Pragmatic Translation and Discourse Naturalization in … KASDI MERBAH OUARGLA Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Language and Letters Dissertation: ACADEMIC MASTER

UNIVERSITY KASDI MERBAH OUARGLA

Faculty of Letters and Languages

Department of English Language

and Letters

Dissertation:

ACADEMIC MASTER

Domain: Letters and Foreign Languages

Major: Translation and Translation Studies

Prepared by: Youcef AISSANI

Title:

Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Obtention of Master Degree in Translation Studies

Publically defended

On: 15th/06/2015

Before the jury:

Mrs. Fouzia BAHRI President UKM-Ouargla

Dr. Mohamed KOUDED Supervisor UKM-Ouargla

Mr. Ahmed Noureddine BELARBI Examiner UKM-Ouargla

Academic Year: 2014 – 2015

Pragmatic Translation and Discourse

Naturalization in Arabic

Application of a Medicine Leaflet

I would like to dedicate this work to my family,

my lovely parents,

to the spirit of my grandfather Abd El Kader, and my uncle Mohammed

Nejmi for their continuous guidance and help,

To my lovely sisters and brothers: Soumia, Taha, Adnane, Hachem,

Walid, Raihana, Abdennour, for their continuous guidance and

supporting through all my life.

To my aunts and uncles, especially my aunt Mekia, and uncles Abd El

Madjid and Abd El Jebbar,

To my nieces Salsabil and Dyna, and my nephews Siradj El Mounir,

Ahmed Wassim and Ahmed Maher, and my cousins: Imade and Islam,

I would like also to dedicate this dessertations to my dearest friends:

Tarek, Aicha, Manel, Mohcen, Siradj El Mounir, Brahim, Abdessamed,

Ilyas, Youcef, Dhya Eddine, Anouar, Seddam, Oussama, Soufiane,

houssem, Ahmed Amine, KAcem, Kamel, for their continuous advice and

help

I woud also dedicate this work to all those whom I did not mention their

names, and all who knows me,

I would like also to dedicate this work to: Lalmi, Mabrouk, El Aid,

Mohammed Ali, Zahra, Sara, Amina, lyna, Hakim, Souhail, Lahcen, and

all my colleagues at the department of English language and letters,

especially in the Major of Translation and Translation Studies, for their

support.

I would also to dedicate this work to my colleagues there in Hadji’s

station for services.

Acknowledgements

I would give all my thanks to the Most Graceful and Most

compassionate the Almighty that has provided me with lot of countless

blessings.

My deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. KOUDED for the time he gave

me when preparing this dissertation, and for his encouragement,

motivation and continuous guidance.

I would acknowledge all the teachers during my entire study career.

I would thank the board of examiners as well who accepted to discuss

my dissertation.

Table Of Contents

Dedication

Acknowledgments

ABSTRACT

Table of contents

List of abbreviations

Introduction I

Part One: Theoretical Part

Chapter One: Pragmatic translation 1

I.1. Overview 1

I.1.1. Pragmatics 1

I.1.2. Pragmatic Translation 1

I.2. Types of Pragmatic Translation 2

I.2.1. Literary translation 2

I.2.2. Journalistic translation 2

I.2.3. Commercial and Economic translation 2

I.2.4. Scientific translation 3

I.2.5. Religious translation 3

I.3. The use of Pragmatic translation 3

I.4. Problems in Pragmatic translation 5

I.4.1. Lexical problems 5

I.4.2. Grammatical problems 7

I.4.3. Linguistic untranslatability 9

I.4.4. Cultural untranslatability 9

I.5. Conclusion 10

Chapter Two: The Translation of Discourse 11

II.1. Introduction 11

II.2. Discourse 11

II.3. The interpretation of discourse 11

II.3.1. Comprehension of discourse 12

II.3.2. Reformulation of the discourse sense 12

II.3.3. Verification of the final product of translation 13

II.4. Techniques of discourse interpretation 13

II.4.1. Preparation/ Anticipating the discourse 13

II.4.2. Complex syntax 14

II.4.3. De-Verbalization 14

II.4.4. Compression 14

II.4.5. Word order/ cluster 15

II.4.6. Quotations 15

II.5. Localization and Naturalization process 15

II.6. Procedures of adaptation in translating the discourse 16

A. Transcription of the original 16

B. Omission 16

C. Expansion 16

D. Exoticism 17

E. Updating 17

F. Creation 17

G. Situational equivalence 17

H. Localization 17

II.7. Obstacles of discourse interpretation 17

II.7.1. Phonological problems 17

II.7.2. Lexical problems 18

II.7.2.1. Homonymy 18

II.672.2. Homography 18

II.7.2.3. Polysemy 18

II.7.3. Grammatical problems 19

II.7.3.1. The lack of case endings 19

II.7.3.2. The lack of gender in English words 19

II.7.3.3. English pronouns 19

II.7.3.4. The omission of definite articles 19

II.7.4. Stylistic problems 20

II.7.1. Terminology 20

II.8. Interpretation and understanding 20

II.8.1. Sense VS Meaning 21

II.8.2. Interpretation VS Understanding 21

II.9. Conclusion 22

Part Two: Practical Part

Chapter Three: Case study 23

III.1. Introduction 23

III.2. Corpus of the study 23

III.3. Methodology 23

III.4. Analysis of the corpus 24

Pattern01 24

Pattern02 24

Pattern03 24

Pattern04 25

Translation of Pattern01 26




III.5. Findings 28

III.6. Conclusion 29

Conclusion II

References 30

English Appendix 31

Arabic Appendix 34

Summary in Arabic language

List of Abbreviations

SL : Source Language

ST : Source Text

TL : Target Language

TT : Target Text

Introduction

This paper shall discuss the concept of pragmatic translation and discourse

naturalization in Arabic. First pragmatic translation is one that is intended to be used

immediately for the sake of understanding how to deal with a specific incident

through the various types of pragmatic translation. This paper also shall shed some

light o the use of pragmatic translation in our life by translators and even readers, in

connection with the problems that may occur during the process of the pragmatic

translation. However this chapter shall discuss the concept of discourse and

interpretation through presenting the techniques of discourse interpretation and the

interpretive theory. In addition, this paper shall investigate the topic of discourse

naturalization which is to be accomplished through adaptation and localization and

by explaining the procedures of adaptation in translating the discourse.

The study of the topic of pragmatic translation and discourse naturalization in

Arabic shall be applied in this paper through a comparison between the translations

of the corpus of the study. As a result, this study tries to find answers to the question:

do any pragmatic discourse that is translated in Arabic needs to be naturalized. To

answer this question an analytic study arises upon the hypothesis of: do naturalizing

pragmatic discourse in Arabic needs to be adapted to context and situation.

Rationale

The reason that lies behind carrying this study is to give more importance to

the concept of Pragmatic translation and discourse naturalization specially in Arabic

language, for its significance in helping people who do not speak the same language

and who do not live in the same speech community, aiming to facilitate the process

of communication.

Structure of the study

This paper is divided into three chapters; the first and the second ones are

considered as theoretical part, whereas the third is a practical one. The first chapter

explains the concept of pragmatic translation, through giving its definition and

presenting its most used types that show the use of pragmatic translation by

translators and readers. Then, this chapter shall discuss the main problems that may

arise during the process of pragmatic translation. The second chapter explains the

concepts of discourse and interpretation and discourse naturalization, through

adaptation and localization, and the techniques that are used in discourse

interpretation with connection to its problems that may occur during this process.

Finally, the third chapter is a practical one on which all the information that were

given in the previous theoretical parts are to be applied in the corpus through a

process of comparison, for the sake of extracting the results of the study.

Chapter one: Pragmatic Translation

I.1. Overview

I.1.1.Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that deals with speakers‟ meaning and

goes beyond the language and not the words, because words are not enough for the

study of pragmatics. In the study of pragmatics what matter is not what words might

mean but what speakers want them to mean, therefore this study is concerned with

the connotative meaning of words. In pragmatics the focus is not just on the speaker,

but on the hearer too. ( Jaszczolt 2002, p.03) defines pragmatics as “the study of how

hearers add contextual information to the semantic structure and how they draw

inferences from what is said”. According to Yule (1996) pragmatics is the study of

meaning as it is pronounced by the speaker or writer and how the listener or reader

understands it. Therefore, pragmatics has more to do with the analysis of what people

mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might

mean by themselves. From his point of view “pragmatics is the study of speaker

meaning” (opt.cit). Generally, pragmatics is the study that deals with speech acts and

events. „Pragmatics is the study of language in use. It is the Study of meaning, not as

generated by the linguistic system but as conveyed and manipulated by participants

in a communicative situation.’ (Baker,1992, p. 217).

I.1.2. Pragmatic Translation

Pragmatic translation is the translation that is intended to be used immediately for

the sake of understanding how to deal with a specific incident. (Baker, 1998 p.179).

Pragmatic translation is the process of rendering a given discourse (written or oral)

that is produced in one language into another language. As soon as two speakers of

different languages need to communicate, translation is necessary. It is an obligation

when translating to preserve the same meaning in the target language. Selection of

words and expressions is essential. However, languages do not operate in isolation

but within and as part of culture, and cultures differ from each other in various ways.

There are also differences between languages in stylistic choices and organization of

thoughts. A linguist can provide the translator with knowledge about languages and

their related cultures through contrastive analysis. (opt.cit).

I.2. Types of Pragmatic Translation

I.2.1. Literary translation

Literary translation deals with literary texts (fiction, and poetry) whose main

function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the reader. Their

communicative value depends on their artistic quality and the translator‟s primary

task is to reproduce this quality in translation. My translation from (سع د٤ة، /ظ

(197:، ص2005

I.2.2. Journalistic Translation

In press, journalists write different articles about different subject including

political articles, literary articles; scientific articles…etc, to serve it to the large

public of the community. Therefore journalistic translation has its own specific style.

At first glance, Journalistic translation uses a medium-level language which is

neither formal nor colloquial; but it is standard language that should be understood

by all the readers. Then, journalists concentrate their ideas and information in a less

space as possible because they aim to use a short and minimum number of

meaningful words, phrases and adjectives. Also in journalistic translation it can be

noticed that headlines are sometimes exciting and intensive, so it may contain some

riddles. So in the process of translation, the translator should translate the hole

passage before he translate the headline to be familiar with the context. Finally in

journalistic translation, the author of the article often gives his point of view either

explicitly or implicitly. (opt.cit).

I.2.3. Commercial and Economic Translation

The style of this kind of translation uses numbers (statistics), analysis, and the

use of certain abbreviations and specific terms. However, the translator should have

enough experience and scientific background. He should also use dictionaries and

references of that field of science. (opt.cit).

I.2.4. Scientific Translation

The scientific style of writing is known of the accuracy in expressing the ideas

without redundancy, necessitating the use of sings, abbreviations, and terms

accurately and precisely. Each field of science has its specific language so it is a

must for the translator to have a specific scientific background which allows him to

translate from one language into another. The translator of Mathematics for instance,

needs to know the mathematical terms and abbreviations. (opt.cit).

