P.PIP.0735 Final Report - Meat & Livestock Australia · 2020. 9. 2. · P.PIP.0735 - Utilising Environmental Upgrade Agreements to drive investment in solar farming at Australian

P.PIP.0735 - Utilising Environmental Upgrade Agreements to drive investment in solar farming at Australian Abattoirs

Project code: P.PIP.0735

Prepared by: Peter Summers

Beon Energy Solutions and Next Generation Electrical

and Peter Elliott

EPS Consultants on behalf of Hardwick’s Pty Ltd

Date published: 20 February 2018

PUBLISHED BY Meat and Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 1961 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059

Processor Microgrids for a Carbon Neutral

Red Meat Processing Facility

1. Initial feasibility and detailed cost/benefit analysis

(CBA)

This is an MLA Donor Company funded project.

Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian

Government and contributions from the Australian Meat Processor Corporation to support

the research and development detailed in this publication.

This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the

accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or

completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent

of MLA.

milestone report


Page 2 of 37

Executive Summary

This first milestone, initial feasibility and cost/benefit analysis, has confirmed that a microgrid

ancillary/emergency solar PV system and battery storage can provide a cost effective risk

management solution to electrical services for Hardwick’s Pty Ltd meat processing facility at

Kyneton. In particular, the system can be constructed to provide:

A project which has an estimated pay-back period of 5.7 years and which is also

expected to be cash flow positive from year 1;

Load shedding technology/battery storage/operational interface controls which

allows the microgrid system to provide emergency power on an uninterrupted basis

for an extended period during daylight hours (presently undeveloped in commercial

operations) should a major external grid failure occur;

Economic benefits from solar energy, even in a location with low temperatures and

long periods of cloud cover;

Site integration with Hardwick’s electrical network to allow energy management

and energy usage control; and,

Benefits from integrated grazing management for stock grazing and shading under

solar arrays.

This milestone report also provides the basis of the “Go/No Go” decision point detailed at this

stage of the project within the Project Agreement Milestones schedule.

R&D Proposal for the Development of the Project

In terms of the “Go/No Go” decision point, it is proposed that the Research and Development

(R&D) activities to be undertaken during the detailed design, construction and initial operations

of this project will be of significant benefit to the Australian red meat industry. In particular, the

novel R&D activities to be explored further are noted in the table below:

Novel R&D activity (i.e. what

is novel for the Australian red

meat industry)

Existing examples, if they

exist in other parts of the

world and in other industries

Industry value proposition

(i.e. number of locations

where the innovation could

be applied if proven

successful in the proposed

project)

Demonstrate the technical and

economic feasibility of

microgrid “Load Shedding”

technology which can enable a

site to operate independently of

the power grid. Load shedding

technology also allocates costs

to areas or equipment.

Hardwick’s will be able to

collect, calculate and report

costs for specific lighting circuits

Our research has found only

two examples of similar

microgrid load shedding

developments. They are both

used for remote area support

where unreliable grid supplies

exist. One is located for a

village in Zambia, and one for a

town in WA.

The project could provide an

innovative solution to all meat

industry operations particularly

where sufficient land is

available for the technology.

The present situation with the

Australian power grid and

change to renewables with the

exclusion of base load coal and

gas power stations, greatly

increases the risk of major grid


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or types, buildings, or microgrid

production

failures and extended power

outages. In Hardwick’s case,

the potential loss from a major

power failure could total $6M+.

Development of battery

storage.

Traditional grid tied inverters

are designed to disconnect from

the grid if an outage occurs but

also isolate the solar system to

ensure energy generation isn’t

passed up the line and onto the

distribution network. Project

research will be conducted to

access whether the use of

Tesla Lithium battery storage

technology can play a role in

maintaining Hardwick’s

operation if there was a grid

outage throughout the day.

NGE will test whether keeping

the inverters alive with batteries

during day light hours to ensure

the solar panel harvest

continues and then

systematically distributing then

energy production to

Hardwick’s plant through

energy control equipment. This

could provide a cleaner and

cheaper way of providing back

up power versus diesel power

generation.

This system will also enable the

monitoring of power quality,

voltage, current and power

factor, whilst enabling

Hardwick’s management to split

out and highlight how much

energy certain areas of the

abattoir are using. Data

analysis will also highlight any

irregularities in energy usage

where rectification may be

required quickly

None known. Similar comments to the above.

In addition, the effective

development of the load

shedding aspects could assist

other meat industry operations

in working towards “off grid”

solutions. This is becoming an

increasing focus due to the

rapid increase in power costs,

and the projection of further

substantial increases. It is also

a crucial step in heading to a

carbon neutral focus.

This project represents a

unique opportunity to trial an

While test cases for various

innovation projects exist, such

Similar comments to both of the

above sections.


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innovative approach to outage

mitigation. Hardwicks has

experienced a minimum of one

outage per year, with up to 3

hours of down time. As the site

is not equipped with backup

generation, the outage has a

direct impact on the operations

of the business. At this stage,

due to the robustness of the

external power grid, business

losses from these outages have

been minimised. However,

taking the SA experience into

account, along with the recent

removal of Hazelwood from

service in Victoria, there is a risk

of an outage over a number of

days with the potential of large

losses of product held in cool

storage. It is becoming

increasingly concerning that

power reliability is not being

guaranteed by levels of

Government and Hardwick’s

consider that they need to take

control of own power generation

destiny and risk management.

as airports and even industrial

precincts with food processing

industries1, they have never

been implemented in a full scale

project. Up until now, the

urgency of establishing a

microgrid system has not been

imperative due to the reliability

of the power grid. This situation

has rapidly changed following

the removal of traditional power

stations from the grid and

system failures.

Additional R&D will be

undertaken to also design the

battery system for supplying

energy for extended periods of

time, bringing the reliability of

the system from sun-times only

to anytime. In this process, we

will be able to build on the

experience developed by

CitiPower and Powercor from

the 2MW/2MWh Li-ion battery

where the islanding capability

has been extensively tested.

