Prague, Czech Republic

Energy

(ATP ADP)

Energy from ATP causes actin molecules to change shape. When this occurs in a large array of actin molecules attached to myosin molecules, it shortens a small section of muscle.

Muscle Physiology

Striated muscle

Cartoon Real

Basic Muscle Anatomy

Coelom(Guts)

Epaxial Muscle

Hypaxial Muscle

RedMuscle

HorizontalSeptum

VertebraVerticalSeptum

TwoTwo Muscle Types Muscle Types• For long distance cruisingFor long distance cruising

– Red MuscleRed Muscle– Endurance more important than Endurance more important than

strengthstrength• For sprintingFor sprinting

– White muscleWhite muscle– Strength more important than Strength more important than

enduranceendurance

• For long distance cruisingFor long distance cruising– Red MuscleRed Muscle– Endurance more important than Endurance more important than

strengthstrength• For sprintingFor sprinting

– White muscleWhite muscle– Strength more important than Strength more important than

enduranceendurance

Muscle MetabolismRed = distanceRed = distanceFats to Glucose + oxygenFats to Glucose + oxygen

White = sprintingWhite = sprintingGlucose Energy + Lactic Acid(glycogen)

Energy + Carbon Dioxide + WaterEnergy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Muscle typeRedRedCC66HH1212OO66 + + 66O2 O2 E E + + 66C0C02 2 + + 66HH22OO

WhiteWhiteCC66HH1212OO66 E + 2C3H6O3

Lactic Acid

What happens when distance runners (red

muscle) sprint?

They are slow because the red muscles lack power

What happens when sprinters (white muscle) run distance?

What happens when sprinters (white muscle) run distance?

They “hit the wall” and collapse because of energy depletion

and lactic acid accumulation

• Cruising (marathon runner)

• Continuous use• Steady oxygen

supply• Fat for energy• (Red from

myoglobin)

• Sprinting (escape, 2 minutes max)

• Little oxygen• Energy from glycogen

(carbohydrate)• Produce lactic acid (2

hrs to remove)• Liver regenerates lactic

acid to glycogen using energy from food

Goldfish: A Special case

Glycogen

LacticAcid

Ethanol

Basic Muscle Anatomy

Coelom(Guts)

Epaxial Muscle

Hypaxial Muscle

RedMuscle

HorizontalSeptum

VertebraVerticalSeptum

Location of Red Muscle in Fish

SideView

TopView

Red Muscle and Behavior

Coelom(Guts)

Coelom(Guts)

Catfish: Slow when cruising

Swordfish: Fast when cruising

Koi Slice Picture 2009

Red muscleRed muscle

White Muscle:Pink from feed pigments (salmon);sometimes myoglobin (tuna)

White Muscle:Pink from feed pigments (salmon);sometimes myoglobin (tuna)

Caution

85 F (30 C)

36 F (2 C)

Heated muscles

Scombrids • Yellowfin and skipjack – Ambient + fixed

amount• Bluefin – thermoregulate to specific

temp

Isurids (mako sharks)

Hot eyesHot Brain

• Swordfish hunt water depths down to 2600 feet • Temps about 5 °C. • Cold drastically affects the performance of the

nervous system, including the eyes and brain. • So, heat (19-28 C) is produced by a highly

modified eye muscle located close to the eye and brain.

• This keeps the eye and brain warm during dives into cold water.

Swordfish, Marlin, Thresher Sharks

Bone functions• Blood formation – NOT• Keeps the fins in shape and

provides a way for muscle to move the fins

• Protects guts and brain• Keeps the gills rigid• Can fish live without them?

Sure!

Sure!

Sure!

A Little bone helps

A Little bone helps

A Little bone helps

A Little bone helps

Porbeagle shark

Vertebrae

Spinal Cord Neural Arch

CentrumHemalArch

Disc

CaudalVein

CaudalArtery

Vertebra, Cross Section

Neural ArchSpinal Cord

Centrum

Caudal VeinCaudal Artery

Problem Bones

Coelom

IntramuscularBone

VertebraEpipleuralRib

PleuralRib

SpineSpine

RayRay

Bony Fish

Caudal Fin

HypuralBones

Lepidotrichia

Shark Caudal Fin

NeuralArch

HemalArch

DermalRays

Quiz hINTS• Know the difference between red Know the difference between red

and white muscleand white muscle– FunctionFunction– MetabolismMetabolism

• Know why muscle heating is Know why muscle heating is importantimportant

• Know about he bones that end up Know about he bones that end up in filletsin fillets

• Spinal cord and spinal blood Spinal cord and spinal blood vessels - Associations with vessels - Associations with vertebraevertebrae