I.2.5. Religious Translation

The style of religious translation is more different, because it contains some

citations from any sacred book. For instance, in the process of translating a text

which contains a citation from the Holy-Quran; from English into Arabic; the

translator must extract the Ayah from the Holy-Quran to avoid mistakes. However if

the text was written in Arabic, it is better for him to go back to an authorized

translation.(opt.cit).

I.3. The use of Pragmatic Translation

Translation has been widely practiced in the course of human life therefore it is

not considered as a new process that occurs in their life. As a result no one can

ignore or neglect the role of pragmatic translation, which is helping people who do

not speak the same language, or do not live in the same speech community. For

instance, one can master his mother tongue language and speak it perfectly; however

he may not communicate with others‟ languages because he cannot understand

language of people out of his speech community. In this case pragmatic translation

would be the best solution for this problem. Moreover, pragmatic translation is

considered as a useful process in human life, because communication is dependent

on it. Nowadays, pragmatic translation is mainly used in communication with people

of different regions and cultures through which people of different speech

communities can understand each other.

Pragmatic Translation as a means of communication is used for multilingual

notices which appear in public places. (Newmark 1988 p. 6). In recent years, notices

were used everywhere in public places. The main reason of those notices is to

facilitate the communication with people of different cultures notably those who do

not speak the same languages. Therefore, notices should be translated into many

different languages for the sake of make it clear for the readers. Pragmatic translation

can be also used for instructions which are used by companies that export goods.

(opt.cit). For instance, when exporting goods, companies‟ use instructions that

describe the way their merchandise works. Those instructions are generally written in

the native language, and translated into other languages of countries in which the

merchandise are exported to. Another use of Pragmatic translation is in touristic

publicities, which are often produced by natives as a matter of national pride.

(opt.cit). Touristic agencies uses touristic guides for instance to present the city and

its historical background, and famous monuments which are intended to be visited by

the tourists for the sake of attracting their attention. As a result they are obliged to

produce it in a manner that will allow visitors of different speech communities, and

who speaks different languages to understand. Therefore agencies resort to pragmatic

translation since it is the ideal solution for this matter. Moreover, Pragmatic

translation is used for official documents, such as treaties and contracts. (opt.cit). For

instance, in the process of concluding a contract with a national company by a

foreign company (which have other branches in Algeria for example), the contract

should be translated into the foreign company‟s language in order to understand the

articles and conditions of the contract to be concluded. Finally, in reports, papers,

correspondences, and textbooks, pragmatic translation from the native into other

languages is needed to convey information, advice and recommendations for every

branch of knowledge. (opt.cit).

I.4. Problems in Pragmatic translation

During the process of pragmatic translation, some problems may occur and

disturb the process of translation. These problems which are faced by the translator

can be classified as following:

I.4.1- Lexical problems

Lexical problems are related to the words or vocabulary of the

discourse. They can be divided into:

A/- Homonymy

In linguistic, a homonym is a word that has different meanings. In the

strict sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and

pronunciation but have different meanings. Thus homonyms are

simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of

their pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same

pronunciation, regardless of their spelling).

Example: the word Bank may have the meaning of: (1- a place where money

is saved, or, 2- the river‟s edge).

1- I went to the bank to borrow some money.

2- I went to the river to enjoy fishing.

in this case, the context is clear, therefore the word Bank did not constitute a

difficulty in understanding the meaning.

See in http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym.

B/- Polysemy

Polysemy is the capacity for a sign (such as a word, phrase, or

symbol) to have multiple meanings, and thus multiple senses. Polysemy is

regarded as distinct from homonymy, in which the multiple meanings of a

word may be unconnected or unrelated.

Example: the word spring may have different meanings in Arabic:

as a noun: ربيع، ينبوع

and as a verb: يقفز، يظير

Also the word tender:

as a noun: مناقصة، سفينة خدمات

as an adjective: لين، رقيق

as a verb: قدم، قدم عطاء

Example

The use of the English verb involve, will be different from its use in

the Arabic translation:

1/- His friendship with the accused involved him in the scandal

.صداقتو بالمتيم في الجريمةورطته /- 1

2/- The teacher involved the whole class in the research.

.المعمم كل طمبة القسم في البحثأشرك /- 2

Also, the same is with the Arabic verb :in English translation ضزب

. الالعب الكرةضرب /- 1

1/- The player hit the ball.

. لو موعداضرب/- 2

2/- He made him an appointment.

(Ghazala, 1981, p.88).

C/- The translation of idioms in Pragmatic translation

An Idiom is a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative, or

sometimes literal, meaning. An idiom's figurative meaning is different from

the literal meaning. Idioms are important in expressing the situations, thus

they are widely used in both; the Arabic and English language.

Example

1/- Lend me your ears.

. أعيروني انتباىكم/- 1

2/- You are flogging a dead horse.

.ال حياة لمن تنادي/- 2

3/- Between the blue devil and the Dead Sea.

. بين المطرقة و السندان/- 3

(opt.cit).

I.4.2- Grammatical and Structural problems

English and Arabic languages have different etymological origins, as

they belong to different families. This difference in origins causes a difference in

grammar. As a result, problems occur during the pragmatic translation.

1/- The use of the pronoun “it” creates one of the biggest grammatical

problems in translation from English to Arabic language, because this English

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_expression

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurative_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language

pronoun when it is used in cases as following, has no equivalence in the Arabic

language.

To ask about an unknown person

Example:

who is it in the door? it is the milk man . إنو بائع الحميب

As a doer, when talking about the time, weather, and measurements

Example

It is five O‟clock. إنيا الخامسة.

It is hot today. الجو حار اليوم.

It is about 150 kilometers from Touggourt to Ouargla. تبمغ المسافة حوالي

. ورقمة إلىتقرت كم من 150

As a doer of some verbs, like: happen, seem, appear…

Example

It happened so quickly that no one could interfere. حدث األمر بسرعة لدرجة أنو

. لم يستطع أحد أن بتدخل

(It) may replace a sentence

Example

The rise of the price of bread made people very angry. It made the

government angry too. و قد سبب ىذا غضب . أغضب ارتفاع سعر الخبز الناس

. الحكومة أيضا

Confirmation

Example

It was Ali who broke the window. كان عمي ىو الذي كسر النافذة .

2/- Adjectives and compound Adverbs

The translation of Adjectives and compound Adverbs may represent

an obstacle for the translator because of the lack of the appropriate

equivalence in Arabic.

Example

He was brave and open-handed. (كريما، سخيا)كان شجاعا و مبسوط اليد .

He was close-mouthed as a rocket. كان كتوما كالصخر .

3/- Adjectives and Adverbs that are preceded by

another Adverb of degree

In English style of writing, adjectives and adverbs may be preceded by

adverb of degree like: very, rather, relatively … etc for the purpose of

exaggeration. (opt.cit)

Example

The job was rather easy. سيال- نوعا ما-أو كان العمل-/ إلى حد ما-كان العمل سيال .

Go very quickly. أو اذىب بغاية السرعة./ اذىب بسرعة فائقة .

(opt.cit)

I.4.3- Linguistic untranslatability

Linguistic untranslatability according to Catford is “failure to find a TL

equivalent “ which is “due entirely to differences between the source language and

the target language” (Catford 1965, p.98). However, linguistic untranslatability is

also attributable to the ambiguity or lack of context. Example: titles of films, books,

list of items, slogans, nicknames of persons and boats …etc). (opt.cit).

I.4.4- Cultural untranslatability

Cultural untranslatability is due to the absence of an SL situation in the TL.

Culture-bound words, phrases, idioms, proverbs may have no TL equivalent.

Example: “ALLAH” of the Muslims is not translated as “Lord” for the Christians,

although both communities believe in the existence of one God. In this respect a

sentence like: “we are the children of God” would be considered by Muslims as a

mistake if it was translated as: “ س أؽلا هللا” because Islam regards human beings as

“ “ servants of god”. Also, in Arabic“ ”ػثاظ هللا is not an accurate ”دف اشؼ

equivalent of the English word “parliament” despite the meaning of democracy they

have in common, because the difference between them is in the methods of applying

democracy. Furthermore, the Arabic words “ “ ,”تع٣ح “ and ,”ظائؽج are ”ال٣ح

administrative divisions which are specific to Algeria, therefore they have no

equivalent in other languages. These examples can only be transliterated and

explained in a footnote if the TL reader is not familiar with the term. In addition,

idioms with no TL equivalent should be either replaced by a close TL idiom or

paraphrased. Another cultural problematic is that of words with a connotative

meaning. For instance the English word “owl” is a symbol of wisdom and luck in the

British culture. Whereas in North Africa it is believed that is a bird of ill omen. As a

result the SL connotation loses its effect when transferred into the TL. (opt.cit).

I.5.Conclusion

This chapter highlighted the concept of Pragmatic Translation, by giving its

definition and by presenting the most known types of this kind of translation. On the

other hand, the use of pragmatic translation had been also dealt with in this chapter.

As a result, this first study leads us to have a look on the problems that may occur

during the process of pragmatic translation.

Chapter II: The Translation of Discourse

II.1.Introduction

This chapter is concerned deals with Discourse and its meaning as a first step

through which the process of interpreting the discourse and its techniques are

highlighted. This chapter also shed some light on the procedures of adaptation and

the obstacles in translating the discourse. Finally, localization and naturalization are

also subjects that are concerned to be studied in this chapter

II.2. Discourse

Years ago, Gilbert and Mulkay 1984 and used the term discourse to refer to

all forms of writings ( types of texts, and newspapers for example), and speaking

(interviews, documentaries, dialogues..etc).( cited in Baker and Saldanha 2009, p.

88). While others such as Sinclair and Coulthard 1975, believe that discourse covers

just the way talk is put together. (opt. cit). Another definition of discourse is that one

which was proposed by Foucalt in 1972, who conceives discourse as a social

structure and discursive practice as social practice. (opt. cit). Linguistically

speaking, discourse can be understood as a language in use, or as a stretch of

language beyond the sentence. Moreover, discourse can be defined as a type of

communicative or social activities performed by either an individual or social group.

II.3.The Interpretation of discourse

Discourse interpretation is a key aspect of the process of human

communication in which interactants rely on establishing social practice in a

particular context while striving to achieve their communicative intentions by the use

of language. The complexity of meaning interpretation in discourse is derived from

the fact that discourse processing is not based only on what is written or said, but is a

dynamic process, involving the negotiation of meaning between the speaker and the

hearer in the context of utterance.

Before the interpretation of any discourse which was given -whether written

or spoken- by any given producer; it is important to extract its sense and meaning.

The sense of the discourse “is composed of an explicit part (what is actually written

or spoken) and an implicit part (what is unsaid but nevertheless meant by the author

and understood by the reader/listener), the latter not to be confused with the author’s

intention”. (Baker and Saldanha 2009 p. 145). Full comprehension of the sense of

the discourse depends on the existence of sufficient shared knowledge between the

producer and the interpreter of the discourse. As a result, the interpreter will extract

the meaning of the given discourse that allows him to generate a correct interpreting

which is to be understood by the user. However, ambiguity is -in most cases of

interpretation- a direct result of the lack of equivalence in the discourse. Therefore, a

multiple interpretation arises just in case the verbal meaning of the discourse is

available, and the interpreter does not have all the cognitive elements and the

complementary information of the discourse to extract sense.