Some initial work has been

completed as noted by

CitiPower and Powercor. This

will extend this knowledge to a

practical application.

Similar comments to above.

Development of an integrated

land use management plan

associated with the solar array.

The differences in installation

and unique business

Although some solar

installations have trialled

vegetation control using sheep,

none are known to have

undertaken more detailed

The approach could be

replicated in any other location

with sufficient available land.

1 See the study released by ENEA in February 2017: https://www.enea-consulting.com/en/urban-microgrids-opportunities/


Page 5 of 37

opportunities provide an

opportunity to study additional

dual land use research topics

including:

Advancing research into crop/grass growth under various dual purpose and partial shade situations;

Measurement and quantification of operational cost reduction as a result of dual purpose land use combining sheep grazing and PV installation;

Opportunities for advertising and branding studies for “Hardwick’s Solar Sheep” or similarly branded products.

crop/grass assessment or

marketing advantages. This

project provides a cutting edge

example of the research

possibilities of dual land use

available through ground

mounted PV renewable energy

systems.

The load shedding interface involves previously untried control systems and procedures

associated with the external power grid system. The planned design incorporates the use of

a battery system to ensure uninterrupted operation of the solar system during major external

power grid failures/shutdowns. We are unaware of any similar installations in Australia or

elsewhere involving uninterrupted operation. In traditional solar systems, the solar system

shuts down during external outages. The solar and power electronics systems can be further

developed to allow for back-up generation in case of outage events, effectively allowing the

precinct to keep running in the absence of grid power. Such a system with islanding

capabilities is considered as an industrial microgrid, taking community microgrid technologies

to industrial uses. While test cases for various innovation projects exist, such as airports and

even industrial precincts with food processing industries2, they have never been implemented

in a full scale project. Up until now, the urgency of establishing a microgrid system in Australia

has not been imperative due to the reliability of the power grid. This situation has rapidly

changed following the removal of traditional power stations from the grid, and system failures.

The development of this interface is becoming more critical as coal/gas baseload power

stations are becoming a reduced part of the Australian generating system which has increased

the power system operating risks (eg: recent power outages in SA, severe shortages and

shedding in Tasmania, the closure of Hazlewood Power Station in Victoria). Hardwick’s are

concerned with the risk of adverse business impacts due to these increasing issues in their

own situation, and in proceeding with this project they will also be accepting the risk of funding

development of a microgrid system for the rest of the industry. The proposed control and

interface system will have significant potential benefits for other businesses within the red



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meat supply chain, especially those with the high commercial risks associated with major

power system outages. Hardwicks has experienced a minimum of one outage per year, with

up to 3 hours of down time. As the site is not equipped with backup generation, the outage

has a direct impact on the operations of the business. At this stage, due to the robustness of

the external power grid, losses from these outages have been minimised. However, taking the

SA experience into account, along with the planned removal of Hazelwood from service in

Victoria, there is a risk of an outage over a number of days with the potential of large losses

of product held in cool storage. An opportunity exists to investigate the feasibility of protecting

an abattoir against outages where learnings can be applied industry wide.

The power requirements of Hardwick’s are also growing due to increasing production and

processing of red meat and offal products. Hardwick’s is faced with the challenge of major

infrastructure costs to upgrade grid connection and alternative technologies such as a

microgrid based on solar PV represent a cost efficient solution as well as risk mitigation against

an increasingly unreliable external power grid as noted above. As the business grows, the

economic risk of an extended power outage has major impacts on perishable product and

production. The microgrid system mitigates this risk.

An economic model and cost/benefit analysis has been developed as part of the project.

Extensive analysis of the Hardwick’s power usage trends, demands and future loads was

conducted. Several technologies were analysed including battery storage, combustion

generation, thermal storage, HV customer, power correction and solar PV based microgrid.

This package has been used to highlight a detailed value proposition based on customer input

data and average system operational data for systems of a similar size from the Beon Energy

Solutions customer database, taking into consideration all known costs, losses, gains and

savings. This model and approach can be repeated for other customers within the industry,

saving time and money during the research phase.

The planned project involves the provision of a 1.5MW microgrid power generation system

and will therefore demonstrate the first use of a microgrid system in an Australian abattoir.

Present annual electricity usage by Hardwicks is 7,225 MW Hrs per annum. The planned

system will also provide 2,359 MW Hrs per annum, or approximately 30% of total electricity

usage. By exploring this technology, which is not currently being adopted by the red meat

processing sector, the project will pioneer the adoption of a large-scale microgrid that has the

potential to significantly improve sustainability of the red meat processing sector in Australia.

By proving the overall performance of a solar based microgrid project for meat processing

facilities in a cool climate with extensive periods of cloud cover, a successful project in Kyneton

will also provide a case study basis which can provide confidence in other areas where hotter

weather and increased solar energy are available.

Another R&D activity will involve developing the requirements for site integration with the

Hardwicks power supply network. This will require sophisticated internal control and

management systems to maximise cost advantages and provide control and management

decision inputs on power usage during emergency system outages where solar will be the

sole source of plant electrical supplies (e.g. management of cooling systems etc).


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Another novel area of R&D will include the demonstration of intensive multi-purpose land

utilisation. The land to be made available for the microgrid solar array will also be used for

stock grazing, which will require the development of an integrated land use management plan

taking into account access and maintenance requirements of the solar array, as well as the

vegetation and shading requirements of the animals that will graze underneath the arrays. The

land loss from solar arrays is presently seen as a negative issue to the implementation of solar

systems at meat processing plants and this R&D will provide a basis for overcoming this issue

into the future.

Hardwicks note that throughout the completion of Milestone 1, Next Generation Electrical and

Beon Energy Solutions have demonstrated high levels of advanced knowledge and expertise

in microgrid technology and have demonstrated the potential benefits of new load-

shedding/battery/control systems with power grid interfaces. Hardwick’s have a high level of

confidence that the proposed R&D will provide a beneficial solution with ready application for

the Australian red meat industry.


