Electric Vehicle: Three good reasons why you want to consider buying oneMICHAEL KINTNER-MEYERPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA

Community Science & Technology Lecture SeriesMarch, 2013PNNL-SA-94275

Definition of Electric Vehicles

2

Electric Motor

EV: Electric VehicleBEV: Battery-only Electric Vehicle

BatteriesBattery

Combustion

Engine

Electric MotorGenerator

Gasoline

BatteriesBatteries

PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric VehicleEREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle

PEV: Plug-in Electric Vehicle

How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

How Does a PHEV or EREV Work?

Combustion

Engine

Electric MotorGenerator

Gasoline

HEV

Battery1 kWh

PHEV

Battery 5-15 kWh

BatteriesAdditional Batteries

PHEVs overcome the range problem of BEVs

Electric-only range vary with battery size PHEV20 = 20 miles range PHEV40 = 40 miles range

PHEVs well suited for our daily driving patterns 50% of all daily drives <25 miles 80% of all daily drives <50 miles Average daily driving=33 miles

History of Electric Vehicles1891 William Morrison of Des Moines the first successful electric automotive

1907-1939 Detroit Electric successful electric car co.

Thomas Edison  - 19121974 Vanguard Sebring CitiCar

1990 Cal. Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. 2% by 1998, 10% by 2003

1990-2000 few thousand electric vehicles

2002 GM and DaimlerChrysler sued CARB and ZEV mandate was weakened

2006 PHEVs, retrofits: Prius, Escape

2010 GM Volt, other manufacturers

VoltEREV

LeafBEV

• Lowest total cost of ownership today

6

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Total Cost of Ownership

7

Available at: http://media.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/other/PIkes%20exec%20summ%20alt%20fuel%20vehicles%208.27.12.pdf

BEV: lowest in Total Cost of Ownership after Tax Credit

• Lowest total cost of ownership today• Excellent performance

8

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

Performance: Electric motor generates maximum torque at lowest speeds

9

Electric motor Internal combustion engine

Tesla Roadster

• Lowest total cost of ownership today• Excellent performance• Good for the environment

10

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

How Does Transportation Contribute to Climate Change?

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

mill

ion

tons

of C

02

Transportation

Industrial

Residential

Commercial

EIA: 2007 Annual Energy Outlook, Reference Case

Regional Emissions Impacts (Well-to-Wheel*) with Today’s Generation Mix

Moving emissions from tailpipes to smokestacks: solves an intractable problem for CO2 capture improves cost effectiveness for other emissions

ECAR ERCOT MACC MAIN MAPP NPCC FRCC SERC SPP PNW AZN&RMP CNV US

total

Natural Gas 32% 94% 74% 42% 1% 91% 69% 57% 78% 43% 63% 93%Coal 68% 6% 26% 58% 99% 9% 31% 43% 22% 57% 37% 7%EmissionsGHGs 0.87 0.60 0.69 0.83 1.01 0.61 0.71 0.76 0.66 0.84 0.73 0.61 0.73VOC: Total 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.07CO: Total 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02NOx: Total 1.02 0.38 0.59 0.93 1.35 0.41 0.64 0.76 0.54 0.93 0.71 0.39 0.69PM10: Total 1.55 0.81 1.06 1.45 1.94 0.86 1.13 1.26 0.99 1.46 1.19 0.84 1.18SOx: Total 3.94 0.42 1.68 3.59 5.96 0.64 2.05 2.67 1.34 3.77 2.35 0.53 2.25VOC: Urban 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01CO: Urban 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00NOx: Urban 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10PM10: Urban 0.60 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.61SOx: Urban 0.35 0.04 0.14 0.30 0.51 0.05 0.17 0.22 0.12 0.31 0.20 0.04 0.19

Power Generation Composition

Emissions Ratio (Electric Vehicle/Gasoline Vehicle)Greenhouse gases

Plant mix for valley fill

Nationally, greenhouse gases reduced 27% despite increased reliance on coal

Urban air quality emissions greatly reduced: VOCs/CO/NOx > 90%SOx = 80%Particulates = 40%

Urban: VOCsCONOxParticulatesSOx

* Argonne National Laboratory’s

GREET well-to-wheel model

US Regions

• Lowest total cost of ownership today• Excellent performance• Good for the environment• Good for national security

