (18).
o (Vanoccio Biringuccio, 1480~1539) " (De la
pirotechnia)" .
o (Georg Joachim Rheticus, 1514.2.16~1576.12.5)
" (Narratio Prima)" (26).
1541
o (Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475.3.6~1564.2.18) (Cappella
Sistina) " (Last Judgment)" .
o " (De Alchemia)" .
o (Nicholas Oursian, ~1590) Hampton Court .
1542
o (Jean Francois Fernel, 1497~1558) " (De naturali parte
medicinae, On the Natural Parts of Medicine)" .
"(Physiology)"
o (magnetic agonic line) .
1543
-
o (Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473.2.19~1543.5.24) " De
revolutionibus orbium celestium" (4)
o (Andreas Vesalius, 1514.12.31~1564.10.15) " (De humani
corporis fabrica libri septem)" ( 29).
o 38: (, 1495~1554): (, )
.
o () (, Kagoshima)
.
1544
o (Georg Hartmann, 1489.2.9~1564.4.8) .
o (Paris guild of clockmakers)
1545
o (Girolamo Cardano, 1501.9.24~1576.9.21) " (Ars Magna)" . 3
4 . (Imaginary number) .
o (, 1489~1546): (), (), (),
() . ().
o (Luigi Anguillara, 1512~1570): .
1546
o (Georgius Agricola, 1494.3.24~1555.11.21) "(, basalt)"
(). .
1547
o (Girolamo Cardano, 1501.9.24~1576.9.21) " " .
1550
-
o (Juan de Rojas Sarmiento) "Commentarium de astrolabium" .
"
(Rojas universal astrolabe)" .
o " (Rosarium philosophorum)" .
1551
o (Georg Joachim Rheticus, 1514.2.16~1576.12.5) " (Canon
doctrinae
triangulorum)" (37). , , 10 .
1553
o (Giambattista Benedetti, Giovanni Battista Benedetti,
1530.8.14~1590.1.20)
(23).
1555
o (Petrus Ramus, 1515~1572.8.26) " (Dialectique )" . .
(Rhetoric) (Dialectics) . F. Bacon .
o 10: () .
o (Augsburger Religionsfrieden) :
.
1556
o (Georgius Agricola, 1494.3.24~1555.11.21) " (De re
metallica)"
.
o (Regnier Gemma Frisius, 1508.12.8~1555.5.25) "De astrolabe
catholico" .
(, Astrolabe) .
1557
o 4(Paul , 1476~1559): (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) 1
(~1966 ).
o 12: () .
1558
o (Giambattista della Porta, John Baptist Porta,
1535.11.1~1615.2.4, Porta
) "(Natural Magic)" (23). , Camera Obscura(,
Dark Room, ) .
o (Nostradamus, 1503~1566) " (, Le Sie'cles)" .
o (Federico Commandino, 1509~1575.9.5) .
1560
o (Giambattista della Porta, John Baptist Porta,
1535.11.1~1615.2.4, Porta
) (Academia Secretorum Natura, The Academy of the
-
Mysteries of Nature) ( 1578 ). .
1562
o (Sextus Empiricus, 200?~250?) .
.
1565
o (Bernardino Telesio, 1509~1588.10.2) " (De
rerum natura juxta propria principia)" 1 . F. Bacon .
o (, 1501~1570): (, 1538~1593, 28)
(= )
.
o (Federico Commandino, 1509~1575.9.5) " (Liber de
centro gravitatis solidorum)" .
1566
o (Federico Commandino, 1509~1575.9.5) .
1569
o (Gerardus Kremer Mercator, 1512.3.5~1594.12.2) (conformal
cylindrical projection, ) .
o (Tycho Brahe, , 1546.12.14~1601.10.24) (23).
1570
o (Abraham Ortels, 1527.4.14~1598.7.4) " (Theatrum
orbis terrarum)" .
1571
o 4: () 120 .
1572
o 11 11: (Tycho Brahe, , 1546.12.14~1601.10.24)
" (New star)" (26). Type I supernova.
1576
o (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1533.2.28~1592.9.13) "
-
(Apology for Raymond Sebond)" . ' ?(Que Sais Je?)'
.
o (Aloigi Giglio Luigi Lilio Giraldi, 1510~1576) (4
, 100 , 400 ) .
1577
o (Guidobaldo del Monte, 1545.1.11~1607.1.6) "(Mechanics,
Liber
mechanicorum)" (32). , , . (moment of force, T=rxF)
.
o (Henry Peacham, 1546~1634) " , ,
, .
, (The Garden of Eloquence)"
(31).
o (, 1538~1593) (39).
o (Jost Burgi, 1552.2.28~1632.1.31) Tycho
Brahe(1546.12.14~1601.10.24)
(minute hand) (25).
1578
o (Gerardus Kremer Mercator, 1512.3.5~1594.12.2)
.
1579
o (Francois Viete, 1540~1603.2.13) "(Canon Mathematicus seu ad
triagula)"
(39). (The father of modern algebra). ,
.
1580
o (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1533.2.28~1592.9.13) "(Essays)"
1,2 .
1581
o (Robert Norman, ) " (The New Attractive)" .
. (, magnetic dip) .
o (William Borogh, 1536~1599) " (Treatise on the variation
of
the compass)" .
1582
o (Christopher Clavius, 1538.3.25~1612.2.2) (Aloigi Giglio,
1510~1576) (4 , 100 , 400
) . . .
-
o 2 24: 13 (Gregorius XIII, 1502.6.7~1585.4.10) (Gregorian
calendar) (Inter Gravissimas). 10 4 10 15 .
o 8 7: (Matteo Ricci, , , 1552.10.6~1610.5.11) ()
(30).
1583
o (Joseph Justus Scaliger, 1540.8.5~1609.1.21) "(De
emendatione
remporum)" . Julian Period (28*19*15=7980) .
o (Thomas Fincke, 1561.1.6~1656.4.24) "(, Geometria rotundi)"
.
secant, tangent .
1584
o (Giordano Bruno, 1548~1600.2.17) ", " (36).
o (Tycho Brahe, , 1546.12.14~1601.10.24) (Tychonic system)
(38). , .
1585
o (Simon Stevin, 1548~1620.2) "10 1 (De Thiende)" .
(, 5.912).
o (Jost Burgi, 1552.2.28~1632.1.3)
(crossbeat escapement) (33).
1586
o (Simon Stevin, 1548~1620.2) " (The Elements of
Equilibrium)"
(37).
o (Simon Stevin, 1548~1620.2) "(Hydrostatics, De Beghinselen
des
Waterwichts)" (37).
1588
o 1(Elizabeth I, 1533.9.7~1603.3.24) (Armada Invincible)
.
1590
o (Tycho Brahe, , 1546.12.14~1601.10.24) 777 .
1591
-
o (Francois Viete, 1540~1603.2.13) " (In artem analyticam
isagogue)" .
1592
o 25 4 14: () .
1593
o (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) (thermoscope)
(30). .
1594
o (William Shakespeare, 1564.4.26~1616.4.23) " (Romeo and
Juliet)" .
1595
o (Zacharias Janssen, 1580~1638) .
o (John Davis, 1550~1605) " (Seaman's Secrets)" (
, back staff) .
o (Abraham Ortels, 1527.4.14~1598.7.4) " (Theatrum orbis
terrarum)"
.
o (Andreas Libavius, 1560~1616.7.25) " (Rerum
chymicarum liber)" .
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) .
1596
-
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " (Mysterium
cosmographicum)" (25). .
1597
o (Gresham College) . .
o (Andreas Libavius, 1560~1616.7.25) "(Alchymia)" (37).
.