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Table of Contents

1 Milestone description ........................................................................................................ 10

1.1 Milestone 1 ................................................................................................................ 10

1.1.1 Initial feasibility and detailed cost/benefit analysis (CBA) ................................. 10

2 Project objectives ............................................................................................................. 10

2.1 Feasibility of load shedding and battery storage technology ................................... 10

2.1.1 Energy control .................................................................................................... 10

2.1.2 Battery Storage .................................................................................................. 11

3 Innovation ......................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Detailed explanation of the mechanics of the environmental upgrade agreement for

the project ............................................................................................................................. 14

3.1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 14

3.1.2 How It Works ...................................................................................................... 14

3.1.3 Benefits .............................................................................................................. 15

3.1.4 Eligibility ............................................................................................................. 15

3.1.5 Fees and Other Implications .............................................................................. 15

3.1.6 Cash flows .......................................................................................................... 17

3.1.7 High Level Steps ................................................................................................ 18

3.2 Projected electricity generation from the microgrid .................................................. 18

3.2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 18

To understand the drivers of Hardwick’s current load profile, analysis focused on the

2,000 kVa connection, comprising of: .............................................................................. 19

1 x freeze compressor, 70 – 90 kW with a steady load ............................................ 19

3 x chilling compressors, 150 – 465 kW with intermittent loads ............................... 19

3.2.2 Normalised Production and Performance Ratio ................................................ 22

3.3 Benefits of integrated grazing management plan for stock grazing and shading

under microgrid solar arrays ................................................................................................ 23

3.4 Integration with site electrical network ...................................................................... 25

3.4.1 Build Plan ........................................................................................................... 25

3.4.2 System Electrical Schematic ............................................................................. 27

3.4.3 Trench and Cable Plan ...................................................................................... 28

3.5 Planning considerations ............................................................................................ 29

3.5.1 Topology & Soil Testing Results ............................................................................. 29

3.5.1 Local Council Feasibility .................................................................................... 32


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3.5.2 Network Study .................................................................................................... 32

3.5.3 Infrastructure ...................................................................................................... 32

3.5.4 Design Considerations ....................................................................................... 32

3.5.5 Finance & Taxation Considerations .................................................................. 32

4 Summary of costs and benefits (economic, social, and environmental) ......................... 33

4.1 Economic ................................................................................................................... 33

4.2 Social ......................................................................................................................... 34

4.3 Environmental ........................................................................................................... 34

5 Success in meeting the milestone .................................................................................... 35

5.1 Milestone 1: Successful ............................................................................................ 35

6 Overall progress of the project (optional) ......................................................................... 35

6.1 Milestone 1 of 6 ......................................................................................................... 35

7 Conclusions/recommendations ........................................................................................ 35

7.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 35

8 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 37

8.1 Appendix 1 – Detailed Designs ................................................................................. 37

8.2 Appendix 2 – Topology Report ................................................................................. 37

8.3 Appendix 3 – EUA Cash flows .................................................................................. 37

8.4 Appendix 4 – GANTT Chart ...................................................................................... 37


Page 10 of 37

1 Milestone description

1.1 Milestone 1

1.1.1 Initial feasibility and detailed cost/benefit analysis (CBA)

Milestone report detailing:

2.1) Projected electricity generation from the solar array

2.2) Benefits of integrated grazing management plan for stock grazing and shading

under solar arrays

2.3) Integration with site electrical network

2.4) Feasibility of load-shedding technology

2.5) Planning considerations

2.6) Detailed explanation of the mechanics of the environmental upgrade

agreement for the project

2.7) Summary of costs and benefits (economic, social, and environmental)

Appendix 1 – Designs

Appendix 2 – Topology Report

Appendix 3 – EUA Cash flows

Appendix 4 – GANTT Chart

2 Project objectives

2.1 Feasibility of load shedding and battery storage technology

2.1.1 Energy control

Load shedding technology provides insight and understanding into energy usage, allowing

Hardwick’s to take control and turn complex power analysis into simple, actionable

information. Energy monitoring focuses on real-time and historical trends while analysing

energy quality and availability to measure efficiency, reveal opportunities and verify savings.

This is achieved through displaying energy usage in an easy to understand format, such as

viewing energy cost in dollars instead of KWh, auditing efficiencies and justifying lighting /

solar by tracking ROI and forecasting payback. The hardware and software unpinning the load

shedding technology is highlighted below:


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Load shedding technology also allocates costs to areas or equipment. Hardwick’s will be able

to collect, calculate and report costs for specific lighting circuits or types, buildings, or microgrid

production. Various energy drivers, such as temperature can also be overlayed and analysed:

2.1.2 Battery Storage

Traditional grid tied inverters are designed to disconnect from the grid if an outage occurs but

also isolate the solar system to ensure energy generation isn’t passed up the line and onto

the distribution network. Project research will be conducted to access whether the use of Tesla

Lithium battery storage technology can play a role in maintaining Hardwick’s operation if there

was a grid outage throughout the day.

NGE will test whether keeping the inverters alive with batteries during day light hours to ensure

the solar panel harvest continues and then systematically distributing then energy production

to Hardwick’s plant through energy control equipment. This could provide a cleaner and


Page 12 of 37

cheaper way of providing back up power versus diesel power generation to not only

Hardwick’s but all industries.

This system enables the monitoring of power quality, voltage, current and power factor, whilst

enabling Hardwick’s management to split out and highlight how much energy certain areas of

the abattoir are using. Data analysis will also highlight any irregularities in energy usage where

rectification may be required quickly.


Page 13 of 37

3 Innovation

The electronics systems can be further designed to allow for back-up generation in case of

outage events, effectively allowing the precinct to keep running in the absence of grid power.

Such a system with islanding capabilities is considered as an industrial microgrid, taking

community microgrid technologies to industrial uses. While test cases for various innovation

projects exist, such as airports and even industrial precincts with food processing industries3,

they have never been implemented in a full scale project. Up until now, the urgency of

establishing a microgrid system has not been imperative due to the reliability of the power grid.

