Pre-AP Biology

Carbon Properties

CarbonWhat is the atomic number ?

What is the mass number?

Carbon Cycle

Cellularrespiration

Burning offossil fuelsand wood

Carbon compoundsin water

Photosynthesis

Primaryconsumers

Higher-levelconsumers

Detritus

Decomposition

CO2 in atmosphere

.

Carbon’s Electron shells

Carbon bonding in four different directions

Carbon Bonding and Hydrocarbons

MolecularFormula

StructuralFormula

Methane

Ethane

Ethene (ethylene)

Hydrocarbon tailsSee all the energy in this fat molecule?

Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid

Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol

Hydrophilichead

Hydrophobictails

Fatty acids

Choline

Phosphate

Glycerol

Hyd

roph

obic

t ails

Hyd

roph

ilic

head

Cell Membranes

Functional groups serve important purposes in molecules

Estradiol

Testosterone

Male lion

Female lion

LE 4-10aa

STRUCTURE

(may be written HO—)

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)

Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beverages

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Is polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.

Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).

LE 4-10ab

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Ketones if the carbonyl group iswithin a carbon skeleton

EXAMPLE

Acetone, the simplest ketone

A ketone and an aldehyde maybe structural isomers withdifferent properties, as is the casefor acetone and propanal.

Aldehydes if the carbonyl group isat the end of the carbon skeleton

Acetone, the simplest ketone

Propanal, an aldehyde

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

LE 4-10ac

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids

EXAMPLE

Has acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.

Acetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour taste

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

The covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,

Acetic acid Acetate ion

In cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.

LE 4-10ba

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Amine

EXAMPLE

Because it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Acts as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:

(nonionized)

Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions

Glycine

(ionized)

LE 4-10bb

STRUCTURE

(may be written HS—)

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Thiols

EXAMPLE

Ethanethiol

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Two sulfhydryl groups caninteract to help stabilize proteinstructure (see Figure 5.20).

LE 4-10bc

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Organic phosphates

EXAMPLE

Glycerol phosphate

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Makes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).

Can transfer energy between organic molecules.