1598
o 413: 4(Henri IV, 1553.12.13~1610.5.14): (The Edict of
Nantes)
(1685 10 18 ). (, Huguenot)
.
o 3(Felipe III, 1578~1621): (Longitude) .
o (Tycho Brahe, , 1546.12.14~1601.10.24) " " .
1599
o (Edward Wright, 1558~1615) " (Certain Errors of
Navigation)"
. Mercator .
,
1600
o (William Gilbert, 1544.5.24~1603.12.10) " (De Magnete)" .
, . (, effluvium, BC 50 Lucretius ).
(magnetic pole) N S .
o (Jan Baptista van Helmont, 1579.1.12~1644.12.30) ' '.
chaos
-
'(gas)' .
o (Richard Hakluyt, 1552~1616.11.23) " (Principl Mavigations,
Voyages
and Discoveries of the English Nation)" 2 (Coray) .
1601
o " (Lincei dei Accademia, Lincei Lynx ) ".
: (Federico Cesi, 1585~1630), , ,
1602
o (Matteo Ricci, , , 1552.10.6~1610.5.11)
"()" .
1603
o (Matteo Ricci, , , 1552.10.6~1610.5.11) "()" .
o (, 1552.6.24~1627.4.1) (, 1547~1624):
"()" .
o (Hugh Plat, 1552~1608) (Cokes) .
o (Johannes Bayer, 1572~1625.3.7) "(, Uranometria)" (31).
, ,... .
1604
o (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) " " . .
o (): "()" . ( ()
(, 1565~1631) () 8
).
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " " .
o 10 11: .
1605
-
o ( Francis Bacon, 1561.1.22~1626.4.9) " " .
.
o (Matteo Ricci, , , 1552.10.6~1610.5.11) "()" .
1606
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) "() (de Stella
Nova"
.
1607
o (Matteo Ricci, , , 1552.10.6~1610.5.11) (,
1562.4.24~1633.11.8): "()" . ""
.
o (Matteo Ricci, , , 1552.10.6~1610.5.11)
"()" .
o 39: 1 . ()
(,1567~1632).
1608
o (Hans Lippershey, 1570~1619) (38).
1609
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " (Astronomia
nova):
(De motibus stellae Martis, On the motion of the star Mars)"
.
1,2 (38). (Andreas Osiander,
1498.12.19~1552.10.17) . : (Luther)
o (, 1554~1637) "()" .
o (Oswald Croll, 1560~1609.12.25) " (Basilica Chymica)" .
1610
o (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) (Galilean telescope,
-
, ). .
o 1 7: (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) .
o 3 12: (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) " (Sidereus
Nuncius,
The Sidereal Messenger)" .
o 9: (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) .
o (, 1546~1615) "()" .
o (Jean Beguin, 1550~1620) "(Tyrocinium chymicum)" .
1611
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " (The
SixCornered
Snowflake)" . . (Total internal
reflection) .
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) "(Dioptrice)" .
.
o (Christoph Scheiner, 1575.7.25~1650.6.18) (36).
o (Simon Sturtevant, 1570~) .
o (Sabbathino de Ursis, , 1575~1620) "()"
(36).
o King James Version(KJV) of English Bible .
1612
o (, 1552.6.24~1627.4.1) ( ) "()" .
o 5: (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) " (Discourse
on Bodies in Water)" .
o (Simon Sturtevant, 1570~) " (Patent Treatise of
Metallica)" . ("Heureticathe Art of inventions, teaching how to
find the new
and judge the old")
1613
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " (Nova
Stereometria
Dilorum Vinariorum)" .
-
1614
o (, 1563~1628): (1590, 1597, 1611) .
"()" .
o (John Napier, 1550~1617.4.4) " (Mirifici Logarithmorum
Canonis Descriptio)" .
o (Santorio Santorio, 1561~1636) "" . , ,
. " ".
o (The Rosicrucian Manifestoes) . "Fama Fraternitatis"
o (Isaac Casaubon, 1559.2.18~1614.7.1) " (Corpus
Hermeticum)"
.
o (Sabbathino de Ursis, , 1575~1620) "()" (39).
1615
o (Emmanuel Diaz, , , 1574~1659) "()" .
(Ptolemaeos) .
o (Willebrord van Roijen Snell, 1591~1626.10.30) .
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " " .
1616
o (William Barlowe, ) " (Magneticall advertisement)" .
1617
o (Johann Popp, 1577~?) " (Chymischen Medicin)" .
1618
o 30 (1618~1648): (Protestants) (Catholic) .
o (Robert Fludd, 1574~1637.9.8) .
o (, 1566~1628) "()" .
o (Michael Maier, 1568~1622) " (Atalanta fugiens)" .
1619
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " (Harmonices Mundi)"
.
3 .
o (Johann Valentin Andreae, 1586.8.17~1654.6.27)
"(Christianopolis)" .
.
-
1620
o (Francis Bacon, 1561.1.22~1626.4.9) " (Novum Organum)" .
o 12 21: ( Pilgrim Fathers) (Mayflower)
.
o (Jost Burgi, 1552.2.28~1632.1.3) (logarithm) .
1621
o (Robert Fludd, 1574~1637.9.8) " , ,
(Utriusque cosmi, maioris scilicet et minoris, metaphysica,
physica atque technica historia)"
.
o (Jan Baptista van Helmont, 1579.1.12~1644.12.30) " (De
magnetica vulnerum curatione)" .
1622
o (John Daniel Mylius, 1584~1628) " (Philosophia reformata)"
.
1623
o (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) " (, , ,
, Il Saggiatore, The Assayer)" . . "
(The book of nature is written in the language of
mathematics)".
o (Giulio Aleni, , , 1582~1649)"()" .
o (Johann Adam Schall von Bell, , , 1591.5.1~1666.8.15,
32) (, 1562.4.24~1633.11.8): "()" .
1812 .
? (William Shakespeare, 1564.4.26~1616.4.23) 2
. 1624
(crator)
o (Pierre Gassendi, 1592.1.22~1655.10.24) " "
(32). . .
1626
o 4: (, 1580~1637) .
-
1627
o (Francis Bacon, 1561.1.22~1626.4.9) " (The New Atlantis)" .
"
(Ipsa scientia potestas est)". " ".
o (, , , , , Jan Jansen Weltevree, 1595~):
().
o (Johannes Kepler, 1571.12.27~1630.11.15) " (Rudolphine
Tables)"
.
1628
o (William Harvey, 1578.4.1~1657.6.3) "
" . . (Claudios Galenos, 129~199)
.
o (Monsieur de Chandoux, ~1631) (probability) . .
o (Rene Des Cartes, 1596.3.31~1650.2.11) " (Rules for the
Direction of the Mind)" (32).
o (, 1565~1631): "()" .
1629
o (Giovanni Branca, 1571.4.22~1645.1.24) "(Le Machine)" .
(Suffator).
1630
o (Christoph Scheiner, 1575.7.25~1650.6.18) " (Rosa Ursina)"
.
-
.
1631
o 9 6 24: (, 1581~?)
(, , Joao Rodriguez, 1561~1633.8.1) (),
(), () "()", "()",
"()", "()", "()", "()"
" ()" "()", "()",
"()" .
o (, 1554~1637) "()" .
o (Ben Johnson, 1572.6.11~1637.8.6) " (The magnetic lady)" .
o (Pierre Vernier, 1580~1637) (vernier calipers, vernier scale)
.
o (The worshipful company of Clock makers of London) .
1632
o (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) "
(Dialogue on the Two Principal World Systems)" .
.
o (Francesco Bonaventura Cavalieri, 1598~1647.11.30) " (Lo
Specchio Ustorio)" . ( ) .