This situation has rapidly changed following the removal of traditional power stations from the

grid and system failures.

This project represents a unique opportunity to trial such an innovative approach to outage

mitigation. Hardwicks has experienced a minimum of one outage per year, with up to 3 hours

of down time. As the site is not equipped with backup generation, the outage has a direct

impact on the operations of the business. At this stage, due to the robustness of the external

power grid, business losses from these outages have been minimised. However, taking the

SA experience into account, along with the planned removal of Hazelwood from service in

Victoria, there is a risk of an outage over a number of days with the potential of large losses

of product held in cool storage. An opportunity exists to investigate the feasibility of protecting

an abattoir against outages through the following process:

1. What is to be gained? Mitigation of business risks which would be incurred by the

business as a direct result of outages. This includes costs involved with lost hours of

operations, process restart costs, additional cleaning and loss of products.

2. How, and at what costs?

Market research of successful community projects to be built upon

Load study to prioritise processes and appliances and setup a merit order of

what should have priority in terms of remaining powered. Optimum design (and

costs) will combine typical outage durations with process resilience’s

Specifications for the site and related costs

3. What is the value for the industry?

Resulting value for Hardwicks

Typical value for a brownfield, retrofit project

Typical value for a greenfield project

If sensible, the results of the feasibility will be transferred to similar industries and activities, in

order to assess the potential deployment across other businesses.

In practicality, the microgrid system will not only sustainably power the site for its business “as

usual” operations but will reduce business risks by providing an increased reliance against

grid instability. Cost optimisation will be completed by keeping critical processes running; as

defined by the industry experts. As for any insurance mechanism, microgrid setups must be

designed to various levels of event criticality.



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A particular care will be given to the handling of inverters, which may require a specific

battery system for power support to allow the solar array to provide load to the precinct. An

extension of this work will be to also design the battery system for supplying energy for

extended periods of time, bringing the reliability of the system from sun-times only to

anytime. In this process, we will be able to build on the experience developed by CitiPower

and Powercor from the 2MW/2MWh Li-ion battery where the islanding capability has been

extensively tested.

3.1 Detailed explanation of the mechanics of the environmental upgrade agreement for the project

3.1.1 Overview

Hardwick’s have selected to use the Environmental Upgrading Agreement (EUA) as the funding vehicle, which has recently been established by the Melbourne City Council in partnership with the Sustainable Melbourne Fund. The financing is an agreement between a site owner, a lender and the local council for works that improve the environmental efficiency of commercial premises. To date, the Sustainable Melbourne Fund has injected over $12 million in building upgrades in Melbourne. This has included boiler and chiller upgrades, variable speed drives, renewable energy systems, lighting solutions and regenerative lifts resulting in the reduction of over 62,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.

3.1.2 How It Works

A number of financiers including NAB, ANZ and Bank Australia currently offer Environmental Upgrade Finance. This kind of finance is secured against the building, rather than the building owner, with repayments collected for distribution to the lender by the local council who, in turn, returns the property charge to the lender. This structure makes Environmental Upgrade Finance lower risk for financiers, and allows them to offer more attractive finance terms, such as longer terms (10 years) and lower interest rates.


Page 15 of 37

3.1.3 Benefits

Environmental Upgrade Finance can help Hardwick’s improve their property asset without the

risks and negative cash flow implications of traditional finance. It can fund improvements to

buildings which can reduce operating costs, increase yields, help attract and retain tenants,

and increase asset values. Benefits include:

1. No upfront capital or security: Upgrades can be made at zero upfront cost to

Hardwick’s, and with no additional security required. Traditional finance often requires

additional security, and will usually not cover all project costs.

2. Competitive interest rates and term length, reducing re-financing risk:

Competitive interest rates are available, fixed for 10 years or potentially longer. This

reduces the re-financing risk and allows Hardwick’s to plan with more certainty.

Traditional finance is generally only available for terms of 2-5 years.

3. Improved cash flow: Longer finance terms mean lower annual repayments,

delivering immediate cash flow benefits to Hardwick’s. Under short term traditional

finance, capital intensive upgrades may be unattractive due to the significant impact

on cash flow.

4. Option to share costs (if the site is tenanted), delivering a better asset for

Hardwick’s, and a lower-cost and improved working environment for tenants.

Environmental Upgrade Finance provides a secure and transparent mechanism for

Hardwick’s and potential tenants to share the costs in proportion to the benefits they

receive. Without this mechanism, it can be difficult for upgrades to be negotiated until

the end of a lease.

3.1.4 Eligibility

The following are the requirements to be eligible for an EUA:

Pays council rates;

Funding is for a retrofit project in a non-residential building / site; and

Project delivers environmental benefits such as energy, waste and water.

In total, there are 71 water and energy upgrades that can be funded – full details can be found

at http://sustainablemelbournefund.com.au/

3.1.5 Fees and Other Implications

Administrative fees are payable (these vary by council area), which can be included in

the finance amount.

The council can charge penalty interest for payments that are made late. If customers

default on payments, the council is required to use its enforcement powers to recover

the charge and repay the finance provider. Council can issue proceedings and recover

the charge, penalty interest and costs. The charge will be prioritised over any other

non-council charges or encumbrances over the land

Customers must give notice of the EUA to existing mortgages, and provide details of

your existing mortgages to council.


Page 16 of 37

There are no reporting obligations contained in the EUA, however customers are required to join the council’s 1200 Buildings program, which includes annual progress reports to the council and a final assessment report once the project is completed.

Customers must get the consent of the finance provider and the council to any sale or dealing in the land (other than leases). In some circumstances it is possible that consent may be refused. In this case, customers can fully pay out the charge in order to be able to proceed with the proposed dealing. If you want to assign your obligations under the EUA, the purchaser would need to sign a deed poll agreeing to be bound by the terms of the EUA. If the conversion involves a dealing or subdivision of the land you will need the consent of the other parties to that dealing.