Despite the fact that written and oral discourses are different in their

modalities, the interpretation of both of them is considered as a communicative act.

As a result, interpretation is considered as the ideal communicative situation, because

all parts of the discourse are present (the producer, the interpreter, and the user).

Also, they share the same information relevant to the topic of the discourse. Delisle‟s

view of interpretation is based on text analysis, on which the interpreter of the given

discourse is defined with regard to specific criteria such as contextual analysis and

the presentation of textual organicity. Delisle views translation of discourse as a

heuristic process of intelligent discourse analysis involving three stages; are:

comprehension of the discourse, reformulation of the discourse sense, and

verification of the final product of translation. (Delisle, 1988, p.6-53 as cited in

Baker and Saldahna, 1998, p. 146).

II.3.1. Comprehension of the discourse

In this first step, the interpreter decodes the linguistic sings of the ST,

with reference to the semantic relationships between the words and the

utterances of the discourse. Then, he should define the conceptual content

of the discourse.

II.3.2. Reformulation of the discourse sense

In this second stage, the interpreter tries to formulate the concepts of the

source utterances by means of the signifiers of another language through

reasoning, successive associations of thoughts and logical assumptions.

II.3.3. Verification of the final product of translation

In this final stage, the interpreter performs a process of comparison

between the original discourse and its interpreting to confirm the accuracy

of the final product in terms of content and form. (Baker and Saldahna,

1998, p.145-147).

II.4. Techniques of Discourse interpretation

Techniques of discourse interpretation are tips and which are applied

according to the translator‟s needs to ensure the success of the process of translation.

Translators whom should have a political, cultural, and historical knowledge of the

languages that they master, should also be trained to use the following techniques of

interpretation:

II.4.1. Preparation/ Anticipating the speaker

Good performance in discourse interpretation depends on sustained

mental alterness. In this respect any interpreter must maintain attention and

concentration during all the period of discourse interpretation which may take

many hours in order to absorb the content of the discourse of any given

subject. As a result translators should follow a specific arrangement of his/her

daily activities. This means keeping fit, by getting enough sleep, and

following good habits of nutrition and exercise. The translator must adopt the

attitude of learning new information by keeping up with changes in his/her

languages as well current events and the related phrases for the sake of

understanding a wide range of ideas and arguments that represent different

sides of any discourse. However every discourse has its surprises, especially

when the speaker changes his/her mind at last time. Translators should not

use wild guesses whereas it is possible to fill in the gaps that the producer of

the ST may commit (when an element of his speech is not clear) through

using his effort of imagination to anticipate what is going to be said by the

speaker for the sake of making the speech comprehensible for the audience in

TL. (Nolan 2005, p.18-19).

II.4.2. Complex syntax

Whenever the speaker of the ST uses short, declarative sentences, the task

of the translator would be easy. However this task may be difficult and

complicated when the speaker uses more or long complex structures of

sentences. As a result, omission may appear in the process of translation

because the translator could not catch up the whole meaning of the ST.

therefore he should use the technique of complex syntax in which he

simplify the syntax of the ST through breaking long sentences into shorter

ones; extracting main ideas of the discourse; and deleting extra

information and words (such as conjunction). (opt.cit).

II.4.3. De-verbalization

In discourse interpretation, translators should go beyond words to achieve

prefect interpretation because words hold just the meaning which is

transferred into TL by translators. De-verbalization is a process in which

the interpretation involves two processes; First, translating words into a

mental image, and Second is to render this mental image into words in

TL. Therefore the accuracy of the interpretation depends on the accuracy

of the mental image which is formed be the translator. (opt.cit).

II.4.4. Compression

Human speech can reach a speed of 200 to 300 and even 500 words per

minute in such situations. So it is important to for the interpreter ot do his

best to reduce the number of words and syllables uttered by the speaker to

avoid not just errors in language and meaning; but also errors of

articulation. So the translator in compression may use some short cuts and

edit the speech to get the essential elements of meaning. Then he may

delete redundant and non-essential

information. (opt.cit).

II.4.5. Word order/ cluster

It is important in interpretation not to follow the word order and structure

of the ST because this differs from one language into another. Therefore

translators should not stick to the word order to accomplish the discourse

interpretation perfectly through transferring the meaning of the discourse

and not its word‟s order. (opt.cit).

II.4.6. Quotations

If the producer of the ST uses a quotation in his SL, the translator should

look for its equivalent in the TL if it exists. If there is not, he may

translate its key parts to make it more smoothly for the audience in TL.

(opt.cit).

II.5. Localization and Naturalization process

In the last decades, Localization has been widely discussed by many scholars

and researches (Corte 2000; Yunker 2002; Pym 2005). The term Localization may

refer to the meaning of rendering the translated discourse (TT) understood by the

locale of a specific region. The word “Locale” may refer to “ a group of people who

share a language, a writing system or other properties which may require a separate

version of product. This could be a region; country; or just a language community”.

(Sandrini, 2008, p.2). The localization industry standards association defines

Localization as the process of making a product linguistically and culturally

appropriate to the target locale (country, region and language) where it will be used

and sold.

According to Pym “Localization”, refers to the contextualized application of a

flexible marketing strategy, sophisticated information technology, and manifold

linguistic manipulation. (Pym, 2010, p.121-124). The aim is to create a text in a local

language of wider communication to fit a specific world “locale” for example, in

terms of time conventions, numbers, weights/measures, currency, scripts, etc. This

process may be generalized then through “internationalization” to produce a

standardized document in terms of language and cultural background that can be

readily adapted for translation into many diverse “locales”. One of the fields in

which research into localization can be more productive in the short term is related to

institutional websites. Since multilingualism is a major concern for European

institutions, we should improve the way these institutions are present on the World

Wide Web and we should also ensure the quality of web content adaptation into

different cultures.

Nowadays, Localization is attached with the terms: Internationalization;

which means to prepare a suitable product for an efficient localization, and

Globalization; which signify the global design of a product. (opt.cit). Website

localization is therefore defined as ‘the process of modifying a website for a specific

locale’ ( Yunker 2002, p.17). Localization is considered one of the most useful

procedures that are included in the process of discourse naturalization.

Naturalization in terms of politics refers to the legal fact or process by which

a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country.

Whereas in academic research, naturalization is the process of rendering any given

discourse natural for any given target audience. Discourse naturalization is one of

transformation, making what is local, universal, what is neutral, and what is arbitrary,

natural. However there are all kinds of insidious resistances to translation. You may

feel it is not translation, it is mechanical, it is automatic, it is humdrum, it is not

clever, it is not natural. “naturalization is a procedure that follow transference and

adapts the source language word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal

morphology (word forms) of the target language”. (Newmark, 1988, p.82). Discourse

naturalization ensure that the translation makes sense, and that it reads naturally, that

is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms, and words that meet

that kind of situation. (opt.cit).

II.6. Procedures of Adaptation in translating the discourse

Mona BAKER defines adaptation In her Rutledge encyclopedia of translation

studies as the process that “may be understood as a set of translative operations

which result in a text that is not accepted as a translation” (Baker, 1998, p.7).

After that, in the adaptation section of the encyclopedia, Baker (1998) stated

several procedures, which the translator can use in adaptation of ST as the

following:

A. Transcription of the original: A literal reproduction of part of the text in

the original language. B. Omission: To delete the unwanted fragment part of

ST, for example sexual scenes in most Arabic TV Stations. C. Expansion: To

explicit the implied information that was hidden in ST even in footnotes or

glossaries.

D. Exoticism: “The substitution of the stretches of slangs, dialects, nonsense

words and so on, in the original text by rough equivalents in the target

language” (opt.cit).

E. Updating: It takes place when the adaptor update old information by

modern equivalent. F. Creation: When the translator keeps the essential of

ST (global adaptation).G. Situational equivalence: When the adaptor

contextualize the production although this context is different than the

original context.

H. Localization: It is to replace the ST not with the Academic language but

with local dialect of a given area, for example, a translator can adapt an

English text into Algeria dialect (opt.cit).

II.7. Obstacles of Discourse interpretation

Translation is an activity in which the meaning of a given discourse is

rendered from one language into another. Translation of discourse is the act through

which the content of a given discourse is transformed from the SL into the TL.

During the process of transferring the linguistic entities of a given discourse from SL

into TL; translators may face and encounter many obstacles and problems that would

complicate the process of translation. Ghazala believes that these problems are due to

either voice and lexis (words) or grammar and style.(Ghazala, Hassan1995).

II.6.1-Phonological problems

Phonological obstacles are usually problems which are related to

sounds. Phonological obstacles may occur when an interpreter faces a speaker who is

delivering his speech quickly. In this case he cannot hear the voice clearly. As a

result he will fail in transmitting some particular meanings. Also being faced with

slow speaker will interrupt the process of discourse interpreting, because interpreters

in such cases will wait long for the verb, which results some gaps in discourse. in

addition, phonological obstacles can occur when facing a speaker who displays a

heavy accent. So it is better to have a native speaker interpreter to avoid such kinds

of phonological obstacles. (wallerstein, 1981, p.80).

II.6.2. Lexical problems

Lexical obstacles are related to words and vocabulary. These obstacles

may occur when the interpreter misunderstand words‟ meanings. (Ghazalla, 1995,

p.20-21).

II.6.2.1. Homonymy

Two SL word which have the same spelling and pronunciation but are

different in meaning. Therefore an SL word can have a lot of TL equivalents.

Example: the word “State” in English have a lot of equivalents in Arabic language

are: (ال٣ح، زاح، ظح، ؽثوح، ؿح).

II.6.2.2. Homography

Two words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but they are

different semantically. Therefore it causes misunderstanding in ambiguous contexts.

Example: in English language; the word “lead” as a verb and the word “lead” as a

noun. Homography can be also misleading in Arabic because of the lack of case

ending in English language.

Example

The Arabic word (عالم) can be translated into “scientist” or “world”.

II.6.2.3. Polysemy

Polysemy is like homonymy (two SLwords that have the same

spelling and pronunciation). However polysemous words are related while those of

homonymous are not. Example

the word “agreement” can be translated into إتفاق، معاىدة، عقد.

The Arabic word "مسيرة" can be translated into departure, journey, distance.

Ghazalla classified Lexical obstacles following: literal meaning, synonymy,

polysemy and monosymy, collocations, idioms, proverbs, metaphors, technical

terms, proper names; titles; political establishments; geographical terms; and UN

acronyms. (opt.cit).

II.6.3. Grammatical problems

Since English and Arabic languages belong to different families, they have

different etymological origins. Therefore during the process of interpreting from and

into them, interpreters face many obstacles in terms of grammar. (opt.cit).

II.6.3.1. The lack of case endings

specially in Arabic texts. Example

حديقة المدرسة الكبيرة

In this sentence, we cannot know whether the adjective (الكبيرة) modifies

(الحديقة) or (المدرسة) . As a ressult we will have two interpretations; are:

The big garden of the school . or The garden of the big school.

II.6.3.2. The lack of gender in English words

Example: child (طفل، طفمة) , nurse (ممرض، ممرضة) , doctor ( ،طبيب

(طبيبة .