1633
o 6 22: (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) .
o (Henry Gellibrand, 1597.11.17~1637.2.16) (magnetic
declination)
. (36)
1634
o "()" .
1635
o (, 1580~1637) "()" .
o (Francesco Bonaventura Cavalieri, 1598~1647.11.30) "
(Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione
promota)"
(37). (Cavalieri's principle).
1636
o ( , 1592~1643, ): () .
o 14 12: ()(~1637 1).
o (Pierre Jean Fabre, ) " (Les Secrets Chimiques)" .
-
o (Marin Mersenne, 1588.9.8~1648.9.1) " (Harmonie universelle)"
.
.
1637
o (Rene Des Cartes, 1596.3.31~1650.2.11) " (Discourse on the
Method of
Rightly Conducting One's Reason and Seeking the Truth in the
Sciences, and in addition the
Optics, the Meteorology and the Geometry, which are essays in
this Method)" . ",
(cogito, ergo sum)". .
o (, 1580~1637) "()"
"()" .
1638
o (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) " ( ()
: Discorsie dimonstrazioni mathematiche intorno a due nuove
scienze
attenenti alla meccanica)" .
o (Jacques Rho, , 1593~1638.4.26) "()" .
.
1640
o (Jakob Bhme, 1575~1624) " ,
(Mysterium Magnum, oder Erkl rung ber das erste Buch Mosis)"
.
( , , ). .
1641
o (Rene Des Cartes, 1596.3.31~1650.2.11) "(Meditations on First
Philosophy)"
. .
1642
o ( Puritan Revolution)
o (Joachim Jungius, 1587.10.22~1657.9.17) "
".
1643
o (Evangelista Torricelli, 1608.10.15~1647.10.25) . =760
mmHg.
( 35).
o ( , 1608~?, 35) ()
.
1644
o () . () .
-
o (Marin Mersenne, 1588.9.8~1648.9.1) " (Cogitata
PhysicaMathematica)" (2^p1) . .
o (Rene Des Cartes, 1596.3.31~1650.2.11) " (Principia
philosophiae)" .
o (John Milton, 1608.12.9~1674.11.8) " (Areopagitica)" (36).
.
o 22: (, 1580~1658) "()" .
o (Evangelista Torricelli, 1608.10.15~1647.10.25) " (De
dimensione parabolae)" (36).
1645
o (Johann Adam Schall von Bell, , , 1591.5.1~1666.8.15)
"()" . () .
o (Johann Adam Schall von Bell, , , 1591.5.1~1666.8.15)
"()" "()" .
o (, 1612~1645): () .
o (Robert Boyle, 1627.1.25~1691.12.30) " (Invisible
College)"
(18).
1647
o (Francis Lodwick, 1619~1694) "
(A Common Writing
Whereby Two, Although Not Understanding One the Other's
Language, Yet by the Helpe
thereof may Communicate their Minds One to Another)" (28).
o (Gregory of Saint Vincent, 1584.9.8~1667.10.16) "(Opus
geometricum
quadraturae circuli et sectionum coni)" .
1648
o 1024: (Peace of Westfalen) . 30 .
o (Netherlands) .
o (Jan Baptista van Helmont, 1579.1.12~1644.12.30) " (Ortus
medicinae)"
-
. .
1649
o (Rene Des Cartes, 1596.3.31~1650.2.11) "( Passions of the
Soul)"
. (Automaton).
1650
o (James Usher, 1581.1.4~1656.3.21) " 4004 10 22
" .
o " (Accademia dei Investiganti)" .
(Tommaso Cornelio, 1614~1686) (Leonardo da Capua, 1617~1793)
.
o (Maria Cunitz, 1604~1664.8.22) "Urania propitia" .
1651
o (Thomas Hobbes, 1588.4.5~1679.12.4) "(Leviathan)" . "
(war of all against all)"( ). .
1653
o (Blaise Pascal, 1623.6.19~1662.8.19) " (Treatise on the
Equilibrium of Liquids)" ( 30). .
o 8 15: (Hendrik Hamel, 1630.8.221692.2.12) . 13 .
o 4 () "()" .
1654
o (Otto von Guericke, 1602.11.20~1686.5.11) (Magdeburg)
(Hemisphere) . .
o (Blaise Pascal, 1623.6.19~1662.8.19, 31) (Pierre de
Fermat,
1601.8.17~1665.1.12) .
o (John Webster, 1610~1682) " (Academic Examen)" .
1655
o (Christiaan Huygens, 1629.4.14~1695.7.8) . .
( 26).
o (Robert Boyle, 1627.1.25~1691.12.30) "4 3()
" ( 28).
.
o (Isaac de La Peyrere, 1596~1676) " (The preadamites)" .
o (Joan Blaeu, 1599~1673) (Atlas Novus) .
-
.
o (Blaise Pascal, 1623.6.19~1662.8.19) " (Traite du triangle
arithmetique)" (32).
1656
o (Blaise Pascal, 1623.6.19~1662.8.19, 33) "
(Lettres Provinciales)" .
o (Christiaan Huygens, 1629.4.14~1695.7.8) .
o (Robert Hooke, 1635.7.18~1703.3.3) ( , Ancre garnie
Escapement) (21).
o (John Brehaut Wallis, 1616.11.23~1703.10.28) "
(Arithmetica infinitorum sivenova methodus imquirendi in
curvilineorum
quadraturam)" .
1657
o (Academia del Cimento, Academy of Experiment) (Cimento
'', '' ). 1667 .
o (Johann Amos Comenius, 1592.3.28~1670.11.15) "(, Didactica
magna)" .
o (Christiaan Huygens, 1629.4.14~1695.7.8) " (Ratiociniis in
Aleae
Ludo)" (28).
1658
o (Christiaan Huygens, 1629.4.14~1695.7.8) "(Horologium)"
(29).
1660
o 11 28: (The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural
Knowledge) . Seth Ward(1617.4.5~1689.1.6) John
Wilkins(1614~1672.11.16) .
o (Marcello Malpighi, 1628.3.10~1694.11.30)
(32).
o (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1632.10.24~1723.8.26) (28).
1661
o (Pierre de Fermat, 1601.8.17~1665.1.12) ( ) .
o (Robert Boyle, 1627.1.25~1691.12.30) " " .
1662
o (Robert Boyle, 1627.1.25~1691.12.30) " (The Spring and
Weight
of the Air)" 2 . ( 35).
-
o (James Gregory, 1638.11~1675.10.) " (Optica promota)"
(24).
. + .
1664
o (John Lightfoot, 1602.3.29~1675.12.6) " 3928 9 17
9 " .
o 5: (, 1631~1715): (33).
1665
o (Robert Hooke, 1635.7.18~1703.3.3) (condensor lens system)
.
"(Micrographia)" . ( 30).
o (Robert Boyle, 1627.1.25~1691.12.30) " (Experimental History
of
Colours)" (38). .
1666
o (Francesco Maria Grimaldi, 1618~1663) "Physicomathesis de
lumine" .
. (diffraction) ().
o 12 22: (The French Academy of Sciences) .
(JeanBaptiste Colbert, 1619.8.29~1683.9.6) .
o 9 2 (): (The Great Fire of London).
1667
o (John Milton, 1608.12.9~1674.11.8) "(Paradise Lost)" .
o (Observatoire de Paris) .
o (Thomas Sprat, 1635~1713.5.20) " (The History of the Royal
Society of London)" .
1668
o (, 1637.2.101692.4.30) "()" ( 31).
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20):
( 26).
o (Francesco Redi, 1626.2.19~1697.3.1) " " .
(, biogenesis) .
o (John Wilkins, 1614~1672.11.16) " " .