Page 17 of 37

3.1.6 Cash flows

The cash flows, as prepared by Sustainable Melbourne Fund under guidance from NGE and

Beon Energy Solutions, assume the following:

Financed amount: $2,362,191.6

Term length: 10 years

System size: 1,500kW

The cash flows highlight the immediate cash flow benefits to Hardwick’s with an annual net

cash benefit available to Hardwick’s throughout the 10 year finance term (as per item 8. Net

Cash Benefit after tax).

A brief discussion on each cash flow item is as follows:

1. Electricity Savings: This represents the savings to Hardwick’s annual energy bill, should

they proceed with the project. The savings are calculated, at a high level, as the delta between

Hardwick’s current load profile and the generation profile of the 1,500 MW solar PV system,

multiplied by exiting tariffs and escalated by a conservative 3.0% per annum in-line with CPI.

2. LGC Value (Inc GST): This represents LGC's federal government Large-scale Generation

Certificate (LGC) subsidy based on the actual net energy generated and exported by the

system (as per “LGC volume” below) by an accredited and registered renewable energy power

station. These are for Solar PV systems over 100kW, or more than 250MWh and certificates

are created annually. Current LGC prices above $90/MWh (up from $33/MWh in January

2015) however a forward curve (shaping downwards) has been applied in these cash flows

(as per “LGC Price (ex GST)”).

3. Operating expense:

This represents the annual operating and maintenance expenditure of the solar system,

escalated by 3.0% in-line with CPI. The operating and maintenance contract includes provision

of one on-site technician (for a maximum of 4 hours once monthly at an agreed time and date)

to complete the following services:

inspection and monitoring of inverter terminal (email notification)

software and hardware tests, communication speed testing

thermal scan of solar distribution board where applicable

panel cleaning using non-toxic, biodegradable detergents made from plant extracts

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. Electricity Savings 298,120 305,153 312,351 319,719 327,261 334,982 342,884 350,972 359,252 367,726 376,401 385,280 394,369 403,672 413,194

2. LGC Value (inc GST) 226,688 215,477 209,255 207,931 192,192 179,108 177,953 176,880 175,808 174,653 115,720 115,005 114,290 113,575 112,860

3. Operating Expenses -16,500 -16,995 -17,505 -18,030 -18,571 -19,128 -19,702 -20,293 -20,902 -21,529 -22,175 -22,840 -23,525 -24,231 -24,958

4. EUA Payments to Council (inc Fees) -320,195 -319,547 -318,956 -318,329 -317,664 -316,956 -316,206 -315,409 -314,563 -313,665

5. Tax Benefit / (Cost) (@ 30%, depreciation:

20 Yr, Interest, fees and LGC income)14,300 17,506 15,734 12,499 12,786 12,189 8,078 3,711 -1,037 -6,033 6,424.00 6,801.00 7,182.00 7,570.00 7,963.00

6. GST expense (Project and LGC's) -233,517 -19,589 -19,023 -18,903 -17,472 -16,283 -16,178 -16,080 -15,983 -15,878 -10,520 -10,455 -10,390 -10,325 -10,260

7. GST Credit (Project and Fees) 216,818 2,166 2,159 2,150 2,138 2,125 2,109 2,090 2,069 2,044 2,016 2,076 2,139 2,203 2,269

8. Net Cash Benefit after tax* 185,714 184,171 184,014 187,037 180,671 176,036 178,938 181,871 184,643 187,317 467,866 475,867 484,065 492,464 501,068

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

LGC Volume # 2,240 2,226 2,212 2,198 2,184 2,171 2,157 2,144 2,131 2,117 2,104 2,091 2,078 2,065 2,052

LGC Price (ex GST) $ 92 88 86 86 80 75 75 75 75 75 50 50 50 50 50


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4. EUA Payments to Council (inc Fees): This represents the fixed re-payments of principle and interest (at 6.024% per annum) via council rates. 5. Tax Benefit / (Cost) (@ 30%, depreciation: 20 Yr, Interest, fees and LGC income): As a number of items are tax assessable or deductible, this represents the tax benefit / cost of the solar system taking into account:

straight line deprecation across 20 years (deductible)

interest (at 6.024% per annum) on the outstanding balance payable to council (deductible)

administrative fees (deductible)

LGC income derived from the actual net energy generated and exported by the system (assessable)

Income tax rate (at 30% corporate income tax rate) on the net cash benefit 6 & 7 GST expense (Project and LGC's) & GST Credit (Project and Fees): This represents the GST consequence of the above transactions 8. Net Cash Benefit after tax*: This represents the overall benefit of the solar system to Hardwick’s, should they proceed with the project. The cash flows, in their entirety, have been attached in Appendix 3.

3.1.7 High Level Steps

Contact Sustainable Melbourne Fund to participate in the program (Complete)

Undertake a Level 2 energy audit (Complete)

Identify projects that are cost effective and will improve your building’s NABERs rating (Complete)

Secure finance (SMF can assist with this process) (In-Progress)

Sign the environmental upgrade agreement (To be complete)

Commence your building retrofit project (To be complete)

Realise the energy savings and cost savings from your project (To be complete)

3.2 Projected electricity generation from the microgrid

3.2.1 Overview

Hardwick’s is a one million head plus per annum abattoir and, due to expected growth, explored power capacity increases, backup supply and bill reduction methods in partnership with Next Generation Electrical and Beon Energy Solutions.