II.6.3.3. English pronouns

You, they, them, their …etc do not tell the exact number, therefore each

pronoun in English have many equivalent in Arabic. Example

The pronoun “you” in singular is translated into (أنت، أنت) , and in dual

into (أنتما) .

II.6.3.4. The omission of definite articles in English titles may be

misleading for interpreters. Example

New universities. Can be translated into Arabic to:

Indefinite جامعات جديدة

Definite الجديدة الجامعات

(opt.cit).

II.6.4. Stylistic problems

Those obstacles affect words and grammar -since style is one of the

components of meaning.

II.6.4.1. Terminology

These occurs because of the lack of TL equivalent word, which lead

the interpreter to translate the SL word or to coin a non-standardized

(informal) terms in TL. This is particularly encountered in social sciences

where “concepts are not universally shared and are quite often the subject of

open and violent conflict” (Wallerstein, 1981, p.88). as a result wallerstein

suggests that the interpreter use the acceptable equivalent and add the original

word in parentheses. (opt.cit). Stylistic obstacles affects the formality and

informality of words, thus Ghazalla suggested the following scale of English

language formality:

1. Frozen Formal (قح) ex: be seated. عميك بالجموس

2. Formal (كظ٤ر) ex: have a seat. ذلؼ تادـ

3. Informal (ؿ٤ؽ كظ٤ر) ex: sit down please. اخف قسد

4. Colloquial (ػا٢) ex : feel at home. ضػ ؼازري

(Ghazala, 1995, p.203).

II.7. Interpretation and understanding

Although the act of interpretation is an ancient process; the theory of

interpretation begins to take form just on the late of 1970‟s by Danica Seleskovitch –

an interpreter and researcher at Ecole Supérieur d‟Interpretes et de Traducteurs at

University of Paris III. The interpretive theory ( theory of sense) had a significant

contribution in the field of translation and interpreting practice and teaching.

Interpretive theory is designed to meet the needs of interpreters during the process of

interpretation. This theory was discussed by the Paris school in which a group of

scholars react against some of the restricted views of linguistics. Interpreters in

interpretive theory do not focus merely on the linguistic meaning, but they should

use the cognitive context of the discourse that has been delivered orally. Interpreters

need to take into account their settings, and their own knowledge. As a result,

interpretive theory focuses on the meaning (sense) rather than the words of the ST.

(A.B As-Safi, p.31).

Several years ago, researchers used different interchangeable words to refer to

distinct concepts in interpretive theory; like sense and meaning, and interpretation

and understanding. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish between them to avoid

confession and misconception.

II.7.1. Sense VS Meaning

These two terms were discussed by Aleksandr Davidovich Shvejer, who had

recognized the difference between them. From his point of view, meaning which is

derived from the concrete structure of language is extracted from the language and its

signals. However it does not make sense to look for what any word can express in a

language or culture because words are the product of the community and its culture.

Therefore each word has one meaning that is represented in the language in which it

belongs to. In the other hand, it is called the theory of sense because sense can be

expressed through different linguistic means in different languages (L‟vovskaja,

1985, p.81-82 as cited in A.B As-Safi, p. 31). Thus sense does not depend on the

difference between languages. Sense is composed of two parts; first part is an

explicit part of what has been spoken or written. Whereas the second is an implicit

one that is constituted of what is meant by the producer of the discourse and what is

understood by receivers of that discourse which should not be confused of the

speaker‟s intention. (opt.cit).

II.7.2. Interpretation VS Understanding

During translation process, interpretation aims to collect the meaning of the

text but it must not exceed the interpretation of the meaning that comes with the

original text not the supposed meaning intended by the author.

II.8.Conclusion

This chapter explained the process of discourse naturalization by giving the

definition of the two concepts of Discourse and Interpretation first. During the

explanation of those two concepts, it was a must to present the techniques of

discourse interpretation and the obstacles that may face the interpreter during doing

his task of interpretation. As a result the interpreter should find clues that help to

accomplish the process of interpretation through explaining the concept of

interpreting and understanding, by giving some solutions that were included in

procedures of adaptation in translating the discourse, and localization and

naturalization process.

Chapter Three

III.1.Introduction

This chapter is concerned with the application of what have been said in the

previous chapters by presenting the information theoretically. The study of the

practical part depends on the hypothesis of: Do any pragmatic translation needs to be

naturalized in Arabic? Then: Is naturalizing pragmatic in Arabic needs to be adapted

and localized to context and situation?

Furthermore theoretical information are to be applied in this practical chapter

in order to achieve the main aim of this study which is: To check to which extent the

translation of pragmatic discourse can serve the receptor and meet the

communicative requirements in Arabic.

III.2. Corpus of the study

The corpus on which application of theoretical information will be done on is

a medicine leaflet of Calperos 500mg medicine, which is a 60 scored suckable tablets

of calcium carbonate, that produced by BOUCHARA RECORDATI laboratories; 68

marjolin road, LEVALLOIS-PERRET, France.

Calperos leaflet is the paper that would introduce the medicine. Therefore it

includes a lot of important information such as the medicine compositions, when to

use/ not to use the medicine … etc. This leaflet is written in its source language

which is English language and translated into target language which is Arabic

language.

III.3. Methodology

The methodology which is adopted in this practical part is a comparison

between the two copies of translation of Calpeors medicine. As a result this study

will be focused on the comparison between the source text which is written in

English language and its pragmatic translation (target text) which is produced and

naturalized in Arabic language to meet the specific needs of the target audience.

III.4. Analysis of the corpus

Some instructions of the leaflet have been translated from English into Arabic

language. The following are the some of them in their ST:

Pattern 01

Please read this leaflet before taking this medicine. If you have questions, or a

doubt ask for more information to your doctor or pharmacist. Keep this leaflet, you

could need to refer to it again

Pattern 02

When to use this medicine?

This drug brings Calcium.

This drug is advised in:

- Calcium defiencies during period of growth, pregnancy, and breast-

feeding

- In adjuvant treatment of osteoporosis (bone demineralization).

Pattern 03

Warning !

When not to use this medicine?

this medicine must never be used in the following situations:

- Allergy to one of the ingredients.

- Hypercalcemia (abnormal high calcium level in the blood).

- Hyper calciuria (excessive urinary elimination of calcium).

- Calcic lithiasis (kidney stones), tissular calcifications.

- Long-term immobilization with hypercalciuria and/or hypercalcemia:

Calcic therapy must be used only at mobility recovery.

- Phenylketonuria (hereditary disease, identified at birth), as this medicine

contains aspartame.

Special warnings

Excessive intake of calcium may be dangerous.

Do not use this medicine without medical advice.

Precautions for use

- In case of renal insufficiency, tell your doctor.

In case of prolonged treatment or renal insufficiency, it is necessary to take

regular measurements of the level of calcium in the blood and the quantity of

calcium eliminated in in the urine (calciuria).

Depending on the results, your doctor may reduce or even stop your

treatment.

- In case of previous history of epilepsy (recent or not), ask your doctor for

advice.

Interactions with other medicines and other interactions

In order to avoid possible interactions between several drugs, you must

always tell your doctor or pharmacist about any other treatments you are

taking.

Pregnancy and Brest-feeding

In general, if you are pregnant or breast-feeding you should always ask for

the advice of your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medicine.

LIST OF EXCIPIENTS WHICH NEED TO BE KNOWN FOR SAFE USE

IN CERTAIN PATIENTS

Aspartame.

Pattern04

Undesirable and unpleasant effects

As with all active products, this medicine can lead to annoying effects of

varying severity in some people:

- Constipation, abdominal distention, nausea, rots.

- In case of long-term treatment, increase in blood of calcium levels in

some cases.

Tell your doctor or pharmacist about any unwanted or unpleasant effect

which is not mentioned in this information leaflet.

The following is the translation of those instructions of the leaflet into Arabic

language TT

Translation of pattern 01

ا كان لديكم أسئمة أو شك إذ. يرجى قراءة ىذه النشرة بتمعن قبل تناولكم ىذا الدواءاحتفظوا بيذه النشرة فقد . فاطمبوا مزيدا من المعمومات من طبيبكم أو من الصيدالني

.تحتاجون الرجوع إلييا


الحاالت التي يستعمل فيها الدواء ىذا الدواء مصدر لمكالسيوم و يوصي باستعمالو

في حالة نقص الكالسيوم في مرحمة النمو و فترات الحمل و اإلرضاع -

.(نفاذ معادن العظم)كعالج مساعد لمرض تخمخل العظام -


!انتبه الحاالت التي ال يستعمل فيها الدواء

يمنع استعمال ىذا الدواء في الحاالت التالية .الحساسية إلحدى مكونات الدواء -

.(نسبة عالية غير طبيعية من الكالسيوم في الدم)فرط الكمسمية -

.(زيادة مفرطة إلفراغ الكالسيوم في البول)فرط كمس البول -

.و تكمس األنسجة (حصى في الكمى)التحصي الكمسي -

.أو فرط الكمسمية/ عدم الحركة المطولة المصحوبة بفرط كمس البول -

.يجب عدم إعطاء الكالسيوم إال عند استعادة الحركة

.يحتوي ىذا الدواء عمى األسبارتام (مرض وراثي يكشف عند الوالدة)البيمة الكيتونية -

تحذيرات خاصةيجب عدم استخدام ىذا الدواء . إن تناول كميات كبيرة من مصادر الكالسيوم قد تكون خطيرة

.يدون استشارة الطبيب

احتياطات االستعمال .يمزم إبالغ طبيبكم إذا كنتم تشكون من قصور كموي -

في حالة المعالجة المطولة أو وجود قصور كموي فإنو من الضروري مراقبة نسبة -بانتظام، و بناءا عمييا قد يقرر (الكمسمية)و الدم (كمس البول)الكالسيوم في البول

.طبيبكم إنقاص الجرعة أو إيقاف المعالجة

.يجب استشارة طبيبكم في حالة إصابتكم بداء الصرع أو سبق لكم اإلصابة بو -

التداخالت الدوائية و غيرها من التداخالتلتفادي أية تداخالت دوائية محتممة يجب بانتظام إبالغ طبيبكم أو الصيدالني عن كل عالج

.آخر قيد التناول الحمل و اإلرضاع

بصفة عامة ينبغي دائما أثناء فترة الحمل أو اإلرضاع استشارة الطبيب أو الصيدالني قبل .تناولك ألي دواء

بيان بالسواغ الواجب اإلطالع عليها الستعمال بدون عواقب عند بعض األشخاص .أسبارتام


و المزعجة هاالتأثيرات غير المرغوب فياإلمساك، : مثل كل دواء فإن ىذا المستحضر قد يسبب عند األشخاص تأثيرات نوعا ما مزعجة

إنتفاخ البطن، التجشؤ و في حالة المعالجة بجرعات عالية لمدة طويمة خطر اختالل نسبة .تركيز الكالسيوم في الدم

يجب إبالغ الطبيب أو الصيدالني عن كل تأثير غير مرغوب أو مزعج غير مذكور في ىذه .النشرة

III.5. Findings

Through the process of comparison between the medicine leaflet that is

written in English language (source text) and its pragmatic translation into Arabic

language (target language), the following results were discovered:

- There is a transcription of the original ST in translating: Identification of

the medical product, in composition, when the translator used a literal

reproduction of the original ST:

“Calcium 500 mg” was translated to: “ .” ؾ ػظؽ ااك٤500٤ح ذؼاظ

- The translator used omission to adapt the translation into Arabic, by

deleting the unwanted fragment of part of the ST:

“…. Xylitol for one scored tablet to be sucked” was translated to: " ....