.
1669
o (Erasmus Bartholin, 1625.8.13~1698.11.4) (CaCO3, Calcite)
(double refraction) .
-
o (Hennig Brand, 16301710) (Phosphorous)( 39).
Phosphorous=Phos()+Phorous()
o (Nicolaus Steno, 1638.1.10~1687.11.26, Niels Steensen) ()
(Law of Superposition) ( 31).
o 10: (): () .
o 1: (, 1607.11.12~1689.6.8) () .
o (Isaac Barrow, 1630.10~1677.5.4) " (Lectionaes Opticae et
Geometricae)" (39).
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20) " (De
analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas)" . 1711
.
1670
o (Blaise Pascal, 1623.6.19~1662.8.19) "(Pensees, Thoughts on
Religion
and on Other Subjects )" .
1671
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20) " (De
methodis Serierum et Fluxionum)" . 1736 John Colson
. .
o (Jean Dominique Cassini, 1625.6.8~1712.9.14) .
o (John Marsham, 1602.8.23~1685.5.25) ", , (Canon
Chronicus Aegyptiacus, hebraicus, Graecus)" . .
o (William Clement, 1643~1710) ( , Ancre garnie Escapement)
(28).
1672
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20) ("
Crucial Experiment")(30).
o (Jean Richer, 1630~1696) .
.
o (Laurent Cassegrain, 1629~1693.8.31) .
+ .
1673
o 2 10: (Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, 1622.1.15~1673.2.17)
"
(The Imaginary Invalid)" . " (dormative virtue)".
o (Christiaan Huygens, 1629.4.14~1695.7.8) " (Horologium
-
Oscillatorium)" .
1674
o ( Robert Hooke, 1635.7.18~1703.3.3) " (An
Experiment to Demonstrate the Motion of Earth by
Observations)"
.
o (, Ferdinand Verbiest, 1623.10.9~1688.1.28) "()" .
259 , 1129 .
o (, Ferdinand Verbiest, 1623.10.9~1688.1.28) "()" .
1675
o 6 22: (John Flamsteed, 1646.8.19~1719.12.31)
(Greenwich observatory) (29). 1688 .
(Thomas Tompion, 1639~1713.11.20) .
o (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1632.10.24~1723.8.26)
.
o (Jean Dominique Cassini, 1625.6.8~1712.9.14) .
o (Baruch de Spinoza, 1632.11.24~1677.2.21) "()" .
o (Nicolas Lemery, 1645.11.17~1715.6.19) "(Cours de chymie)"
(30).
1676
o (Ole Christensen Roemer, 1644.9.25~1710.9.23)
( 32). .
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20) " (De quadratura
curvarum)" . 1704 .
1677
o (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1632.10.24~1723.8.26) .
(Preformation theory) .
1678
o (Christiaan Huygens, 1629.4.14~1695.7.8) . .
o (Robert Hooke, 1635.7.18~1703.3.3) F=kx .
o (1643~1725) (4, 35).
o (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14) " (Catalogue of the
Southern
Stars)" (22).
1679
-
o (Denis Papin, 1647.8.22~1712?) (Pressure Cooker, ?)
(32).
o (Bernard Lamy, 1640.6.15~1715.1.29) "Traite de Mecanique"
(39).
Lami's theorem. .
o (Pierre de Fermat, 1601.8.17~1665.1.12) " (Opera Varia)" .
1681
o (Thomas Burnet, 1635~1715) " (The Sacred Theory of the
Earth)" .
o (John Flamsteed, 1646.8.19~1719.12.31) " (Doctrine of the
Sphere)"
(35).
1682
o (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14) ( 26).
o (John Ray, 1627.11.29~1705.1.17) " " . .
1683
o () . (, 1639~1715) .
1684
o (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646.7.1~1716.11.14) "
, " . ( 38).
1685
o (John Brehaut Wallis, 1616.11.23~1703.10.28) "(Algebra)" .
1686
o (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646.7.1~1716.11.14) .
1687
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): " "(,
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica)
o (Charles Perrault, 1628.1.13~1703.5.15) " () (, The Century
of
Louis the Great)" . .
o 13: () (837).
1688
o (Glorious Revolution)
1689
o 12 16: (Bill of Rights) .
1690
-
o (John Locke, 1632.8.29~1704.10.28) " ( , An Essay
Concerning
Human Understanding)" .
1691
o (Guillaume Franois Antoine de L'Hospital, 1661~1704.2.2) (
30) [ (Johann Bernoulli, 1667.8.6~1748.1.1) ].
o (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14) (35).
1692
o (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646.7.1~1716.11.14)
"(coordinate)","(function)" .
1693
o (Thomas Savery, 1650~1715.5.10) .
o (Carlo Rinaldi, ) 12 .
1695
o (Denis Papin, 1647.8.22~1712?) .
1696
o (William Whiston, 1667.12.9~1752.8.22) " (A New Theory of the
Earth)"
(29). . .
o (Edward Harrison, ) " (Idea Longitudinis)" .
1697
o (, 1658~1735) "()" (39). .
(,, ) ()
o (Charles Perrault, 1628.1.13~1703.5.15) " (Tales of
Mother Goose)" .
o (Georg Ernst Stahl, 1660.10.21~1734.5.14) ( Phlogiston
theory) ( 37).
1698
o (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14) 1 .
o 24: (, 16541718) "()" .
1699
o (Guillaume Amontons, 1663.8.31~1705.10.11) f= N ( 36)
> .
,
-
1700
o .
o 2 3: (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): .
o (, 1621~?) "()" .
o (Bartolomeo Cristofori, 1655.5.4~1731.1.27) (cembalo col
pian'e forte)
.
1701
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): 0 12
.
o 6: (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14) .
.
1702
o (Guillaume Amontons, 1663.8.31~1705.10.11) ( 39). "
, ".
1703
o 11: (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): (Royal Society)
.
1704
o (Jonathan Swift, 1667~1745) " (The Battle of the books)"
(37). (Ancients, )(Moderns, ) .
o (Nicholas Facio, 1664~1753) .
.
o (, 1646~1715): "()" .
1705
o (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14) 76
.
1707
o 5: (Kingdom of Great
Britain).
o 10 22 20: (Association) (Gilstone Ledges)
: (Clowdisley Shovell, 1650~1707) 2000 .
1708
o (Hermann Boerhaave, 1668.12.31~1738.9.23) " (Institutiones
medicae)"
. (bedside teaching) . .
-
1709
o (Abraham Darby, 1678~1717.3.8) (Cokes)
(31).
o (Giambattista Vico, 1668.6.23~1744.1.21) " (On
the study method of our time)" .
o (George Berkely, 1685.3.12~1753.1.14) " (An Essay
towards a New theory of vision)" (24). .
1710
o (George Graham, 1673~1751) (Thermal expansion) .
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): " (De natura
acidorum)"
.
o (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646.7.1~1716.11.14) "(, ,
Essais de Theodicee)" .
1711
o (, 1662~): "()" . : ().
o (Philippus Maria Grimaldi, , 1639~1712.11.8) "()" .
1876 .
1712
o (Thomas Newcomen, 1663.2~1729.8.5) "
(atmospheric engine)" .
o 38: .
() . : (, 1658~1715), : ().
o (, 16821751) (, 16771727) (
) . ().
o (Edmund Halley, 1656.11.8~1742.1.14): (John Flamsteed,
1646.8.19~1719.12.31) " (Historia Coelestis Britannica)"
.
o " (Commericium epistolicum)" .
.
1713
o 39: () () (, quadrant,
) . 37 39 15, 10
30 .