13

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

U.S. Energy Landscape

Source: EIA, 2006

about 30% of total consumption

about 40% of total supply

about 80% of energy in transportation is LOST

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mill

ions

Bar

rels

Per

Day

Total20.6

US Production

8.2

NetImports

12.5

Trans-portation

13.8

Industry5.0

Res, Com, Electricity

1.8

Gasoline9.1

potential PHEV

displacement6.5

Significant Potential to Reduce Dependence of Fossil Fuel

The idle capacity of the U.S. grid could supply 73% of the energy needs of today’s cars, SUVs, pickup trucks, and vans… without adding generation or T&D capacity

73% electr

ic(158 mill. Vehicles)

52%

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2005

Potential to displace 6.7 MMbpd(equiv. to 52% of net imports)

Reduces CO2 emissions by 27% Emissions move from tailpipes to

smokestacks (and base load plants) … cheaper to clean up

Reduce the imports of petroleum worth $900 per day

• Lowest total cost of ownership today• Excellent performance• Good for the environment• Good for national security• Good for the electricity grid

16

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

ECAR, Summer

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

MW

Renewable

Conventional Hydro

Pumped Storage

CombustionTurbine/Diesel

Combined Cycle

Other Fossil Steam

Coal Steam

Nuclear

Summer Average

ECAR, Summer

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

MW

Renewable

Conventional Hydro

Pumped Storage

CombustionTurbine/Diesel

Combined Cycle

Other Fossil Steam

Coal Steam

Nuclear

Summer Peak Day

Summer Average

ECAR, Summer

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour

MW

AdditionalCombined CycleAdditional OtherFossil SteamAdditional CoalSteamRenewable

Conventional Hydro

Pumped Storage

CombustionTurbine/DieselCombined Cycle

Other Fossil Steam

Coal Steam

Nuclear

Summer Peak Day

Summer Average

additional generationfor 28 mill. PHEVs

peak

EVs Improve the Utilization of the Grid to Achieve higher Economic Efficiency

Electric Vehicles Can Provide Balancing Servicesfor Integration of Wind Energy

Single day of additional balancing requirements for 10 GW of additional wind in NWPP.

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

Max. charging (3.6 kW)

disc

harg

ing

char

ging

Never discharge !

Smart Charging(V2GHalf)

New BalancingRequirements

Solution Options

Resource Available

13% of NWPP vehicle stock (2 mill) could provide all of the additional balancing requires if they were EVs with smart charging capabilities and ability to charge at work

• Lowest total cost of ownership today• Excellent performance• Good for the environment• Good for national security• Good for the electricity grid• It offers “cool” technology and it will be

part of our future

19

Three Reasons (Plus Three More) for Considering Buying an Electric Vehicle

“Cool” Technology…. An essential part of tomorrow’s transportation technology

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MP3 engine sound generator

• Ferrari engine• Mustang• 396 Chevelle• Cobra

How are we doing in WA and Benton County?

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Benton County: 133 electric vehicles as of December 2012WA-State : 4429

Benton County: 10th rank base on (electr. Vehicle/capita)

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Ben Franklin Transit: e-Bus

100 miles range

Delivery end of March, 2013

Solid Growth in Electric Vehicle Sales in the US

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Total number of Electric Vehicles on the Road

How to Charge the Vehicle at Home?

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Charging inside: 240V (Level 2)With 240V: 1-3 hours charging

Charging outside: 120V (Level 1)With 120V: 8-12 hours charging

Public Charging Stations

25

Public Charging Stations

26

Public Charging Stations

27

Public Charging Stations with Solar Roofsat Google, Mountain View,

28

Fast Charging in 15 Minutes using DC electricity

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DC plug

DC connection(Level 3)

240V (AC)(Level 2)

DC connection(Level 3)

240V (AC)(Level 2)

Traveling cross-country

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To Prosser: 29 mi

To Ellensburg: 85 mi

To North Bend: 79 mi

To Seattle 30 mi

What if you are stranded with an empty battery?

31

Final thoughts

32

Education: high school, college,

university

industry

Don’t judge each day by the harvest you reap,but by the seeds that you plant

Robert Louis Stevenson