" ؿ٤٣ر هؽص ض هات ردؿئح

- Omission was also used in translating: “this medicine has been dispensed

or prescribed for you to treat your symptomps” into the Arabic

expression: " ػا اعاء طق شطظ٤ا ساح ؼ٤ح "

- In translating: “Method and route of administration” into Arabic, the

translator resort to localization, where it the locale language was used by

the translator. Therefore it was translated to: " ؽؽ٣وح االقرؼا اإلػطاء" .

III.6. Conclusion

This chapter shed some light on the main concept of pragmatic translation

and discourse naturalization in Arabic Language, through the process of comparison

of a medicine leaflet that is produced in English language as a source language, and

its naturalized pragmatic translation into Arabic language as a case study.

This approach of comparison between the two discourses shows that

discourse naturalization in Arabic is a significant process in pragmatic translation

that is accomplished by translators through adaptation and localization of the

pragmatic translation to meet specific needs of the readers in specific region and to

make the discourse sound natural.

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Vienna 2007. Saarbrücken.

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press.

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Webography :

Homonymy, Retrieved from: http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym.

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http://www.tinet.org/apym/online/translation/translation.html.

انمزجع تانهغح انعزتيح

.رثح ات ق٤ا طثغ اشؽ ارؾ٣غ (2005)أقف ارؽخح . ػؿ اع٣ سع د٤ة/ظ

Calperos® 500 mg

Tablet to be sucked

Identification of the medical product

Composition

Calcium carbonate

………………………………………………………………….1250 mg

Calcium

………………………………………………………………..……………..500 mg

Excipients: povidone, aspartame, mint flavor, croscar mellose sodium, talc,

magnesium stearate, xylitol for one scored tablet to be sucked.

Pharmaceutical form

Scored tablet to be sucked. Box of 60 tablets to be sucked.

Pharmacotherapeutic class

Calcium/ miniral element (A: digestive tract to mentabolism).

Name and Address of the marketing company

BOUCHARA-RECORDATI Laboratories

68 rue Marjolin- 92 300 LEVALLOIS-PERRET-FRANCE

When to use this medicine?

This drug brings Calcium.

This drug is advised in:

- Calcium defiencies during period of growth, pregnancy, and breast-

feeding

- In adjuvant treatment of osteoporosis (bone demineralization).

Warning !

When not to use this medicine?

this medicine must never be used in the following situations:

- Allergy to one of the ingredients.

- Hypercalcemia (abnormal high calcium level in the blood).

Please read this leaflet before taking this medicine. If you have

questions or a doubt ask for more information to your doctor or

pharmacist. Keep this leaflet you could need to refer to it again

- Hyper calciuria (excessive urinary elimination of calcium).

- Calcic lithiasis (kidney stones), tissular calcifications.

- Long-term immobilization with hypercalciuria and/or hypercalcemia:

Calcic therapy must be used only at mobility recovery.

- Phenylketonuria (hereditary disease, identified at birth), as this medicine

contains aspartame.

Special warnings

Excessive intake of calcium may be dangerous.

Do not use this medicine without medical advice.

Precautions for use

- In case of renal insufficiency, tell your doctor.

- In case of prolonged treatment or renal insufficiency, it is necessary to

take regular measurements of the level of calcium in the blood and the

quantity of calcium eliminated in the urine (calciuria).

Depending on the results, your doctor may reduce or even stop your

treatment.

- In case of previous history of epilepsy (recent or not), ask your doctor for

advice.

Interactions with other medicines and other interactions

In order to avoid possible interactions between several drugs, you must

always tell your doctor or pharmacist about any other treatments you are

taking.

Pregnancy and Brest-feeding

In general, if you are pregnant or breast-feeding you should always ask for

the advice of your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medicine.

LIST OF EXCIPIENTS WHICH NEED TO BE KNOWN FOR SAFE

USE IN CERTAIN PATIENTS

Aspartame.

How to use this medicine?

Posology

Only for adults and children over 6 years. The pharmaceutical form tablets is

not adapted to children below 6 years,

- Adults: calcium deficiency and adjuvant treatment of osteoporosis, long-

term treatment: 2to3 tablets to be sucked per day.

- Children over 6 years: calcic deficiency in period of growth:1to2 tablets

to be sucked per day depending on the age.

Always follow your doctor‟s prescription carefully.

Method and route of administration

Oral route . suck the tablets.

This medicine has been dispensed or prescribed for you to treat your

symptoms:

- It should not be given to anyone else.

- You should not recommend it to anyone else

- Do not use it without medical advice.

Duration of the treatment

Always strictly follow your doctor‟s instructions.

Undesirable and unpleasant effects

As with all active products, this medicine can lead to annoying effects of

varying severity in some people:

- Constipation, abdominal distention, nausea, rots.

- In case of long-term treatment, increase in blood of calcium levels in

some cases.

Tell your doctor or pharmacist about any unwanted or unpleasant effect

which is not mentioned in this information leaflet.

Storage

DO NOT USE AFTER THE EXPIRY DATE STATED ON THE OUTER

PACKING

SPECIAL STORAGE PRECAUTIONS

Store at a temperature below 25ºC.

Date of revision of the information leaflet

September 2008

مهغ500كانثيزوس

أقزاص نهمض قاتهح انتجزئح

انتعزيف تانذواء

انتزكية

1250...................................................................................................اؼتاخ ااك٤

ؾ

ؾ ػظؽ ااك٤500٤ح ذؼاظ

اـؿ٣، ؿ٤٣ر طظ١، ذاي، قر٤اؼاخ ٤ؼؾ تك٤ع، أقثاؼذا، ح اؼاع، ؽقاؼ: اكاؽ

. ض60ػثح ك٤ا . هؽص ض هاتح اردؿئح

انزمزج االستذوائيح

ػظؽ ؼع٢/اك٤

(A :اداؾ اؼ٢ األ٣غ)

اسم و عىىان انمسىق

ؼ٣ؼظاذ٢ طرثؽاخ تشاؼا

هاا ت٤ؽ٣، كؽكا 92300 شاؼع اؼخال 68

:اعاء ك٤ا ٣كرؼ ار٢ اساالخ

تاقرؼا ٣ط٢ اك٤ ظعؼ اعاء ػا

اإلؼػاع اس كرؽاخ ا ؽزح ك٢ ااك٤ وض زاح ك٢-

(.اؼظ ؼاظ لاغ )اؼظا ذطط ؽع كاػع ؼالج-

!اوتثه

:اعاء ك٤ا ٣كرؼ ال ار٢ اساالخ

:ارا٤ح اساالخ ك٢ اعاء ػا اقرؼا ٣غ

.اعاء اخ إلزع اسكاق٤ح-

(.اع ك٢ ااك٤ ؽث٤ؼ٤ح ؿ٤ؽ ػا٤ح كثح )اك٤ح كؽؽ-

فاطلبوا أوشك أسئلة لديكم كان إذا. الدواء هذا تناولكم قبل بتمعن النشرة هذه قراءة يرجى

تحتاجون فقد النشرة بهذه احتفظوا. الصيدالني من أو طبيبكم من المعلومات من مزيدا

.إليها الرجوع

(.اث ك٢ ااك٤ إلكؽاؽ لؽؽح ؾ٣اظج )اث ف كؽؽ-

.األكدح ذف( ا٠ ك٢ زظ٠ )اك٢ ارسظ٢-

:اك٤ح أكؽؽ/ اث ف تلؽؽ اظستح اطح اسؽح ػع-

.اسؽح اقرؼاظج ػع إال ااك٤ إػطاء ػع ٣دة

.األقثاؼذا ػ٠ اعاء ػا ٣سر١( االظج ػع شق ؼاث٢٤ ؽع )ا٤ر٤ح اث٤ح-

خاطح تحذيزاخ

٣دة ػع اقرطعا ػا اعاء تع اقرشاؼج . ث٤ؽج ظاظؼ ااك٤ هع ذ ضط٤ؽج ٤اخ إ ذا

.اطث٤ة

ازر٤اؽاخ االقرؼا

.٣ؿ إتالؽ ؽث٤ث إغا ر ذش هظؼ ١-

ك٢ زاح اؼادح اطح أ خظ هظؼ ١ كئ اؼؽؼ١ ؽاهثح كثح ااك٤ ك٢ اث-

.تارظا، تاءا ػ٤ا هع ٣وؽؼ ؽث٤ث إواص ادؽػح أ إ٣واف اؼادح( اك٤ح )اع( ف اث)

.٣دة اقرشاؼج ؽث٤ث ك٢ زاح إطاتر تعاءا ظؽع أ قثن اإلطاتح ت-

ارعاضالخ اعائ٤ح ؿ٤ؽا ارعاضالخ

.رلاظ١ أ٣ح ذعاضالخ ظائ٤ح سرح ٣دة تارظا إتالؽ ؽث٤ث أ اظ٤عال٢ ػ ػالج آضؽ ه٤ع ارا

اس اإلؼػاع

.تظلح ػاح ٣ثـ٢ ظائا أثاء كرؽج اس أ اإلؼػاع اقرشاؼج اطث٤ة أ اظ٤عال٢ هث ذاي أل١ ظاء

ت٤ا تاكاؽ ااخة اإلؽالع ػ٤ا القرؼا تع ػاهة ػع تؼغ األشطاص

.أقثاؼذا

كيف يستعمم هذا انذواء

انمقاديز

قاخ اؼؽ6ظاء طظض ثاـ٤ ألؽلا كم

قاخ اؼؽ6األهؽاص ش ؿ٤ؽ الئ القرؼا ػع األؽلا ظ

زاح وض ااك٤ ػا ؼالج كاػع رطط اؼظا ،: ثاـ٤ -

.اؼادح اعاػح، هؽطا إ٠ ثالز ض ك٢ ا٤

هؽص إ٠ هؽط٤ ض : زاح وض ااك٤ ك٢ ؽزح ا: قاخ اؼؽ6ألؽلا كم -

ك٢ ا٤ زكة اؼؽ

ك٢ خ٤غ األزا ٣دة ارو٤ع ذاا تطلح اطث٤ة -

كيفيح االستعمال و طزيقح اإلعطاء

٣ؿ ض اوؽص. ػ ؽؽ٣ن ال

:ػا اعاء طق شطظ٤ا ساح ؼ٤ح

.هع ٣ ؿ٤ؽ الئا ساح أضؽ -

٣دة ػع اقرطعا تع ؼأ١ اطث٤ة -

فيها و انمزعجح غيز انمزغىب انتأثيزاخ

اإلكاى،إرلاش: ؿػدح ا ػا ذأث٤ؽاخ األشطاص ػع ٣كثة هع اكرسؼؽ ػا كئ ظاء ث

.اع ك٢ ااك٤ ذؽ٤ؿ كثح اضرال ضطؽ ؽ٣ح عج ػا٤ح تدؽػاخ اؼادح زاح ك٢ اثط،اردشؤ

.٣دة إتالؽ اطث٤ة أ اظ٤عال٢ ػ ذأث٤ؽ ؿ٤ؽ ؽؿب أ ؿػح ؿ٤ؽ ػؼ ك٢ ػ اشؽج

حفظ انذواء

٣دة ػع االقرؼا تؼع ذاؼ٣ص اراء اظالز٤ح اػؼ ػ٠ اؼثج اطاؼخ٤ح

ازر٤اؽاخ ضاطح سلع

.C°٣25سلع ك٢ ظؼخح زؽاؼج ال ذرداؾ

تاريخ مزاجعح انىشزج

2008قثرثؽ

:ملخص مطول

تعد الرتمجة من أقدـ العمليات ادلستخدمة من طرؼ األشخاص لغرض فهم بعضهم البعض و لذا ال أحد بإمكانو أف ينكر دور الرتمجة يف مساعدة. ألجل التواصل الذي يعد اذلدؼ األمسى للرتمجة