-
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): " "(,
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica) . (Roger
Cotes,
1682.7.10~1716.6.5) .
o (Jacob Bernoulli, 1654.12.27~1705.8.16) "(Ars Conjectandi)"
.
.
1714
o 7 8: (Anne, 1665.2.6~1714.8.1) : .
(20,000 ). (Board of Longitude) . (William Whiston,
1667.12.9~1752.8.22) (Humphrey Ditton, 1675.5.29~1715.10.15, 39)
.
o (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646.7.1~1716.11.14) "
(Historia et origo calculi differentialis)" .
1715
o (George Graham, 1673~1751) (Deadbeat Escapement) .
o (Joseph Raphson, 1648~1715) " (The history of Fluxion)" .
o (Brook Taylor, 1685.8.18~1731.11.30) " (Methodus
incrementorum directa et inversa)" .
1717
o (Freemason, ) .
1718
o (Etienne Francois Geoffroy, 1672.2.13~1731.1.6) .
1719
o (Daniel Defoe, 1660~1731.4.24) " (Robinson Crusoe)" .
1720
o (Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, , 1686.5.14~1736.9.16) ()
( 34).
o (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646.7.1~1716.11.14)
"(Monadologia)"
. .
1721
o (William Whiston, 1667.12.9~1752.8.22) " (The
Longitude and Latitude Found by the Inclinatory or Dipping
Needle)" .
o (, 1681~1763, (, 1633 ~ 1721) ) (, ~1766):
" ( )" . . ()
3(1 , 2 , 3 )
-
o (Ignatius Koegler, , , 1680~1746) "()" .
3083 .
1722
o (Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, 1683.2.28~1757.10.17)
(, cast iron) (39).
o (George Graham, 1673~1751) (Mercurial Compensation
Pendulum, ) .
o (Friedrich Hoffmann, 1660.2.19~1742.11.12) "
(Observationum
physicochymicarum)" .
1723
o (Georg Ernst Stahl, 1660.10.21~1734.5.14) "
(Fundament chymiae dogmaticae et experimentalis)" .
1725
o (Giambattista Vico, 1668.6.23~1744.1.21) "
" .
o (John Flamsteed, 1646.8.19~1719.12.31) " (Historia
Coelestis
Britannica)" . 2866 .
1726
o (Jonathan Swift, 1667~1745) (Gulliver's Travels) .
o (John Harrison, 1693.3.24~1776.3.24) "(Gridiron Pendulum)"
(33).
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20): " "(,
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica) 3 . .
1727
o (James Bradley, 1693.3~1762.7.13) (, aberration)
.
1728
o (Ephraim Chambers, 1680~1740.5.15) (Chambers's
Cyclopaedia) .
o (Isaac Newton, 1642.12.25~1727.3.20) " (The Chronology of
Ancient Kingdom Amended)" .
o 7 13: (Vitus Jonassen Bering, 1681~1741.12.19)
(Bering Channel) .
-
1729
o 7 14: (Stephen Gray, 1666.12~1736.2.7) .
o (Daniel Bernoulli, 1700.1.29~1782.3.17) (Liquid Column
Manometer)
(29).
o (John Flamsteed, 1646.8.19~1719.12.31) "(Atlas Coelestis)"
.
1730
o (Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, ) sweet vitriol Ether ().
o (John Hadley, 1682.4.16~1744.2.14) (Hadley's Reflecting
Quadrant)
.
o (Stephen Gray, 1666.12~1736.2.7) (electrostatic induction)
.
o (James Stirling, 1692.4.22~1770.12.5) log n!sqrt(2
n)(n/e)^n
(38).
1731
o (Stephen Gray, 1666.12~1736.2.7) 1 Copley (
).
o (Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, ,
1683.2.28~1757.10.17)
() ( 0 R, 80 R).
1732
o (Hermann Boerhaave, 1668.12.31~1738.9.23) " (Elementa
Chemiae)"
.
1733
o (Charles Francois de Cisternay DuFay, 1698.9.14~1739) (Two
fluid
theory, ( Vitreous) ( resinous), 35). " ,
-
."
o (Chester Moor Hall, 1703.12.9~1771.3.17) (achromatic lens,
)
(30).
o 5 26: (John Kay, 1704.7.16~1764) flying shuttle
(29).
o (Abraham de Moivre, 1667.5.26~1754.11.27) (binomial
distribution)
(normal distribution) .
1734
o (George Berkely, 1685.3.12~1753.1.14) "(The analyst)" . .
1735
o (John Harrison, 1693.3.24~1776.3.24)
(Chronometer, , ) H1(Harrison's No. 1) .
1736
o (Joseph Butler, 1692.5.18~1752.6.16) " (Analogy of
Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Nature)"
. "
(Probability is the very guide of life)".
o (Leonhard Euler, 1707.4.15~1783.9.18) "(Mechanica)" (29).
1737
o (, 1678~1752) () .
1738
o (Daniel Bernoulli, 1700.1.29~1782.3.17) "(Hydrodynamica)"
(
38). > . (Kinetic theory of
Gases).
1740
o (, 1681~1763) "()" . ().
o (Benjamin Huntsman, 1704.6.4~1776.6.20) (Crucible) ,
(Crucible process) (36).
1742
o (Anders Celsius, , 1701.11.27~1744.4.25) () .
o (Ignatius Koegler, , , 1680~1746) (, Andre Pereira,
1689~1743): " ( )" . .
o (Colin Maclaurin, 1698.2~1746.6.14) " (Treatise on
Fluxions)"
.
-
1743
o (Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 1717.11.16~1783.10.29)
(d'Alembert's
principle) (() , () ()
)( 36).
1744
o (Leonhard Euler, 1707.4.15~1783.9.18) (Calculus of variation)
(37).
o (Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, 1698.9.28~1759.7.27)
(Maupertuis Principle, ) .
o (Albrecht von Haller, 1708.10.16~1777.12.12) (preformation
theory)
(36).
o (Ignatius Koegler, , , 1680~1746) "()" .
. 300 3083 .
o (Giambattista Vico, 1668.6.23~1744.1.21) " (, , Scienza
nouva,
The New Science)" .
1745
o (Edwald Georg von Kleist, 1700~1748.12.11) (capacitor) .
1746
o (Pieter van Musschenbroek, 1692.3.14~1761.9.19)
(capacitor)
(Leyden jar, Nollet ).
1747
o (William Watson, 1715~1787) ( 32).
o (Jean Antoine Nollet, 1700.11.19~1770.4.12) (osmotic pressur)
.
o (Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, 1709.12.25~1751.11.11) ""
(38).
1748
o (Leonhard Euler, 1707.4.15~1783.9.18) e^ix=cos x+i sin x .
o (Jean Antoine Nollet, 1700.11.19~1770.4.12) (electroscope)
.
o (Charles de secondat Montesquieu, 1689.1.18~1755.2.10) " "
(, , ) .
o (David Hume, 1711.4.26~1776.8.25) " (An Enquiry
Concerning Human Understanding)" (37). .
1749
o (Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon, 1707.9.7~1788.4.16) "" .
-
o (John Harrison, 1693.3.24~1776.3.24) (bimetal) .
o (Benjamin Franklin, 1706.1.17~1790.4.17) .
1750
o (John Michell, 1724~1793.4.29) (magnetic pole)
( 26).
o (Benjamin Franklin, 1706.1.17~1790.4.17) .
(, , , ) .
1752
o (Benjamin Franklin, 1706.1.17~1790.4.17) . .
(electric onefluid theory) .
o (Thomas Melvill, 1726~1753) (emission line spectrum)
(26).
o .
1753
o (John Canton, 1718.7.31~1772.3.22) (
35).
o (Robert Simson, 1687.10.24~1768.10.1)
.