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To understand the drivers of Hardwick’s current load profile, analysis focused on the 2,000 kVa connection, comprising of:

1 x freeze compressor, 70 – 90 kW with a steady load

3 x chilling compressors, 150 – 465 kW with intermittent loads

Other loads, 400 – 600 kW (conveyors, cutting and lights) with intermittent loads

Six technologies were assessed against a benchmark HV connection upgrade option to reduce the current load profile. A high level summary of the assessment is as follows:

1. Peak instantaneous load witnessed as at 23rd Feb 16

2. Growth Plan (year on year):

Lamb 10%

Beef 5%

3. Long term peak load on small Transformer


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It was concluded that a microgrid system incorporating solar PV installation presents best

value to addressing current and future load requirements with the benefits of reduced outage

risks and complexity to the benchmark option of a HV connection upgrade. The microgrid solar

PV system was optimised to maximise roof space, resulting in the following options:

However, it was recognised that a combined 590kW solar system would not fully address

current load and growing capacity requirements, nor provide a substantial microgrid

emergency system. Based on detailed analysis, the 500kW solar system proposed for the

main factory rooftop would only offset 10.5% of Hardwick’s actual full year load profile (2015

interval data); represented as “Total Solar Energy Utilised” 765 MWh / “Total Energy Utilised”

7,225 MWh in the following operational outputs:

Further, the graph below presents the expected performance the 500kW solar system

overlayed against average weekly load for the three seasons based on Hardwick’s historical

consumption profile and existing tariff.

1. Maintenance Shed (20kW) NMI 62034732174

Retail meat shop (70 kW)

NMI VCCCLF00301

Main Factory (500 kW)

NMI VCCCLF00061

1 Maintenance Shed (20kW) NMI 62034732174

3 Main Factory (500 kW) NMI VCCCLF00061


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Therefore, a ground mount 1.5MW solar system was proposed using the idle 9.9 acre land to

the north of the main factory, resulting in the following expected performance against the same

historical consumption profile and existing tariff. This will also provide a substantial emergency

microgrid system to enable continuation of operations of significant cool stores during an

extended external power outage:

--200 kWh400 kWh600 kWh800 kWh

1,000 kWh1,200 kWh

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

Winter Average Weekly Load Grid Usage Solar PV Exported Solar PV Utilised Winter Load


1,000 kWh1,200 kWh


Summer Average Weekly Load Grid Usage Solar PV Exported Solar PV Utilised Summer Load


1,000 kWh1,200 kWh


Shoulder Average Weekly Load Grid Usage Solar PV Exported Solar PV Utilised Shoulder Load


1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




1,000 kWh1,200 kWh




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3.2.2 Normalised Production and Performance Ratio

Chart highlights average daily production per 1 kW solar array in

Kyneton. Mitigation – Routine maintenance and on-going monitoring

Chart highlights average daily performance as ratio of 1

(maximum). Current performance of 0.861 above industry average


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3.3 Benefits of integrated grazing management plan for stock grazing and shading under microgrid solar arrays

This dual use land project is capable of offering not only grazing land for sheep and renewable

energy electricity generation, but utilises these to create a partly renewable energy consumer

product (lamb and beef) with 30% of power demand being provided by on site renewable

energy. The project combines farming, growing and processing into a unique vertically

integrated value chain. The project not only provides the agricultural land to graze sheep but

also the clean energy required to process the sheep on-site into end products for consumers.

Critics of large scale solar developments often point to the amount of productive land taken

up by solar arrays; agriculture is critical to the national economy. This project provides a cutting

edge example of the research possibilities of dual land use available through ground mounted

PV renewable energy systems. Dual land use combining renewable energy systems and

agriculture is not new. Examples of dual land use include:

Japanese “Solar Sharing”:

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2013/10/japan-next-generation-

farmers-cultivate-agriculture-and-solar-energy.html

University of Queensland dual use operation saves O&M costs on sheep feed and

PV farm ground maintenance :

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-15/uq-uses-sheep-to-cut-grass-at-gatton-solar-

research-farm/7734770

Greenough River Solar Farm trialing vegetation control vs Sheep damage:

http://www.all-energy.com.au/RXAU/RXAU_All-

Energy/documents/2013_Day_1_Presentations/Wed%20Solar%201100%20Mark%2

0Rayner.pdf?v=635191354957379747

Dual Purpose land use mitigates land use conflicts:

https://www.gses.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/GSES_utility-scale-dual-

purpose-land-usage.pdf

Newlands Farm 66 acre dual purpose solar farm - http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-

england-hampshire-24274074

The physical installation has several advantages over the above examples:

Sheep can walk under the array – In this installation there is clearance of 1.2m between

the ground and the array. This allows sheep full access to the grass under the array

as well as increased array cooling from improved ventilation.

Mitigation of array damage from sheep - This project aims to improve on the examples

above by mitigating any damage from the sheep due to the elevated array. The vast

majority of adult sheep are below 1.2m in height and can therefore pass under the

array uninhibited.

Site Security - In this installation there will be an installed 1.8m high chain mesh fence,

which will prevent humans, foxes, feral cats entering within the solar farm.

This can be visually represented as below:

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2013/10/japan-next-generation-farmers-cultivate-agriculture-and-solar-energy.htmlhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2013/10/japan-next-generation-farmers-cultivate-agriculture-and-solar-energy.htmlhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-15/uq-uses-sheep-to-cut-grass-at-gatton-solar-research-farm/7734770http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-15/uq-uses-sheep-to-cut-grass-at-gatton-solar-research-farm/7734770http://www.all-energy.com.au/RXAU/RXAU_All-Energy/documents/2013_Day_1_Presentations/Wed%20Solar%201100%20Mark%20Rayner.pdf?v=635191354957379747http://www.all-energy.com.au/RXAU/RXAU_All-Energy/documents/2013_Day_1_Presentations/Wed%20Solar%201100%20Mark%20Rayner.pdf?v=635191354957379747http://www.all-energy.com.au/RXAU/RXAU_All-Energy/documents/2013_Day_1_Presentations/Wed%20Solar%201100%20Mark%20Rayner.pdf?v=635191354957379747https://www.gses.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/GSES_utility-scale-dual-purpose-land-usage.pdfhttps://www.gses.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/GSES_utility-scale-dual-purpose-land-usage.pdfhttp://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-24274074http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-24274074


Page 24 of 37

The above differences in installation and unique business opportunities provide an opportunity

to study additional dual land use research topics including:

Advancing research into crop/grass growth under various dual purpose and partial

shade situations;

Measurement and quantification of operational cost reduction as a result of dual

purpose land use combining sheep grazing and PV installation;

Opportunities for advertising and branding studies for “Hardwick’s Solar Sheep” or

similarly branded products.