يف ىذه ادلذكرة سنناقش الرتمجة الرباغماتية وتطبيع اخلطاب . غن ادلتكلمن بنفس اللغة من األشخاص . يف اللغة العربية، من خالؿ التعرج إىل أنواعها ادلعتمدة من طرؼ ادلرتمجن

تشمل دراسة موضوع الرتمجة الرباغماتية أيضا التعرض إىل استعماالت الرتمجة الرباغماتية من .طرؼ كل من ادلرتجم و ادلتلقي، و كذا ادلشاكل اليت قد تعرتض عملية الرتمجة الرباغماتية للمرتجم

تتعرض ىذه ادلذكرة أيضا إىل ترمجة و تأويل اخلطاب الرباغمايت ادلرتجم باستعماؿ تقنيات ترمجة اخلطاب من خالؿ اجراءات األقلمة و توطن اللغة يف ترمجة اخلطاب حيث تعد األقلمة و

تشمل دراسة ترمجة اخلطاب أيضا التطرؽ دلوضوع العقبات و . التوطن من أىم مواطن تطبيع اخلطاب . ادلطبات اليت قد يصادفها ادلرتجم أثنا قيامو برتمجة اخلطاب

يتم تطبيق ىذه ادلعلومات النظرية على عدة ترمجات من اللغة اإلصلليزية إىل اللغة العربية يف ىل حتتاج كل : اجلانب النظري من ىذه ادلذكرة حيث حتاوؿ ىذه اجياد حلوؿ للتساؤالت ادلطروحة كػ

.ترمجة براغماتية إىل التطبيع يف اللغة العربية

يكمن اذلدؼ وراء ىذه الدراسة إىل أبداء أمهية الرتمجة الرباغماتية و تطبيع اخلطاب يف اللغة .العربية نظرا ألمهيتها يف مساعدة األشخاص غن ادلتكلمن بنفس اللغة و غن ادلنتمن لنفس اجملتمع

هتدؼ ىذه الدراسة إىل إعطاء حملة عامة حوؿ الرتمجة الرباغماتية و أنواعها من خالؿ . استعماالهتا و من خالؿ تقصي تطبيع اخلطاب و دور األقلمة و التوطن يف تطبيع اخلطاب

الترجمة البراغماتية: الفصل األول

يدرس ىذا الفصل الرتمجة الرباغماتية من خالؿ عرض مفهومها وأنواعها وكذا استعماالهتا كما يعاجل ىذا الفصل ادلشاكل اليت ديكن أف تقع خالؿ عملية الرتمجة . ألجل توضيح معناىا

.الرباغماتية

الترجمة البراغماتية

فرتمجة . ىي الرتمجة اليت تتم قصد استعماذلا حينا، ألجل فهم كيفية التعامل مع واقعة معينة .كلها تعترب ترمجات براغماتية... الصحف مثال والرتمجة الشفهية والقانونية

الذي ألقي يف لغة معينة إىل لغة (ادلكتوب أوالشفهي)الرتمجة الرباغماتية ىي عملية حتوير اخلطاب خالؿ عملية . الرتمجة ضرورية يف أي عملية تواصل بن األفراد الذين ال يتكلموف بنفس اللغة. أخرى

ذلذا جيب اختيار األلفاظ والتعابن بدقة، . الرتمجة من الضروري احملافظة على نفس ادلعىن يف لغة اذلدؼوتكمن ىذه اإلختالفات يف . ألف اللغة التعمل منفردة، بل مبعية الثقافة، اليت ختتل باختالؼ اللغات

بإمكاف اللساين تزويد ادلرتجم بادلعارؼ . اختيار األسلوب من جهة وتنظيم األفكار من جهة أخرى .حوؿ اللغات وترابطها مع الثقافة من خالؿ حتاليل سلتلفة

أنواع الترجمة البراغماتية

الترجمة األدبية - أاليت هتدؼ إىل إضفاء (الشعر والنثر)ىي الرتمجة اليت تتم من خالؿ النصوص األدبية

حيث تبىن قيمة النص التواصلية . الطابع مجايل واحملسنات على النص للتأثن على القارئمن خالؿ اإلعتماد على القيمة الفنية فيو، وبذلك يكوف الغرض األويل للمرتجم ىو

.إعادة صياغة ىذه القيمة الفنية خالؿ الرتمجة الترجمة الصحفية - ب

خدمة ... يكتب الصحافيوف مقاالت سلتلفة ادلواضيع تشمل السياسة، األدب، العلـويستخدـ ادلرتمجوف يف ترمجة ادلقاالت . ذلذا فإف للرتمجة الصحفية أسلوهبا اخلاص. للمجتمع

الصحفية لغة متوسطة ، ال تكوف فصيحة وال عامية، بل جيب أف تكوف لغة قياسية يركز مرتمجو النصوص الصحفية وقتهم يف أقل حيز شلكن لغرض استعماؿ . يفهمها القارئ

تتميز الرتمجة الصحفية باستعماؿ األلغاز أحيانا، اليت . أقل عدد من الكلمات واجلمل دتوف مثنة، يف ىذه احلالة جيب على ادلرتجم أف يقرأ القصة أوال قبل أف يرتجم العنواف

الترجمة التجارية واإلقتصادية - توالتحاليل واستعماؿ (اإلحصائيات)تعتمد ىذه الرتمجة على استعماؿ األرقاـ

لذلك جيب على ادلرتجم أف يكوف على . اإلختصارات وألفاظ زلددة ذلذا اإلختصاص .خلفية علمية، كما بإمكاهنم استعماؿ القواميس وادلراجع اخلاصة هبذا اجملاؿ

الترجمة العلمية - ث يعتمد األسلوب العلمي يف الكتابة على الدقة يف التعبن مع جتنب اإلطناب والتكرار

لكل فرع من العلـو لغتو اخلاصة اليت توجب . الذي يوجب استعماؿ الرموز واإلختصارات .على ادلرتجم أف ديتلك خلفية متخصصة دتكنو من الرتمجة

الترجمة الدينية - ج خيتلف أسلوب الرتمجة الدينية عن غنه من األساليب لكثرة اإلقتباسات فيو من الكتب

فإذا ما ترمجنا نصا حيتوي على اقتباس من القرآف الكرمي مثال من اللغة اإلجتليزية . ادلقدسةإىل اللغة العربية، ينبغي على ادلرتجم أف يستخرج اآلية من القرآف الكرمي لتجنب الوقوع يف

بينما إذا كاف النص األصلي مكتوبا باللغة العربية ليرتجم إىل اإلصلليزية من األحسن . اخلطأ .للمرتجم أف يستخدـ ترمجة معتمدة ذلذا اإلقتباس

إستعماالت الترجمة البراغماتية

. ال تعد الرتمجة الرباغماتية وافدا جديدا على حياة البشر، ألهنا دتارس منذ القدـ يف حياة البشرلذلك ال ديكن ألي كاف أف يتجاىل أو ينفي دور الرتمجة الرباغماتية يف مساعدة غن ادلنتمن لنفس

فمثال ديكن ألي فرد أف يتقن لغتو األـ يف حن أنو ال ديكنو . اللغة والذين ال يتكلموف نفس اللغةالتواصل مع أشخاص شلن يتكلموف لغت أخرى، حيث اليستطيع فهمهم نظرا لكونو ال يعيش يف نفس

.يف ىذه احلالة تكوف الرتمجة الرباغماتية ىي احلل األنسب ذلذه ادلشكلة. اإلطار اللغوي

الغرض األساسي من استخداـ الرتمجة الرباغماتية يف وقتنا احلايل ىو التواصل بن األفراد من .سلتلف اال دلناطق والثقافات

تستعمل الرتمجة الرباغماتية كوسيلة للتواصل باستعماؿ اإلشعارات متعددة اللغات اليت كثنا ما يكمن الغرض من استعماؿ ىذه اإلشعارات اليت كثرت مؤخرا يف األماكن . تظهر يف األماكن العمومية

العمومية يف تسهيل عملية التواصل بن األفراد من سلتلف الثقافات، خاصة أولئك الذين ال يتكلموف .لذلك جيب أف تكوف ىذه اإلشعارات مرتمجة إىل عدة لغات. نفس اللغة

تستعمل الرتمجة الرباغماتية أيضا يف التوجيهات اليت تستخدمها الشركات اليت تصدر البضائع حيث غالبا ما تكوف ىذه اإلرشادات مكتوبة باللغة احمللية لترتجم بعدىا . لشرح طريقة عمل منتج ما

.إىل عدة لغات

يظهر استعماؿ الرتمجة الرباغماتية جليا أيضا يف اإلعالنات السياحية اليت غالبا ما تنتج من لذلك تستخدـ الوكاالت السياحية دليال سياحيا لعرض عرض . طرؼ السكاف األصلين دلنطقة معينة

نتيجة . السياح من أجل جلب انتباىهمادلدينة وخلفيتها التارخيية إضافة إىل أشهر معادلها اليت يزورىا لذلك، جيب عليهم أف يعرضوا ىذه ادلعلومات للسياح بطريقة دتكنهم من الفهم رغم اختالؼ اللغات

يف األخن تكوف الوكاالت رلربة على القياـ بعملية الرتمجة الرباغماتية لكوهنا احلل ادلثايل ذلذه . والثقافات .ادلشكلة

يتعدى استعماؿ الرتمجة الرباغماتية ىذا بكثن حيث نستعمل ىذه الرتمجة يف الوثائق الرمسية اخل .....أخنا، نستعمل الرتمجة الرباغماتية يف التقارير، ادلقاالت والكتيبات. كادلعاىدات والعقود

.إليصاؿ معلومة، نصيحة أو توصية أو تزكية يف أي فرع من فروع ادلعرفة

المشاكل التي تقع في الترجمة البراغماتية

تظهر بعض ادلشاكل خالؿ عملية الرتمجة الرباغماتية اليت من ادلمكن أف تعطل ىذه العملية، حيث :تصنف ىذه ادلشاكل اليت يقابلها ادلرتمجوف كاآليت

