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Pre-Columbian America, Spanish & British Colonial America. First Inhabitants. 35,000 years ago crossed land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of secondary migrations. North American Tribes. Pueblo, Navajo, and Hopi Rio Grande Valley. Iroquois Confederacy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pre-Columbian America,Spanish & British Colonial America35,000 years ago crossed land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of secondary migrations
First Inhabitants
North American TribesPueblo, Navajo, and HopiRio Grande Valley
Iroquois Confederacymodern northeast
Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee modern southeast
Sioux and CrowGreat Plains
Inca Peru: known for advanced engineering and civil societySouth / Central American Tribes
Inca Trail11
Machu Picchu
Mayan Central America / Yucatan Peninsula advanced agriculture and astronomy created accurate 365 day calendar with solstices
Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan - The Castle Aztecs Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City) advanced market system in capital city to support a developed agricultural market had higher standard of living than contemporary European cities
Influences Driving ExplorationChristian Crusades 11th through 14th century wars over Palestine brought to Europe silks, drugs, perfumes, cloth and wealth a new route to the Orient
Portuguese new navigation technology enabled trade expansion along west African coast (gold and slaves)
Vasco da GamaReconquista: Spanish expulsion of the Moors from Iberian Peninsula created a religious ideology of expanding the Catholic faith used to mask financial incentives of exploration / conquest
Early Explorers Folklore, Myth, and Probable pre-1400 explorersYEARFROMTOQUALITY OF EVIDENCE70,000? B.C, - 12,000? B.C.SiberiaAlaskaHigh: the survivors peopled the Americas6,000? B.C. 1,500? B.C.IndonesiaSouth AmericaModerate: similarities in blowguns, papermaking5,000? B.C.JapanEcuadorModerate: similar pottery, fishing styles10, 000? B.C. 600? B.C.SiberiaCanada, New MexicoHigh: Navajos and Crees resemble each other culturally but differ from other Indians genetic testing9,000? B.C. PresentSiberiaAlaskaHigh: continuing contact by Inuit across Being Sea1,000 B.C.ChinaCentral AmericaLow: Chinese legend; cultural similarities1,000 B.C. 300 A,D,Afro-PhoeniciaCentral AmericaModerate: Negroid & Caucasoid likeness in sculpture and ceramics, Arab legendYEARFROMTOQUALITY OF EVIDENCE500 B.C.Phoenicia, Celtic BritainNew EnglandLow: megaliths, possible similarities in script and language600 A.D.Ireland via IcelandNewfoundland West IndiesLow: legends of St. Brendan, written c. 850 A.D., confirmed by Norse sagas1000 1350Greenland, IcelandLabrador, Baffin Land, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, possibly Cape Cod and further southHigh: oral sagas, confirmed by archaeology on Newfoundland1311? 1460?West AfricaHaiti, Panama, possibly BrazilModerate: Portuguese sources in West Africa, Columbus on Haiti, Balboa in Panama1460PortugalNewfoundlandBrazilLow: inference from Portuguese sources and actions1375? 1491Basque SpainNewfoundland coastLow: cryptic historical sources1481 1491Bristol, EnglandNewfoundland coastLow: cryptic historical sourcesSpain in the New World
Conquistadors Spanish explorers / conquerors of the new world driven by several motives God, Gold, and Glory
Christopher Columbus 1492 recognized because a permanent relationship was established between the old and new world
St. Augustine, Florida 1565 1st permanent settlement in the U.S. primary purpose was to protect trading routes from English pirates
Exchange of diseases Decimated Native American populations 90% mortality rate from disease and violence in South America in 200 years
Smallpox
Yellow Fever
MalariaEuropeans to North America
Syphilis North America to EuropeThe Columbian Exchange
AmericasGold, Silver
Corn, Potatoes, Pineapples, Tobacco,Beans, Vanilla, Chocolate
SyphilisEuropeWheat, Sugar, Rice, Coffee
Horses, Cows, Pigs
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague,Influenza, typhus, scarlet fever
African slave laborEngland becomes a protestant nationRivalry with Catholic Spain
Queen Elizabeth (1558)
Sea Dogs English pirates raided Spanish ships acquisition of wealth via force has been an acceptable vocation for much of historyMost famous sea dog - Sir Francis Drake
English attempts at colonizationNewfoundland Sir Humphrey GilbertRoanoke Island Sir Walter RaleighThe Lost Colony & Virginia Dare
Raleigh
Gilbert
Spanish Armada defeated 1588 allowed England to enter into the colony business and establish naval supremacy
Enclosure movementHigh UnemploymentSurplus populationLaws of Primogeniture
Why leave England?