The project will encompass the above studies. Such diversity of land use will increase the

overall land value and productivity and will be felt not only by the land owner, Hardwick’s, but

also by communities as the land creates a new identity and purpose for itself.


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3.4 Integration with site electrical network

3.4.1 Build Plan

The array field will host a fixed-tilt, ground mounted system. The system is comprised of 120

fixed array tables, 44 of which are exterior tables (i.e. edge tables) and 76 are interior tables.

Each fixed tilt array table is comprised of 4 rows of 10 modules each, using the Jinko 320W

module. At the current project phase, the table mounting design is awaiting a pull out test on

site.

Cable management on the fixed tilt array tables is achieved by running all cables back to the

centre of the array field. A string combiner box will be mounted on the fixing pole lining the

centre of the array field using a vertically mounted section of slotted c-channel (ezystrut or

similar). UV rated, HD flexible conduit will enter the string combiner box at the top. 100mm

Diameter Black UV rated, UHD conduit will exit the bottom of the string combiner box. A 45

degree angle will be used in the 100mm Black UV rated, UHD conduit so as to create

separation from the pile driven pole which supports the array table. The conduit will be

supported by a cantilever (angle bracket from ezystrut or similar) which is also mounted to the

vertically fixed section of slotted c-channel which is fixed to the west side of the western most

pile driven pole.

Trench lines are to be created running north-south through the centre of the array field. Cable

pits will be used to create junctions for the trench lines at each array table row. String combiner

boxes will all include DC isolation as well as overcurrent protection. The DC isolation device

used is the 160A nominal rated isolator which comes as standard with the SMA combiner box.

DC conductors will travel back to the inverter room. The complete system will be connected via 24 x SMA STP60 Inverters. The inverters will be paralleled in a custom LV board within the inverter room. From the LV board, conductors will connect to a 22kV step-up transformer.


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The 22kV line will then travel back to the main site where the main switch board is located on the south side of the Hardwick’s Meat main property. This cable run is approximately 380m. External to the site main switch board will be a pad mount step down transformer. The LV conductors from the step-down transformer will then join the main switch board bus, which must be retrofitted to accept the connection. Detailed designs can be found in Appendix 1.


3.4.2 System Electrical Schematic

As per NGE detailed designs


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3.4.3 Trench and Cable Plan

As per NGE detailed designs


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3.5 Planning considerations

3.5.1 Topology & Soil Testing Results

NGE has engaged Chadwick Geotechnics to prepare a detailed soil testing report to determine

the ground conditions at Hardwick’s and to provide geotechnical design parameters for the

design of the proposed foundations. The report ensures the structural integrity of the solar PV

arrays.

Based on the proposed works, six (6) boreholes were proposed to be drilled to 3.45m or refusal

whichever was the lesser, with in situ standard penetration tests and shear vane testing.

Disturbed samples were collected for visual classification.

The fieldwork was carried out on 29th August 2016. The fieldwork comprised:

Six (6) boreholes.

Six (6) dynamic cone penetrometer tests.

Six (6) Standard Penetration Tests.

Shear Vane Tests.

Details of the individual field tests are dealt with separately in sections and can be found in

the comprehensive report in Appendix 2. An example of one of the borehole results (BH1),

provided overleaf, highlights the suitability of the proposed 1.8 meter design.

The following summary of the subsurface stratigraphy is inferred from the available site

investigation data, and as such only represents the site conditions at the locations of the field

testing. It is possible that conditions at locations between the field tests may be quite different

and therefore this summary should only be understood to apply to the test locations.

The subsurface materials encountered in the boreholes at the site could be categorised into

three main geological units and summarised as follows:

Unit 1 - SILT

This material was found in the top part of all the boreholes and extended to depths ranging

from 0.15 to 0.35 m below ground level (bgl) and was described as a SILT which was moist

and soft to firm consistency.

Unit 2 – CLAY (QVN)

This unit was found in all the boreholes beneath the SILT. The unit was described as clay of

high plasticity and was firm to very stiff consistency and extended to depths ranging from 1.1

to 2.0m.

Unit 3 – CLAY (DG)

This unit was found in all the boreholes beneath the quaternary clays. The unit was described

as clay of medium to high plasticity and was very stiff to hard consistency and extended to

termination depths of 3.45m.


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The detailed soil testing report confirms the proposed site will be appropriate for construction

works.


Page 31 of 37


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3.5.1 Local Council Feasibility

A development application has not been completed at present however, the council is aware

of the project and supportive of the initiative and approach. Upon acceptance of the project,

council building permits will be submitted for approval.

3.5.2 Network Study

An enquiry application has not been completed at present. Upon acceptance of the project,

an application will be submitted to Powercor for approval.

Dial-Before-You-Dig has been completed, highlighting no presence of water, electricity and/or

telecommunication services running through the site.

3.5.3 Infrastructure

Civils: The design for the following works is to be completed by a civil engineer:

The improvement of the embankment area, around the existing damns and the west

side of the array field and access; and

The 4 metre access road, which will leave the array field and head west and then south

back to the car park of Hardwick’s Meat. This path will take the access road across

two creek beds. A reinforced culvert will be used at each of these crossings

Site security and access: A 1.8m tall fence with 0.2m of barbed wire atop will line the northern

and eastern property boundary around the array field. The fence will continue just to the east

side of the three dams which will form the western side of the array field. Within the fence will

be a void area which will help to mitigate risk from shading and from vandalism. The void area

will also act as a vehicle access path.

The array fence will have a 6 metre sliding security gate in the south western corner of the

southern fence, controlled with swipe access. Inside of the sliding security gate will be a

secured check-in/parking area.

3.5.4 Design Considerations

All design dimensions have been developed using approximate real world references and, as

such, all site set-outs, site orientation and build dimensions must be verified onsite by a land

surveyor. If variances occur, mounting manufacturer installation drawings and instructions

should be used. For trenching lines, any variance should refer to elevation standoff

dimensions.