مشاكل في األلفاظ والمفردات -1

:ترتبط ىذه ادلشكالت بالكلمات واأللفاظ ادلستعملة يف اخلطاب، وديكن تصنيفها كاآليت

ادلشرتؾ اللفظي-(أ

ادلشرتؾ اللفظي يف اللسانيات ىو الكلمة اليت ذلا عدة معاين لذا قد جتد رلموعة من .الكلمات تتقاسم نفس التهجئة والنطق، ولكن ذلا معاين سلتلفة

التعدد اللفظي -(ب

يف احلصوؿ على معاين سلتلفة (سواء كاف كلمة، مجلة أو شكال)التعدد اللفظي ىو قدرة الرمز خيتلف التعدد اللفظي عن ادلشرتؾ اللفظي يف كوف معاين كلمات التعدد اللفظي غن مرتبطة . ومتعددة

. بعضها ببعض

ترمجة التعبنات االصطالحية يف الرتمجة الربغماتية-(ت

. تعد التعبنات االصطالحية عبارة عن تعابن ثابتة ذلا معىن تصويري، وقد حتمل أحيانا معاين أدبية .حيث خيتلف ادلعىن التصويري للتعبن االصطالحي عن معاناه األديب

تكمن أمهية التعابن االصطالحية يف التعبن عن احلالة و الوضعية، لذلك يكثر استعماذلا يف . اللغتن، العربية واإلصلليزية

مبا أف الغتن العربية واإلصلليزية ال ينتمياف لنفس العائلة اللغوية :مشاكل الصرف والنحو -2حيث يؤدي ىذا اإلختالؼ إىل . فإف كال منهما أصال إيتيمولوجيا سلتلفا عن اآلخر

اختالفات يف الصرؼ والنحو تنتج عنها مشكالت عديدة تظره خالؿ عملية الرتمجة .الربامجاتية

خيلف عدة مشاكل صرفية وضلوية يف الرتمجة من اللغة اإلصلليزية إىل " "Itإستعماؿ الضمن اإلصلليزي - .العربية، ألنو يف بعض احلاالت ال يصادؼ وجود أي مرادؼ لو يف اللغة العربية

عدم قابلية الترجمة اللسانية- 3

قابلية الرتمجة اللسانية إىل الفشل يف إجياد ادلكافئ الوظيفي يف لغة اذلدؼ، Catfordيرجع الذي يكوف سببو اإلختالفات بن لغة ادلصدر واللغة اذلدؼ، الذي قد يظهر أيضا بسبب الغموض أو

.عدـ توافق السياؽ

عدم قابلية الترجمة الثقافية - 4

دات ادلتداخلة بن الثقافات وبعض ري يكوف سببو غياب حالة لغة اذلدؼ فبعض ادلفذاؿكلمة : مثاؿ. اخل ال وجود ادلرادفات ذلا يف لغة اذلدؼ.....اجلمل و التغنات االصطالحية احلكم

ف كال أ، رغمللمسيحينبالنسبة (القائد) أو (الرب)ىل كلمة ال ترتجم إبالنسبة للمسلمن (اهلل), الدائرة, بلدية: لك التصنيفات اإلدارية ادلستعملة يف اجلزائر ؾ ذؾ .اجملتمعن يصدؽ يف وجود اهلل

ىل شرحها أ إيلجفادلرتجم لدا , خرى ألهنا خاصة باجلزائر فقطأ فبلغةقد ال يكوف ذلا مكافئات , الواليةيرات االصطالحية عبقد تصاغ الت .لوؼ بالنسبة للمتلقيأير غن ـعبا ما كاف التإذيف ىوامش لغة اذلدؼ

يظهر .ة ذلا يف ادلعىن يف حاؿ عدـ وجود مكافئات ذلا يف لغة اذلدؼبير ؽاتو تعوض مبكافئ أرلددايف اجملتمع االصلليزي تدؿ (ةـالبو)فكلمة . خر يف الكلمات اليت ذلا معاين ضمنيةآيضا مشكل ثقايف أ

لذلك فادلعىن الضمين . بينما يف مناطق مشاؿ إفريقيا يعترب ىذا الطائر نذير شـؤ, على احلكمة واحلظ .للغة ادلصدر يفقد تأثنه عند ترمجتو إىل اللغة اذلدؼ

خاتمة

مت يف ىذا الفصل معاجلة موضوع الرتمجة الرباغماتية، من خالؿ التعرج دلفهـو الرتمجة من جهة أخرى، مت . الرباغماتية، ومن خالؿ عرض األنواع ادلتعارؼ عليها ذلذا النوع من الرتمجات

التعرض الستعماالت الرتمجة الرباغماتية، الذي يوجب االطالع على ادلشاكل اليت قد حتصل خالؿ . القياـ هبذه العملية

ترجمة الخطاب: الفصل الثاني

الخطاب

بأنو Sinclairيرمز اخلطاب إىل كل أنواع الكتابة واحلديث، بينما عرفو بعض الباحثن مثل . لغويا، اخلطاب يعين استعماؿ اللغة أو امتداد للغة إىل ما بعد اجلمل. يشمل طريقة نظم احلديث فقط

عالوة على ذلك، يفهم اخلطاب على أنو نوع من النشاطات التواصلية االجتماعية بن األفراد .واجملتمعات

ترجمة الخطاب

ترمجة اخلطاب مظهر من مظاىر التواصل بن البشر، حيث يعتمد ادلتدخلوف فيو على القياـ ينشأ التعقيد يف . بنشاط اجتماعي يف رلاؿ زلدد خالؿ سعيهم لبلوغ نواياىم التواصلية باستعماؿ اللغة

لكنو عملية . ترمجة ادلعىن من حقيقة أف معاجلة اخلطاب تعتمد على ما ىو مكتوب أو ما بنطق فقطوجيب استخراج معىن اخلطاب قبل ترمجتو، . ديناميكية تطلب مناقشة ادلعىن بن ادلتحدث وادلتلقي

كنتيجة لذلك، يوفق ادلرتجم يف . ويعتمد فهم ىذا ادلعىن على وجود معرفة مشرتكة بن ادلنتج وادلرتجم .إنتاج معىن دقيق ومقبوؿ من طرؼ ادلتلقي

بالرغم من أف اخلطاب ادلكتوب خيتلف عن ادلسموع، إال أف ترمجة كليهما تعترب نشاطا أف ترمجة اخلطاب تعتمد على حتليل النص الذي يعتمد على ثالث مراحل Delisleويرى .تواصليا

.الفهم، إعادة الصياغة، ومراجعة منتج الرتمجة: ىي

فهم الخطاب -1

يعمل ادلرتجم يف ىذه ادلرحلة على حل شفرة العالمات اللغوية للنص األصلي، مع اإلشارة .للعالقة الداللية بن الكلمات والنطق

إعادة صياغة المعنى -2

حياوؿ ادلرتجم يف ىذه ادلرحلة صياغة معىن النطق األصلي عن طريق دالالت لغة أخرى .باالستنتاج، مجع األفكار، و االفرتاض الواقعي

:مراجعة منتج الترجمة -3

يقـو ادلرتجم يف ىذه ادلرحلة النهائية بعملية مقارنة بن النص األصلي وترمجتو للتأكد من دقة .ادلنتج من ناحية احملتوى والشكل

عملية التوطين واألقلمة

ويعين أيضا عملية جعل . التوطن ىو عملية ترمجة معىن النص اذلدؼ يف حيز مكاين معنوتعترب التوطن من أىم وأصلع اإلجراءات اليت . النص ادلرتجم مقبوال لغويا وثقافيا بالنسبة للمتلقي

أما األقلمة فهي عملية جعل نص ما طبيعيا وخاليا من أي دليل على . تستعمل يف ترمجة اخلطاب .تضمن أقلمة اخلطاب معىن النص وكتابتو بطريقة حيادية .ختصيصو لقارئ زلدد

تقنيات ترجمة الخطاب

تقنيات ترمجة اخلطاب ىي عبارة عن حيل تطبق حسب حاجة ادلرتجم لضماف صحة عملية :من بينها.الرتمجة

توقع ما سيقولو ادلتكلم/ اإلستعداد-

األداء اجليد يف ترمجة اخلطاب يعتمد على النطق العقلي القوي، حيث جيب على ادلرتجم أف حيافظ على االنتباه والرتكيز خالؿ فرتة الرتمجة اليت ديكن أف تأخذ وقتا طويال الستخراج معىن اخلطاب

وجيب على ادلرتجم أف يأخذ القسط الكايف من النـو وإتباع عادات سليمة يف التغذية . يف أي رلاؿ كاف. كما جيب على ادلرتجم أف يبقى على اطالع بادلستجدات والتغنات احمليطة حولو. وادلمارسات اليومية

يف حالة مصادفة تراكيب معقدة، جيب على ادلرتجم أف يستخدـ . رغم ذلك فإف لكل خطاب مفاجآتوتبلغ سرعة النطق . عبارات أقصر و أوضح، واستخراج ادلعاين األساسية وجتاىل ادلعلومات الغن أساسية

لذلك فإنو من الواجب على ادلرتجم أف يعمل ما يف . كلمة يف الدقيقة300 إىل 200لدى البشر من ال جيب يف الرتمجة إتباع ترتيب كلمات النص األصلي . وسعو لتقليل عدد الكلمات تفاديا لألخطاء

يف حاؿ استخداـ اقتباسات، جيب على ادلرتجم أف . وتركيبتو، ألف الرتتيب خيتلف من لغة إىل أخرى

كما أف تسجيل ادلالحظات تعترب حيلة مفيدة خالؿ عملية .يبحث عن مرادفات ذلا يف اللغة اذلدؼ .الرتمجة، بتقليص الكلمات واستخداـ رموز قابلة إلعادة التعبن الحقا

إجراءات األقلمة في ترجمة الخطاب

:ولألقلمة عدة إجراءات أمهها.األقلمة ىي عمليات ترمجية تنتج يف النص الذي ال يقبل كرتمجة

.إعادة إنتاج جزء من نص بطريقة أدبية-

.حذؼ أو تقليص جزء من النص-

.التصريح أو التوسيع يف ادلعلومات ادلتضمنة يف النص األصلي-

.حتديث ادلعلومات القددية بأخرى جديدة-

.التوطن الذي يعترب استبداؿ النص األصلي بلهجة زللية دلنطقة زلددة-

صعوبات ترجمة الخطاب

وتتعلق ىذه . يواجو ادلرتمجوف خالؿ ترمجة اخلطاب عدة صعوبات تعقد عملية ترمجتووحتدث مشاكل الصوت بسبب سرعة حتدث ادلتكلم، ويف . الصعوبات أساسا بالصوت وادلصطلحات

أما . كما أف بطئ سرعة اإللقاء يؤثر أيضا على الرتمجة. ىذه احلالة يصعب على ادلرتجم فهم اخلطابكما أف ىناؾ عدة عوامل أخرى تؤثر سلبا على الرتمجة . مشاكل ادلصطلحات فهي تتعلق بسوء فهمها

األلفاظ ادلتجانسة، واأللفاظ متعددة ادلعاين، مشاكل قواعد اللغة، عدـ شكل الكلمات يف اللغة : منها .العربية، الكلمات اليت ليس ذلا جنس زلدد يف اللغة اإلصلليزية