1754
o (John Dolland, 1706.6.10~1761.11.30) (crown glass,) (flint
glass, ) (achromatic lens, ) .
o (Horatio Walpole, 1717.9.24~1797.3.2) " (The three princes
of
serendip)" (37).
o (Thomas Mudge, 1715~1794) (Lever Escapement) (39).
o (): "()" .
1755
o (Immanuel Kant, 1724.4.22~1804.2.12) " (Allgemeine
Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels)" (Nebular
hypothesis) ( 31). .
o (Joseph Black, 1728.4.16~1799.12.6) ( 27).
o (William Cullen, 1710.4.15~1790.2.5) .
o . 6~10 .
1756
-
o (Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, 1711.11.19~1765.4.15)
.
1757
o (John Campbell, 1720~1790.12.16) (sextant) (37).
1758
o (Carl von Linne, 1707.5.23~1778.1.10) " (Systema naturae)"
.
.
1759
o (Adam Smith, 1723.6.5~1790.7.17) " (The Theory of Moral
Sentiments)" ( 36). " (invisible hand)" .
.
o (John Harrison, 1693.3.24~1776.3.24) (Chronometer)
H4 .
o (British Museum) .
1760
o (Johann Heinrich Lambert, 1728.8.26~1777.9.25) (
)( 32).
o (Johann Heinrich Lambert, 1728.8.26~1777.9.25) ()
.
o (James Macpherson, 1736.10.27~1796.2.17) (Ossian) "
(, Fragments of Ancient Poetry Collected in the Highlands
of Scotland and Translated from the Gallic or Erse Language)"
(24).
.
o (Johann Georg Sulzer, 1720.10.16~1779.2.25)
.
1761
o (Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter, 1733.4.27~1806.11.12) " ()
" (28). , .
o (Joseph Black, 1728.4.16~1799.12.6) (latent heat) (specific
heat)
(33).
1762
o (JeanJacques Rousseau, 1712.6.28~1778.7.2) "(Emile)" .
" (),
-
()"( ). " " .
1763
o 39, 11 () [, 1719( 45)~1777(1)]
. "( , ,
, , , , )".
o 12 23: (Thomas Bayes, 1702~1761.4.17): "
(An Essay toward solving a Problem in the Doctrine of
Chances)"
. (Richard Price, 1723~1791) .
1764
o (Thomas Reid, 1710.4.26~1796.10.7) " (An Inquiry into
the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense)" . (,
philosophy of
common sense) .
o (Johann Joachim Winckelmann, 1717.12.9~1768.6.8) "
" .
1765
o (James Hargreaves, 1702~1778.4.22) 8
(, , Spinning Jenny) .
1766
o (Henry Cavendish, 1731.10.10~1810.2.24) (
)( 35).
o (Michel Benoit, , 1715.10.8~1774.10.23) "()" .
.
o (, 1731,7~1783,7) "()"
"()" ( ).
o (Johann Daniel Titius, 1729.1.2~1796.12.11) (TitiusBode's
law) (37).
1768
o (Richard Arkwrite, 1732.12.23~1792.8.3) ( 36).
1769
o (James Watt, 1736.1.19~1819.8.25) ( 33).
1770
o (Johann Tobias Mayer, 1723.2.17~1762.2.20, 39 ) "
(Tabulae Motuum Solis et Lunae Novae et Correctae)" .
-
1772
o (Karl Wilhelm Scheele, 1742.12.9~1786.5.21) ( 30).
o (Joseph Louis Lagrange, 1736.1.25~1813.4.10) (potential)
( 36).
o (Johann Gottfried von Herder, 1744.8.25~1803.12.18) "
(Concerning the Origin of Speech)" (28).
o (Johann Elert Bode, 1747.1.19~1826.11.23) (25).
1773
o (Girolamo Saccheri, 1667.9.5~1733.10.25) " (Euclides ab
Omni Naevo Vindicatus)" . 5 " (Parallel Axiom)"
. .
1774
o (Joseph Priestley, 1733.3.13~1804.2.6) .
o (Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743.8.26~1794.5.8) (31).
o (Nicolas Desmarest, 1725.9.16~1815.9.20) (,
, Plutonist).
o (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749.8.28~1832.3.22) " (The
Sorrows of Young Werther)" (25). ( , Sturm und Drang, Storm
and
Urge) .
o (Karl Wilhelm Scheele, 1742.12.9~1786.5.21) (Cl) ( 32).
1775
o (Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta,
1745.2.18~1827.3.5)
(electrophorous) (30).
o (James Cook, 1728.10.27~1779.2.14) 2 .
(Sauerkraut) . .
1776
o 7 4: .
o (Adam Smith, 1723.6.5~1790.7.17) " (An Inquiry into the Nature
and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations)" .
1778
o (Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon, 1707.9.7~1788.4.16) " "
.
. 8 .
o (Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta,
1745.2.18~1827.3.5) (Methane,
-
CH4) (33).
1779
o (Jean Etienne Guettard, 1715.9.22~1786.1.7) (Auvergnue)
"" ( ).
o (David Hume, 1711.4.26~1776.8.25) " (Dialogues Concerning
Natural Religion)" .
o (Jan Ingenhousz, 1730.12.8~1799.9.7) " "
. .
o 5: (Iron Bridge) .
o (William Cleghorn, 1751~1783) ( Lavoisier Caloric
) (28).
1780
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5, 31) (Antoine
Laurent Lavoisier, 1743.8.26~1794.5.8, 37) .
1781
o 3 13: (Frederick William Herschel, 1738.11.5~1822.8.25)
(Uranus)
. (Johann Elert Bode, 1747.1.19~1826.11.23) (Uranus) .
o (Immanuel Kant, 1724.4.22~1804.2.12) "" .
o (Charles Augustin de Coulomb, 1736.6.14~1806.8.23) f= N
>
.
o (Joseph Priestley, 1733.3.13~1804.2.6) .
.
o (Charles Messier, 1730.6.26~1817.4.12) .
1782
o (James Watt, 1736.1.19~1819.8.25) (Flywheel) .
o 6: "()" .
1783
o 11 21: (Joseph Michel Montgolfier, 1740.8.26~1810.6.26) (
hotair balloon) .
o (John Michell, 1724~1793.4.29) (Balck
hole) .
1784
o (Immanuel Kant, 1724.4.22~1804.2.12) " ?" .
-
.
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5, 34) (Antoine
Laurent Lavoisier, 1743.8.26~1794.5.8) " (Memoire on Heat)"
.
o (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749.8.28~1832.3.22) (,
, intermaxillary bone, osincisivum) (35).
o 8: (, 1756~1801.2): . .
o (Henry Cort, 1740~1800) (,
Puddle process) .
o (George Atwood, 1745.10~1807.7.11) (39).
1785
o (Charles Augustin de Coulomb, 1736.6.14~1806.8.23) .
1786
o (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756.1.27~1791.12.5) ' '
( 30).
o (ClaudeLouis Berthollet, 1748.12.9~1822.11.7) (KClO3)
" " (38).
1787
o ( Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles, 1746.11.12~1823.4.7) .
o (Edmund Cartwright, 1743.4.24~1823.10.30)
(, Power loom) .
o (Abraham Bennet, 1749~1799) (Gold Leaf Electroscope) (38).
o (Edward Jenner, 1749.5.17~1823.1.26)
( , deposition) (38).
1788
o (Joseph Louis Lagrange, 1736.1.25~1813.4.10) "" .
1789
o 714728:
o (Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743.8.26~1794.5.8) "" . .
(, Caloric theory, Thermogen).
o (Jeremy Bentham, 1748.2.15~1832.6.6) " (Introduction to
the Principles of Morals and Legislation)" . " "( ).
