Pre-GreeksPre-Greeks

I.I. GeographyGeography

A. Mountainous terrain isolated A. Mountainous terrain isolated from one anotherfrom one another

1. Rise of independent 1. Rise of independent city-statescity-states

2. Fighting2. Fighting

3. Allegiance was to city-3. Allegiance was to city-

state, not “Greece”.state, not “Greece”.

B. Sea – spread civilizationB. Sea – spread civilization

1. Trade1. Trade

2. Colonies2. Colonies

a. Diffused Greek culturea. Diffused Greek culture

b. Helped solidify b. Helped solidify common common Greek identityGreek identity

II.II. Pre-GreekPre-Greek

A. Minoans on CreteA. Minoans on Crete

1. Earliest civilization 1. Earliest civilization in in AegeanAegean

2. Bull worship2. Bull worship

3. 1450 BC sudden 3. 1450 BC sudden catastrophic catastrophic

collapsecollapse

KNOSSOS ON CRETEKNOSSOS ON CRETE

KNOSSOS KNOSSOS RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

FRESCO-BULL VAULTINGFRESCO-BULL VAULTING

B. MycenaeB. Mycenae

1. Warrior people1. Warrior people

2. Famous because of 2. Famous because of Homer’s IliadHomer’s Iliad

a. Mycenaeans, led by a. Mycenaeans, led by King King

Agamemnon, Agamemnon, sacked Troy (1250 BC)sacked Troy (1250 BC)

MYCENAEMYCENAE

4. Homer writes Iliad and 4. Homer writes Iliad and OdysseyOdyssey

a. Epic poems – tell storya. Epic poems – tell story

b. Educated Greeksb. Educated Greeks

(1.) Ideals of courage (1.) Ideals of courage and honor -Achillesand honor -Achilles

(2.) Image of hero(2.) Image of hero

C. Dark Ages (1100 – 750 BC)C. Dark Ages (1100 – 750 BC)

1. Population decline1. Population decline

2. Drop in food production2. Drop in food production

3. Large numbers left 3. Large numbers left mainland mainland

4. Many advancements are 4. Many advancements are nearly lost (writing!) nearly lost (writing!)

III.III. Greek City-States (750-500 BC)Greek City-States (750-500 BC)1. The Polis1. The Polis

a. Acropolisa. Acropolisb. Agorab. Agora

TThe Agora was the he Agora was the heart of ancient Athens, the focus of heart of ancient Athens, the focus of political, commercial, administrative political, commercial, administrative and social activity, the religious and and social activity, the religious and cultural centre, and the seat of justice.cultural centre, and the seat of justice.

THE ACROPOLISTHE ACROPOLIS

THE AGORATHE AGORA

2. Agora2. Agora

a. Political, economic, a. Political, economic, social, cultural, social, cultural,

and and religious religious activitiesactivities

b. Loyalty – led to its b. Loyalty – led to its eventual eventual

destructiondestruction

B. New military systemB. New military system

1. Hoplites – heavily armed 1. Hoplites – heavily armed infantrymen (shield, infantrymen (shield,

sword, sword, and spear)and spear)

2. Phalanx – battle 2. Phalanx – battle formationformation

a. Depended on trust a. Depended on trust and and discipline – not skilldiscipline – not skill

GREEK HOPLITEGREEK HOPLITE

GREEK PHALANXGREEK PHALANX

C. ArtsC. Arts

1. Humans as ideal of 1. Humans as ideal of beautybeauty

2. Classical architecture – 2. Classical architecture – symmetry and symmetry and

moderationmoderation

Agesander, Athanodorus and Polydoros

D. ReligionD. Religion

1. Polytheistic – 12 1. Polytheistic – 12 Olympian Olympian godsgods

a. Myths used to a. Myths used to explain everythingexplain everything

b. human b. human characteristicscharacteristics

2. Guardian deity of polis2. Guardian deity of polis

3. Use of Oracle3. Use of Oracle

a. Located at Delphia. Located at Delphi

b. Priestesses - (Pythia)b. Priestesses - (Pythia)interpreted interpreted

vague vague predictions predictions from from possible possible drug-drug- induced induced stuporstupor

V. Comparison of two dominant V. Comparison of two dominant city-statescity-states

A. AthensA. Athens

1. Government1. Government

a. Democracy – a. Democracy – 6000 6000 citizens citizens present to present to votevote

b. Periclesb. Pericles

ATHENSATHENS

ATHENS

SPARTA

2. Economy – based on 2. Economy – based on trade, citizen-farmers trade, citizen-farmers

3. Society – made of 3. Society – made of citizens, non-citizens, non-

citizens, citizens, and non-and non-Greek slavesGreek slaves

4. Women – 4. Women – Upper class Upper class

sexually sexually segregated; segregated; no no political rights; political rights; power was indirectpower was indirect

5. Military- citizen militia 5. Military- citizen militia (plows to swords) (plows to swords)

B. Sparta – Located in B. Sparta – Located in Peloponnesus Peloponnesus

– – Area called LaconiaArea called Laconia

1. Government 1. Government

a. Two king monarchya. Two king monarchy

(1.) One to rule at (1.) One to rule at homehome

(2.) One to go to war(2.) One to go to war

b. Leonidas – most famousb. Leonidas – most famous

GREEK PELOPONESSUSGREEK PELOPONESSUS

2. Economy – agrarian 2. Economy – agrarian society society based on slave based on slave labor –labor – Helots (allowed for Helots (allowed for

specialization in military)specialization in military)3. Society – sexually 3. Society – sexually

segregated due to segregated due to military military requirementsrequirements

a. Boys removed at age a. Boys removed at age 77

b. Infanticide commonb. Infanticide common

4. Women were given 4. Women were given many many more freedoms/ more freedoms/

independence independence

a. Own propertya. Own property

b. Sexual freedom – b. Sexual freedom – purpose to get healthy purpose to get healthy

Spartan boysSpartan boys

5. Military – the most 5. Military – the most important aspect important aspect

of of culture/societyculture/society

a. Boys raised / At a. Boys raised / At Age 7 Age 7 trained to trained to be soldiersbe soldiers

b. Trained by mentor b. Trained by mentor

c. Organized into unitsc. Organized into units(1.) Agogi was training (1.) Agogi was training

regiment each regiment each Spartan boy Spartan boy

went went through through (ended at (ended at 20)20)

(2.) Cryptaea- special (2.) Cryptaea- special squads squads

designed to designed to terrorize Helotsterrorize Helots

““Come back with your shield, or come back on your shield.”Come back with your shield, or come back on your shield.”