الترجمة والفهم

تضطلع النظرية الرتمجية بدور ىاـ يف رلاؿ دراسات الرتمجة، وىي مصممة لتلبية حاجة ادلرتجم وال يكز ادلرتجم خالذلا على ادلعىن اللغوي وحده، بل حياوؿ استنباط ادلعىن من .خالؿ ترمجة ادلؤدترات

.سياؽ اخلطاب قبل مساع اخلطاب

الفهم والمعنى

رغم ذلك فإنو ليس من . ينشأ ادلعىن من تركيب اللغة، بينما ينبع الفهم من اللغة وإشاراهتا. الفهم البحث عن معاين الكلمات يف لغة أو ثقافة زلددة ألف الكلمات تنتج من اجملتمع وثقافتها

كما أف الفهم ال يعتمد على االختالفات . لذلك فإف لكل كلمة مفهوما واحدا يف لغة زلددة تنتمي ذلاجزء واضح منطوؽ أو مكتوب، وجزء آخر سلفي وىو ما يقصده : بن اللغات، وىو مكوف من جزأين

.ادلتحدث وما يفهمو ادلتلقي

خاتمة

كما عرض التقنيات . شرح ىذا الفصل عملية أقلمة اخلطاب بإعطاء تعريف لو وللخطاب والرتمجةجيب على ادلرتجم أف جيد حيال وقد مت التوصل إىل أنو. ادلستعملة يف ترمجة اخلطاب وصعوبات ترمجتو

.تساعده على الرتمجة من بينها التوطن واألقلمة

دراسة حالة: الفصل الثالث

مقدمة

حياوؿ . يتعلق ىذا الفصل بتطبيق ادلفاىيم النظرية اليت دتت مناقشتها يف الفصلن األوؿ والثاين :ىذا الفصل التطبيقي اإلجابة على األسئلة التالية

ىل ىناؾ حاجة لتطبيع أي نوع من أنواع الرتمجة يف اللغة العربية؟

ىل تطبيع الرتمجة الرباغماتية يف اللغة العربية يف حاجة إىل األقلمة والتوطن بالنسبة للمحتوى واحلالة؟

وىذا بغرض حتقيق ىدؼ الدراسة، وادلتمثل يف التحقق إىل أي مدى ديكن لرتمجة اخلطاب الرباغمايت أف .ختدـ ادلتلقي، وأف تتوافق و ادلتطلبات التواصلية يف اللغة العربية

عينة الدراسة

، واليت Calperos 500mgسيعتمد ىذا الفصل على دراسة نشرة طريقة استعماؿ لدواء تتضمن ىذه النشرة تعريفا بالدواء، مكوناتو، . حبة كالسيـو للمص60تتمثل يف ألواح حتتوي على

.مت إصدار النشرة باللغة اإلصلليزية ودتت ترمجتها للعربية... دواعي استعمالو

المنهجية

ستتم ادلقارنة بن النسختن، العربية واإلصلليزية، للنشرة، وبالتحديد بن النص األصلي وترمجتو .الرباغماتية اليت مت تطبيعها يف اللغة العربية من أجل جعلو مالئما للجمهور ادلستقبل

نتائج التحليل

بعد اإلنتهاء من مقارنة النشرة باللغة اإلصلليزية وترمجتها الرباغماتية للغة العربية، مت الوصوؿ إىل :النتائج التالية

حينما قاـ برتمجة أدبية بطريقة األصلي نصاؿ من جزء إنتاج إعادةجلأ ادلرتحم إىل -« Calcium 500mg » ملغ من عنصر 500كمية تعادؿ : " إىل اللغة العربية ضلو

".الكالسيـو

استخدـ ادلرتجم احلذؼ يف ليؤقلم الرتمجة ضلو اللغة العربية من خالؿ حذؼ و تقليص النص - xylitol for one scored tablet to … »: بالتخلي عن ادلعلومات الزائدة يف

be sucked » كزيلتوؿ لكل قرص للمص قابلة للتجزئة: " ... حيث ترمجت إىل."

This medicine has » : كما استخدـ ادلرتجم أيضا نفس اإلجراء حن ترجم -

been dispensed or prescribed for you to treat your symptomps »ىذا الدواء وصف لكم شخصيا و حلالة معينة: " إىل."

من اللغة « Method and route of administration »: خالؿ ترمجة عبارة -اإلصلليزية إىل اللغة العربية، جلأ ادلرتجم إىل استعماؿ إجراء توطن اللغة باستعماؿ األلفاظ احمللية

".كيفية االستعماؿ و اإلعطاء: "ادلتعارؼ عليها يف ادلنطقة، و بذلك كانت الرتمجة كاآليت

الخاتمة

سلط ىذا الفصل الضوء على ادلفاىيم األساسية للرتمجة الرباغماتية والتطبيع اخلطاب يف اللغة العربية، من خالؿ عملية مقارنة نشرة طبية باللغة اإلصلليزية برتمجتها الرباغماتية اليت مت تطبيعها يف اللغة

.العربية

وأظهرت عملية ادلقارنة بن الرتمجتن أف تطبيع اخلطاب يف اللغة العربية عملية مهمة جدا يف الرتمجة الرباغماتية، اليت يقـو هبا ادلرتجم عن طريق األقلمة والتوطن الرتمجة الرباغماتية من أجل مراعاة حاجة

.ادلتلقي يف منطقة زلددة، وجلعل اخلطاب يبدو طبيعيا يف تلك البيئة

الخاتمة

الرتمجة الرباغماتية و تطبيع اخلطاب يف اللغة العربية أعدت ىذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء على موضوع من خالؿ حبث مفهـو الرتمجة الرباغماتية و دورىا ادلهم يف حياة األفراد ادلتمثل يف نقل معاين اخلطاب من لغة إىل أخرى لتسهيل عملية التواصل بينهم، حيث مت التعرض ألىم أنواعها و كذا استعماالهتا و

مشلت ىذه الدراسة أيضا موضوع تطبيع . ادلشاكل اليت قد تعرتض ادلرتجم أثناء القياـ هبذه العمليةالرتمجة الرباغماتية و اخلطاب ادلرتجم من خالؿ القياـ باجراءات عديدة جتعل اخلطاب يبدوا طبيعيا

و قد خلص البحث من خالؿ اجلانب التطبيقي . بالنسبة للمتلقي، من خالؿ عملية األقلمة و التوطن :إىل أف

كل ترمجة براغماتية من اللغة اإلصلليزية إىل اللغة العربية جيب أف يعدؿ ليبدوا طبيعيا و مفهوما - .بالنسبة للمتلقي

تتم عملية تطبيع اخلطاب الرباغمايت عن طريق األقلمة و التوطن حسب وضعية ادلتلقي يف لغة - .اذلدؼ

ABSTRACT

Pragmatic translation which is a kind of translation is the translation that is

done for the sake of understanding how to deal with a given event. The pragmatic

target text should be naturalized to meet the specific needs of any locale through the

process of discourse adaptation and localization and with connection with the

procedures of adaptation in discourse interpretation. Furthermore, this process may

be interrupted by many obstacles that would disturb the process of translation.

However this theoretical information are examined trough certain translations of

articles which are translated from English language into Arabic language aiming to

Check to which extent the translation of pragmatic text can serve the receptor, and

meet the communicative requirements in Arabic.

Keywords: Pragmatic translation, source text, target text, Discourse, adaptation,

localization, naturalization.

RÉSUMÉ

Traduction pragmatique est la traduction qui est fait pour comprendre bien

comment faire face à un événement donné. Le texte cible pragmatique devrait être

naturalisé grâce aux processus d'adaptation du discours et de la localisation, et les

procédures d'adaptation dans l'interprétation du discours pour rencontrer les besoins

spécifiques de chaque environnement local. En outre, ce processus peut être

interrompu par des nombreux obstacles qui perturberaient le processus de traduction.

Toutefois, cette information théorique sont examinés auge certaines traductions

d'articles qui sont traduits de la langue anglaise vers la langue arabe visant à Vérifiez

dans quelle mesure la traduction de texte pragmatique peut servir le récepteur, et

répondre aux exigences de communication en arabe.

Mots-clés: traduction pragmatique, texte source, le texte cible, le discours,

l'adaptation, la localisation, la naturalisation.

مهخض

ذؼرثؽ ارؽخح اؼ٤ح ار٢ ٣و ضالا ارؽخ تئػاظج ط٤اؿح ؼ٠ أ١ ضطاب

ارؽخح اثؽاؿاذ٤ح ٢ ارؽخح ار٢ ذر هظع . ـح إ٠ ـح أضؽ غ ازرؽا تؼغ اشؽؽ

ر ػ اؼ٤ح اخسح ألخ . اقرؼاا اس٢٤، ألخ ك ٤ل٤ح ارؼا غ اهؼح ؼ٤ح

خؼ اططاب اثؽاؿاذ٢ ارؽخ ـح اظعؼ لا ع ارو٢ ك٢ اـح اكرعكح،

ػ٠ ارؽخ أ ٣و تؼعج ػ٤اخ ذعؼج ذسد ػ٤ح ذطث٤غ اططاب األهح خعج ذؽ٤

اـح ضال اقرؼا األلاظ األقا٤ة ارؼاؼف ػ٤ا ك٢ ـح ارو٢ غ ؽاػاج هاػع

إال ا ٣ أ ذظاظف ػ٤ح ارؽخح ػعج زاخؿ طثاخ هع . األهح ك٢ ذؽخح اططاب

ك٢ ػا اظعظ ذ ذطث٤ن ػ اؼاخ اظؽ٣ح ضال اواؼح .ذؤظ١ إ٠ ذؼط٤ ػ اؼ٤ح

. ت٤ ػعج ذؽخاخ اـح اإلد٤ؿ٣ح إ٠ اـح اؼؽت٤ح

ارؽخح اثؽاؿاذ٤ح، ـح اظعؼ، ـح اعف، اططاب، األهح، ارؽ٤، : انكهماخ انمفتاحيح

.ارطث٤غ

ورقهح- جامعـح قاطذي مزتـاح

كهيـح اآلداب وانهغاخ

قسم انهغح اإلوجهيزيح

:مذكزج

ماستز أكاديمي

ا٥ظاب اـاخ األخث٤ح: ٤عا

ارؽخح ػ ارؽخح: إضرظاص

٣قق ػ٤ـكاـ٢ : مه إعذاد

:تعىىان

الكم سر في السرجكةشهمدة ني ستكما مستطلما مذكرة مقدمة إل:ذد اهشرا ػ٤ا تراؼ٣ص

15/06/2015

:أا ادح اح

ؼهح- كؾ٣ح تسؽ١ ؼئ٤ف ادح خاؼح هاطع١ ؽتاذ.أ

ؼهح- سع ظاظ شؽكا خاؼح هاطع١ ؽتاذ. ظ

ؼهح- أزع ؼ اع٣ تاؼؽت٢ اهشا خاؼح هاطع١ ؽتاذ. أ

2015 – 2014: اكح اداؼ٤ح

الترجمة البراغماتية و تطبيع الخطاب في اللغة العربية تطبيق على نشرة دواء

Documents

Pragmatic Translation and Discourse Naturalization in … KASDI MERBAH OUARGLA Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Language and Letters Dissertation: ACADEMIC MASTER