1790
o (James Hutton, 1726.6.3~1797.3.26) (James Hall,
1761.1.17~1832.6.23,
-
29): "granite()" (). () () .
o (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749.8.28~1832.3.22)
"(Metamorphose der
pflanzen)" . (The law of polarity, Gesetz der Polaritt, ) .
o 6 25: (Bureau des Longitudes) .
1791
o (Luigi Galvani, 1737.9.9~1798.12.4) " "
.
o (Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta,
1745.2.18~1827.3.5)
1/273 .
o 15: (, 1749~1815): (1713)
(). 200 1 .
o (, 1712~1791) "()" .
o 15: (): . .
o (Giovanni Battista Venturi, 1746~1822) (Venturi Tube) .
o (Jeremias Benjamin Richter, 1762.3.10~1807.4.14)
"(stoichiometry)"
(29).
o (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756.1.27~1791.12.5) ' '
( 35). .
1793
o (Eli Whitney, 1765.12.8~1825.1.8) (
, cotton gin) .
o 16: (, 17621836) (31).
1794
o (Ecole Polytechnique) .
o (Erasmus Darwin, 1731.12.12~1802.4.18, C. Darwin )
"(Zoonomia)" .
o 12 23: (, 1752~1801.5.31) .
1795
o (James Hutton, 1726.6.3~1797.3.26) "(Theory of the Earth)"
.
(Uniformitarianism) . (Catastrophism) .
o (Ecole Normale) .
o 19: (, 1736~1799), (, 1759~, 36), (,
1749~1815): () .
-
1796
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5) " ( ,
Exposition of the System of the World, Exposition du Systeme du
Monde)" 1 2
(Balck hole) . (Nebular hypothesis) .
o 5 14: (Edward Jenner, 1749.5.17~1823.1.26)
(, vaccination) .
1797
o (Henry Cavendish, 1731.10.10~1810.2.24)
G .
o (Joseph Louis Lagrange, 1736.1.25~1813.4.10) "(Theorie des
functions
analytiques, contenant les principes du calcul differntiel,
degages de toute consideration
d'infiniment petits ou d'evanouissans, de limites ou de
fluxions, et reduits a lanalyse
algebrique des quantites finies)" . (derivative, derived
function) .
o (Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Comte Carnot, 1753.5.13~1823.8.2)
"
(Reflextion sur la metaphysiques du calcul infintesimal)" .
1798
o (Benjamin Thompson Rumford, 1753.3.26~1814.8.21) (,
Caloric theory) . " (an Inquiry Concerning the Source of
Heat which is Excited by Friction)" .
o (Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766.2.14~1834.12.23) "" ( 32).
"(Struggle for existence)" .
o (Franz Joseph Haydn, 1732.3.31~1809.5.31) "(The Creation)"
.
1799
o (Humphry Davy, 1778.12.17~1829.5.29, 41 ) ", ,
(An Essay on Heat, Light, and the Combinations of Light)"
(Caloric
theory) (21). .
o (Joseph Louis Proust, 1754.9.26~1826.7.5) (CuCO3)
(law of definite proportions) .
o (William Smith, 1769.3.23~1839.8.28) ( 30).
o (Alexander von Humboldt, 1769.9.14~1859.5.6) (1799~1804).
.
o (Karl Friedrich Gauss, 1777.4.30~1855.2.23) " (
)" (22).
-
o (Casper Wessel, 1745.6.8~1818.3.25) " (On the
analytic representation of direction)" Vector .
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5) "(Traite du
Mecanique
Celeste)" 1,2 .
o "Annalen der Physik" .
o 6 23: (Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, 1749.9.19~1822.8.19)
(Pierrre
Francois Andre Mechain, 1744.8.16~1804.9.20): (prototype
meter)
.
,
1800
o (Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta,
1745.2.18~1827.3.5)
.
o (William Nicholson, 1753~1815.5.21) (electrolysis)
.
o (Frederick William Herschel, 1738.11.5~1822.8.25) .
o (Benjamin Thompson Rumford, 1753.3.26~1814.8.21) (the
Royal
Institution of Great Britain) .
1801
o (Thomas Young, 1773.6.13~1829.5.10) ( 28).
o (Johann Wilhelm Ritter, 1776.12.16~1810.1.23) ( 25).
1802
o (Humphry Davy, 1778.12.17~1829.5.29, 41 )
(Electrochemistry)
( 24).
o (John Dalton, 1766.9.6~1844.7.27) (law of multiple
proportions)
( 36).
o (Joseph Louis GayLussac, 1778.12.6~1850.5.9)
1/273 ( 24).
o (Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, 1776.2.4~1837.2.16) "Biologie
oder
Philosophie der Lebenden Natur" " Biologie" .
o (Jean Baptiste Pierre Antonie de Monet Lamarck,
1744.8.1~1829.12.18)
(use and disuse theory) . "(biology)" .
o (William Paley, 1743.7~1805.5.25) "(Natural Theology)" . .
-
o ( William Hyde Wollaston, 1766.8.6~1828.12.22) (dark
line) (36).
1803
o ( William Hyde Wollaston, 1766.8.6~1828.12.22) Pd ( 37).
o (Jons Jacob Berzelius, 1779.8.20~1848.8.7) (Ce) ( 24).
1804
o ( William Hyde Wollaston, 1766.8.6~1828.12.22) (Rh) ( 38).
o (John Dalton, 1766.9.6~1844.7.27) (Law of partial
pressures)
(38).
o 12 2: (Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769.8.15~1821.5.5) ( 35).
o (Nicolas Theodore de Saussure, 1767.10.14~1845.4.18) "
" , ,
(37).
1806
o (AdrienMarie Legendre, 1752.9.18~1833.1.10) "
(Nouvelles methodes pour la determination des orbites des
cometes)"
(the least sqaure method) .
o (Jean Robert Argand, 1768.7.18~1822.8.13) 2
(38).
o 11: (Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769.8.15~1821.5.5) (, Blocus
continental).
1807
o (Humphry Davy, 1778.12.17~1829.5.29) (Alkali metal)
Na, K ( 29).
o (Thomas Young, 1773.6.13~1829.5.10) mv2 "" ( 34).
o (Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, 1768.3.21~1830.5.16)
Fourier (39).
o (Joseph Louis GayLussac, 1778.12.6~1850.5.9) (free
expansion)
(29).
o (Robert Fulton, 1765.11.14~1815.2.24) Clermont ,
.
o 12: (Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 1762.5.19~1814.1.27) " " .
1808
-
o (John Dalton, 1766.9.6~1844.7.27) " (A New System of
Chemical
Philosophy)" . . .
o (Joseph Louis GayLussac, 1778.12.6~1850.5.9) .
o (Humphry Davy, 1778.12.17~1829.5.29) (Alkaline
earth metal) Mg, Sr, Ba, Ca ( 30).
o (Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770.12.17~1827.3.26) 5() ( 38).
o (Etienne Louis Malus, 1775.7.23~1812.2.24) ( 33).
1809
o (Jean Baptiste Pierre Antonie de Monet Lamarck,
1744.8.1~1829.12.18)
"".
o (University of Berlin) . (Alexander von Humboldt,
1769.9.14~1859.5.6) . .
o (Karl Friedrich Gauss, 1777.4.30~1855.2.23) "
(Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in Sectionibus
Conicis Solum Ambientium)" (32).
1810
o (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749.8.28~1832.3.22) "" . (,
complementary color) .
o 4 9: (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5)
(central limit theorem) . ' '.