The Virginia Company of London (The London Company)Charter from King James I settlers guaranteed the same rights as English subjects
Joint-Stock Companies
Early Problems = disease and starvationJohn Smith He who shall not work shall not eat
Jamestown (1607)
The starving time (1609-1610) 60 of 500 settlers surviveA passage from A Peoples History of the United States by Howard Zinn
Among them were survivors from the winter of 1609-1610, the starving time, when, crazed for want of food, they roamed the woods for nuts and berries, dug upgraves to eat the corpses, and died in batches until five hundred colonists were reduced to sixty.
In the Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia is a document of 1619 whichtells of the first twelve years of the Jamestown colony. The first settlement had a hundred persons, who had one small ladle of parley per meal. When more peoplearrived, there was even less food. Many of the people lived in cavelike holes duginto the ground, and in the winter of 1609-1610 there were
driven thru insufferable hunger to eat those things which naturemost abhorred, the flesh and excrements of man as well of ourown nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave afterhad lain buried three days and wholly devoured him; others, envyingthe better state of body and any whom hunger has not yet so much wasted as their own, lay wait and threatened to kill and eat them;one among them slew his wife as she slept in his bosom, cut her in pieces, salted her and fed upon her til he had clean devoured all partssaving her headRelations with IndiansLord De La WarrAnglo-Powhatan Warsa perpetual war without peace or truce
VA Indians fell to Disease, Disorganization, & Disposability
VAs economic salvation John Rolfe & tobaccoBeginning of the plantation systemMonoculture (dependency on one crop) developedNeeded for laborers indentured servant (slaves were present)
House of Burgesses1st representative body in the coloniesJames I did not trust the body and made VA a royal colony in 1624
John Calvin in SwitzerlandPredestinationGod had determined who was going to heaven (the elect) and hell since the beginning of creationGood works could not get you into heavenEnglish Calvinists were called Puritans
Calvinism
Separatists Puritans (Pilgrims) left England (1608)Temporary stay in HollandArrived off coast of New England Nov. 1620
May Flower Compact agreement for self government according to the will of the majorityEstablished Plymouth ColonyOnly 44 of 102 survived 1st winter
William BradfordEconomy = fur (beaver), fish, & lumber
Next fall = 1st Thanksgiving
Notice: thatched roofs; no paint, glass, or masonry Non-Separatist Puritans fled persecution (1629)Formed Massachusetts Bay CompanyFounded Massachusetts Bay Bible Colony & Boston
Came well prepared and financed family units & entire villagesJohn Winthrop leader
Economy fishing, ship building and fur tradingEstablished the Congregational church & a representative assemblyPurpose of government = enforce Gods lawsThe Great English Migration (1630-1642)
Religious intoleranceRoger WilliamsChallenged authority of the government to regulate the church banished
Established new colony of Rhode Island (1636)Freedom of religion (for all)Separation of church and state
Anne HutchinsonChallenged the concept of predestinationBanished from MA
Bay Colony ExpansionConnecticut Thomas HookerFundamental Orders of Connecticut established a government democratically controlled by substantial citizens
Indians & Puritan ExpansionPequot War - 1637
65King Philips (Metacom) War (1675)Slowed westward movement of New England settlersEnded Indian threat to New England