About 10,000 years ago

People changed from nomadic hunting & gathering to growing food

Cause: people learned how to grow food & domesticate animals

Effect:Permanent homes & villages in River Valleys, Social classes emerged

1096-1291Christians waged series of holy wars against Muslims for control of the Holy LandCauses:Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem. Pope calls on Christians of Europe to recapture Holy LandEffects: Cultural diffusion, Europe exposed to new ideas & products, increased Trade, Persecution of Christians, Muslims, & Jews

1400’sRebirth of classical culture & learning beginning in Italian City- StatesCause:Wealthy Italian City-States, monarchs, & artisans, Greek & Roman influence,Population rebound, Humanism, Secularism, Printing PressEffects:Golden age of Arts, Literature, & Science, authority of the church questioned, DaVinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare,etc.

Late 1400’sEuropean monarchs competed for new trade routes & landsCauses: Search for new trade routes,advanced technology, missionaries, desire for new productsEffects: Cultural diffusion,New world, colonization, Columbian exchange, rivalries Columbus, Magellan, Da GAma

Renaissance through 1700’sRejection of traditional authority in favor of direct observation Causes: Curiosity inspired by renaissance& explorationEffects:Scientific method,use of Human Reasoning, questioning previous thought, advances in medicine, mathematics, & astronomy, Law of Gravity, EnlightenmentCopernicus, Galileo, Newton

1517Challenging the Church’s authority leads to divisionCause: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgencesEffects: Ended Religious unity in Europe, formation of Protestantism, religious wars between Catholics & protestants, Counterreformation, religious persecution, rise of royal power

1700’sIntellectual movement also known as the Age of ReasonCauses: Scientific Revolution (Reasoning), Applied Scientific to understand people & improve societyEffects: Inspired a belief in personal freedom & equality,Challenged long held beliefs,Laid the foundations for modern governments,Inspired Revolutions,Reforms of society,Nationalism

1789-1799Revolution overthrows the Old Regime (Estates)Causes: Inequality among classes,unfair tax system,Bankrupt government, enlightenment ideas, weak rulerEffects:Decline in French Power,Spread of Enlightenment ideas,Growth of Nationalism,Spread of Democratic ideas,Revolutions in Europe & Latin America

Began in the 1750’s in England (natural Resources)Means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machine, Innovations in power( End of domestic system)Cause: Agrarian Revolution, Population Explosion, Energy RevolutionEffects- Mass production,Urbanization, imperialism,Socialism, rise of capitalism, Trade Unions, reform laws,New class structure, upset balance of power

1914-1919 Allies vs. Central PowersCauses: MANIAEffects:New Technology/ Mass Death & destruction/famineHuge War debts/reparationsEnd of major empiresTreaty of Versailles leads to WWII

1917Change from Czarist Rule to democracy to Communism Cause: Economic differences, Tsarist rule, Pogroms, Russification Russo -Japanese War ,WWIEffects: Czar abdicates, Provisional government, Lenin “Peace, Bread , Land” Leads to communist government, Czar executed, NEP, Civil War, Stalin

1939-1945Axis Powers vs. Allied PowersCauses: Harshness of Treaty of Versailles,Rise of Dictators, Failure of League of Nations & Appeasement, Nazi & Japanese Aggression, Effects: Defeat of Dictatorships, decline of colonialism,Atomic bomb, Holocaust,The UN, Rise of Superpowers & the Cold War

1945-1991Years of Tension/competition US vs., USSR,No direct Confrontation Causes-Differing political & Economic ideologies, Soviet domination of EuropeEffects-Vietnam, Korea, Cuba,Space, Berlin Wall & Arms Race, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Collapse of Communism & the USSR

              

After 1940Aimed @ developing better food production in developing countriesCause: World Hunger & malnutrition, population increasing quicker than food supplyEffect: New high yield crops & fertilizers, Advances continue

Late 20th CenturyContinuous progress in science & technologyCause- Scientific advancement Effect: Computer Revolution, Automation, advances in medicine, Transportation, & communication, Space exploration