1811
o (Amedeo Avogadro, 1776.6.9~1856.7.9) ( , ,
) ( 35). .
o (Bernard Courtois, 1777.2.28~1838.9.27) (I) .
o (David Brewster, 1781.12.11~1868.2.10) (
30).
o (Dominique Francois Jean Arago, 1786.2.26~1853.10.2)
(Optical
rotatory power) ( 25).
o (Simon Denis Poisson, 1781.6.21~1840.4.25) "(Traite de
mecanique)"
(30).
1812
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5) " (Theorie
-
Analytique des Probabilites)" .
o (Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769.8.15~1821.5.5) .
1813
o (Simon Denis Poisson, 1781.6.21~1840.4.25)
(32).
o (Jons Jakob Berzelius, 1779.8.29~1848.8.7) (K, B,
C,...) (34).
o (Francis Crow, 1755~1835) .
1814
o (Joseph von Fraunhofer, 1787.3.6~1826.6.7, 39 )
( ) ( 27).
o (George Stephenson, 1781.6.9~1848.8.12) .
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5) " (Essai
philosophique sur les probabilite')" . (Laplace's Demon) .
o 6 18: (Matthew Flinders, 1774.3.16~1814.7.19): "A Voyage To
Terra
Australis" .
1815
o (Augustin Jean Fresnel, 1788.5.10~1827.7.14, 39 ) ( 27).
1816
o (Robert Stirling, 1790.10.25~1878.6.6) Stirling
(>>>, Carnot )( 26).
o (Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788.2.22~1860.9.21) " "
(28).
o (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770.8.27~1831.11.14) "" .
o (Rene Thophile Hyacinthe Laennec, 1781.2.17~1826.8.13) .
o (Pierre Simon de Laplace, 1749.3.23~1827.3.5)
.
1817
o (Jons Jacob Berzelius, 1779.8.20~1848.8.7) (Se,
(moon) Selene ) (38).
o (Friedrich Stromeyer, 1776.8.2~1835.8.18) (Cd, Cadmium) .
CdS .
o (Georges Baron Cuvier, 1769.8.23~1832.5.13) "" . (theory
of
-
catastrophe) .
o (James Parkinson, 1755.4.11~1824) .
o (Abraham Gottlob Werner, 1750.9.25~1817.6.30) "
" . (, Neptunism).
1818
o (Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, 1797.8.30~1851.2.1)
"(Frankenstein or The
Modern Prometheus)" .
o 18: (, 1759~) "()" .
1819
o (Pierre Louis Dulong, 1785.2.12~1838.7.18, 34) (Alexis Therese
Petit,
1791.10.2~1820.6.21, 28, 29 ): .
o (Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788.2.22~1860.9.21) " (The
World as Will and Representation)" (31).
1820
o 7 21: (Hans Christian Oersted, 1777.8.14~1851.3.9)
.
o 9 4: (Dominique Francois Jean Arago, 1786.2.26~1853.10.2)
(34).
o 9 25: (Andre Marie Ampere, 1775.1.20~1836.6.10) .
o (Jean Baptist Biot, 1744.4.21~1862.2.3) (Felix Savart,
1791.7.30~1841.3.16,
29): .
-
o (Augustin Jean Fresnel, 1788.5.10~1827.7.14, 39 ) " " (
32).
o (Dominique Francois Jean Arago, 1786.2.26~1853.10.2) (34).
o (Thomas Young, 1773.6.13~1829.5.10) "
(Computations for Clearing the Compass of the Regular Effect of
a Ship's
Permanent Attraction)" . (soft iron) (hard iron) .
o (John Herapath, 1790.5.30~1868.2.24) .
(30).
o 9 21: (Pierre Joseph Pelletier, 1788.3.22~1842.7.19)
(Joseph
Bienaime Caventou, 1795~1877): (cinchina)
(quinine) .
1821
1856 .
o 9: (Michael Faraday, 1791.9.22~1867.8.25) ( 30).
-
o (Thomas Johann Seebeck, 1770.4.9~1831.12.10) Cu Bi( Sb)
(thermoelectromotive force) .
o (Niels Henrik Abel, 1802.8.5~1829.4.6) .
o 2 24: (Alexander Ypsilantis, 1792~1828) (Osman Turk)
(Moldavia) (29).
o (Augustin Louis Cauchy, 1789.8.21~1857.5.23) "(Cours
d'analyse)"
(32).
1822
o (Charles Babbage, 1792.12.26~1871.10.20) ( 30).
o : (Galileo Galilei, 1564.2.15~1642.1.8) .
o (Aaron Manby) .
o (Charles Cagniard de La Tour, 1777.3.31~1859.7.5)
(critical
point) .
o (Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, 1768.3.21~1830.5.16) "
(Theorie
analytique de la chaleur, The analytic theory of heat)" .
1823
o (Janos Bolyai, 1802.12.15~1860.1.27) ( )
(21).
o (Heinrich Wilhelm Mathaus Olbers, 1758.10.11~1840.3.2)
(Olbers'
paradox) .
o (Michael Faraday, 1791.9.22~1867.8.25)
(32).
o (William Sturgeon, 1783.5.22~1850.12.4) .
1824
-
o (Nicholas Leonard Sadi Carnot, 1796.7.1~1832.8.24, 36) "
(Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat
and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power)" ( 28).
o (Dominique Francois Jean Arago, 1786.2.26~1853.10.2)
(Arago's
Disk) (Eddy Current) ( 38).
o (Michael Faraday, 1791.9.22~1867.8.25) , ( 31).
o (Justus Freiherr von Liebig, 1803.5.12~1873.4.18)
(Giessen)
( 21).
o (Joseph Aspdin, 1779~1885.3.20) .
1825
o 25: .
o 9 27: (George Stephenson, 1781.6.9~1848.8.12) (Stockton)
(Darlington) Locomotion .
o (Comte de SaintSimon, 1760.10.17~1825.5.19) " " .
1826
o (William Henry Fox Talbot, 1800.2.11~1877.9.17)
(26).
o (Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky, 1792.12.1~1856.2.24)
( ) .
o (Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavie'r Comte,
1798.1.19~1857.9.4)
(Positivism) (~1842)(28).
1827
o (Robert Brown, 1773.12.21~1858.6.10) (Brownian movement) .
-
o (Georg Simon Ohm, 1789.3.16~1854.7.6) ( 38).
o (Friedrich Wohler, 1800.7.31~1882.9.23) ( 27).
o (William Nicol, 1768~1851.9.2) .
o (Johannes Oppikofer, 1783~1864) Planimeter .
1828
o (George Green, 1793.7~1841.5.31) "
(Essay on the Application of Methematical Analysis to the theory
of
Electricity and Magnetism)" "Potential" .
o (Friedrich Wohler, 1800.7.31~1882.9.23) (, urea) ,
.
o (Gottfried Wilhelm Osann, 1797.10.26~1866.9.9) (Ru, Ruthenium)
(
31). Ruthenia .
o .
o (William Rowan Hamilton, 1805.8.4~1865.9.2) " (General
Methods of Dynamics)" H(q,p) . .
o (Gustave Gaspard Coriolis, 1792.5.21~1843.9.19)
(Coriolis's force) (36).
1829
o (Gustave Gaspard Coriolis, 1792.5.21~1843.9.19) " (Treatise
on
Mechanics)" 1/2 mv^2 .
1830
o (Charles Lyell, 1797.11.14~1875.2.22) " (The Principles of
Geology)"
( 33).
o 7 27~29: 7 .
o (Joseph Jackson Lister, 1786.1.11~1869.10.24) .
o (John Frederick William Herschel, 1792.3.7~1871.5.11) 1 6
100
(38).
-
o (Jacob Ludwig Felix MendelssohnBartholdy, 1809.2.3~1847.11.4)
"
(Fingal's Cave)" (
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