PPT_Ethical Aspects of Nursing.-nu 204pptx

7/27/2019 PPT_Ethical Aspects of Nursing.-nu 204pptx

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ETHICAL ISSUES IN NURSING

NU 204


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INTRODUCTION TO ETHICALISSUES IN NURSING

Since early time we have soughta logical approach to questions ofhuman conduct.

What constitutes good and evil,ethical, unethical?

On a day to day basis, nurses are

faced with ethical problems inregard to their own actions andthose of the health team.


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ETHICAL TERMINOLOGY

Ethics:A branch of philosophyreferred to as moral philosophy

Morals: Basic standards forwhat we consider right andwrong

Morality: The relationships

between human beingsEthical Dilemma: When anindividual must choose betweentwo unfavorable alternatives


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Values:Abstract standards thatgive a person a sense of what isright and wrong. These differ fromindividual to individual.

Values conflict: Occurs when wemust choose between two things,both of which are important to us

Values Clarification: The processof becoming more conscious of andnaming what one values orconsiders worthy

ETHICAL TERMINOLOGY (CONT)


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ETHICAL THEORIES

NATURAL LAW

St Thomas Acquinas

action right if in accord with our nature

promote good; avoid evil

ethics grounded in concern for human good


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ETHICAL THEORIES (cont)

DEONTOLOGY (DUTY-ORIENTED)

Immanuel Kant

Right and wrong is based on onesduty or obligation to adhere to

universal values.

abortion/euthanasia wrong as violatesduty to respect life

lying wrong as violates duty to tell the

truth


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ETHICAL THEORIES (cont)TELEOLOGICAL/UTILITARIANISM

(CONSEQUENCE-ORIENTED)

Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mills

act is right when it results in a good end

end justifies the means

abortion is okay because it gets rid of

unwanted babies

euthanasia is okay because it reduces

suffering


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ETHICAL THEORIES (cont)SITUATIONAL

Joseph Fletcher

no prescribed rules

each situation creates its own set of rules and

principles

love is the only norm

decision in one situation cannot be

generalized to another

euthanasia may be an act of love


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ETHICAL THEORIES (cont)

SOCIAL EQUITY AND JUSTICE

John Rawls

supports justice and equal rights for all

veil of ignorance on part of decision-

makers (no specific information) thus most

disadvantaged would be supported.

all social and economic positions open for

results of a decision.


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ETHICAL THEORIES (cont)IDEAL OBSERVER

Raymond Firth

Decisions be made from a dispassionate,

disinterested, consistent viewpoint with

full information about the situation

full information about the consequences


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Factors That Influence EthicalDecision-MakingCodes for Nurses

ANA Code for Nurses

International Code for Nurses

Standards of Practice

ANA Standards of Practice for

RNs

The Patient Bill of Rights (AHA)

Social and Cultural Attitudes


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Factors That Influence EthicalDecision-Making (contd)Science and Technology

Legislation

Judicial Decisions

Funding

Personal Religious andPhilosophic Viewpoints


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Factors in the Work Place ThatAffect Ethical Decision MakingStatus as an Employee

Collective Bargaining Contracts

Collegial Relationships

Authoritarian and PaternalisticBackgrounds

Ethics Committees in Health Care

Consumer Involvement in HealthCare


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Basic Ethical ConceptsAutonomy:Involves the rightof self-determination,independence, and freedom

Beneficence: The obligation todo good, not harm

Nonmaleficence: The

prohibition of intentionalharm


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Ethical Concepts (contd)Justice: The obligation to be fairto all people.

Fidelity: The obligation to befaithful to agreements,commitments, and responsibilities


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Ethical Concepts (contd)Veracity: Refers to telling thetruth or not intentionally

deceiving or misleading patients

The Standard of Best Interest:

Making a decision for one who isunable to make a decision basedon what is best for that individual


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FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICALDECISION-MAKING

Identify and clarify the ethical problem

Gather data

Identify options

Make a decision

Act

Evaluate the outcomes


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BIOETHICAL ISSUES INHEALTH CARERELATED TO BEGINNING OF LIFE

Abortion

Prenatal testing

In vitro fertilization

Artificial insemination

Surrogate mothers

Sperm banks


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BIOETHICAL ISSUES INHEALTH CARE (cont)RELATED TO END-OF-LIFE

Death defined

Euthanasia

Physician-assisted suicide

Right-to-die

Withdrawing/withholding treatments


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BIOETHICAL ISSUES INHEALTH CARE (cont)RELATED TO QUALITY OF LIFE ISSUES

Organ transplantation

Human genome project

Gene therapy

Stem cell research

to tell or not to tell (provider truth-telling)

Rationing of health care

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PPT_Ethical Aspects of Nursing.-nu 204pptx