3.5.5 Finance & Taxation Considerations

Next Generation Electrical (NGE) engaged an independent accounting firm, Jones Louros &

Associates Pty, to provide advice on the financial and taxation implications of the Hardwick

solar project. This engagement was a pro-active measure from NGE to ensure appropriate

financial due diligence on behalf of Hardwick’s. The transaction review covered the


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implications of funding from Meat & Livestock Australia, the Environmental Upgrading

Agreement (EUA) and changes to Group structure (operational implications, stamp duty

implications, capital gains tax and other tax implications and risk mitigation including but not

limited to asset protection and transactional risk). The independent review ensures the

structure of the project will be optimised to best suit Hardwick’s and can be relied upon for

projects of a similar nature going forward.

4 Summary of costs and benefits (economic, social, and

environmental)

4.1 Economic

The power requirements of Hardwick’s are growing due to increasing production and processing of red meat and offal products. Hardwick’s is faced with the challenge of major infrastructure costs to upgrade grid connection and alternative technologies such as a microgrid based on solar PV represent a cost efficient solution as well as risk mitigation against an increasingly unreliable external power grid. Hardwick’s currently does not have any back up power supply during a network power outage and as the business grows, the economic risk of an extended power outage has major impacts on perishable product and production. The microgrid system mitigates this risk. An economic model and cost/benefit analysis has been developed as part of the project. Extensive analysis of the Hardwick’s power usage trends, demands and future loads was conducted. Several technologies were analysed including battery storage, combustion generation, thermal storage, HV customer, power correction and solar PV based microgrid. This package has been used to highlight a detailed value proposition based on customer input data and average system operational data for systems of a similar size from the Beon Energy Solutions customer database, taking into consideration all known costs, losses, gains and savings. This model and approach can be repeated for other customers within the industry, saving time and money during the research phase. The economic model leverages:

Customer inputs such as interval data, retail invoices (and assumed escalation rates) and site locations to determine weather conditions and renewable credit prices and;

Averages system operational data for systems of a similar size from the Beon Energy Solutions customer database such as capacity factors, seasonalised utilisation factors for both peak and off peak periods to account for weather conditions, degradation profiles, irradiation profiles, useful lives and maintenance costs)

The economic headline for the 1.5MW Solar PV based microgrid system is a simple payback period of 5.7 years and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 17.6%, meaning the project would be NPV positive with a discount rate of up to 17.6%. This includes:

Year 1 electricity saving of $298,120, year 5 electricity saving of $327,261 and total 20 year electricity saving of $7,501,074

Year 1 LGC income (incl. GST) of $226,688, year 5 LGC income of $192,192 and total LGC income (to 2030 when incentive ends) of $2,507,395.

This analysis does not include any potential losses associated with a major external power grid outage. Should a major external failure occur for an extended period, the project could pay for itself immediately.


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4.2 Social

Next Generation Electrical will deploy it’s tried and test approach to installing commercial solar, using experienced internal resources to project manage the installation and contract local electricians to deliver part of the installation. Further, while most of our equipment from tier 1 manufacturers is procured from overseas, they all have offices throughout Australia with locally employed resources. The Environmental Upgrading Agreement (EUA) has been selected as the source of funding (outside of the MLA contribution) which is a financing agreement between a customer, a lender and the local council. Such an agreement provides local and economic stimulus through jobs and training.

4.3 Environmental

A solar PV based microgrid is a method of capturing the sun’s energy to generate electricity cleanly. Solar PV is a vital component of the Australian energy mix as energy usage continues to grow and expand across the nation. Without the use of such alternative energy sources, the consumption of fossil fuels will grow to unsustainable levels. Energy production and conversion are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide). Coal mining in particular can have significant impacts to the environment and a vital step to reducing CO2 emissions is to deploy renewable energy. The 1.5MW solar PV system will save approximately 3,145 tonnes of CO2 per year, or 30% of the present CO2 resulting from electricity used at Hardwick’s. The Commonwealth Government’s Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) scheme are meant to encourage additional generation of renewable energy. The Renewable Energy Target (RET) is an expansion of the MRET and requires an additional 20% of Australia’s total electricity supply to be sourced from renewable projects by 2020, assuring that national greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to meet Commonwealth Government targets. The 1.5MW microgrid system will generate an estimated 2,296 MWh (roughly one-third of total energy consumed at the site). The establishment of this project not only shows significant environmental leadership amongst the Meat & Live Stock industry but to all industries due to the sheer size and grid risk management capability of the microgrid system. The array contains 4,688 solar panels over a 10-acre expanse. Whilst there are larger solar arrays nationally, this system will be the largest in Victoria according to the Clean Energy Council.


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5 Success in meeting the milestone

5.1 Milestone 1: Successful

The milestone was successfully completed, engaging various internal and external

stakeholders. Importantly, the completion of these milestones ensures Hardwick’s receive a

bespoke and cost efficient solution to their growing energy requirements.

The initial feasibility and detailed cost/benefit analysis provides the foundation to commence

the overall project. Many aspects of the project will rely heavily on the information obtained

from various reports and models, developed internally and externally. Further, this milestone

is critical in determining the Go / No Go outcome.

6 Overall progress of the project (optional)

6.1 Milestone 1 of 6

All information is now available for Hardwick’s to make an informed decision on whether to

proceed with the project and cost investment. Should the project proceed, an additional 5

milestones will need to be completed covering designs and approvals, install and

commissioning, system operation and a final report including a presentation video.

Please refer to the GANTT chart, attached in Appendix 4, for further information.

7 Conclusions/recommendations

7.1 Conclusion

This first milestone, initial feasibility and cost/benefit analysis, has confirmed that a microgrid

ancillary/emergency solar PV system and battery storage can provide a cost effective risk

management solution to electrical services for Hardwick’s Pty Ltd meat processing facility at

Kyneton.

The intellectual property acquired from this milestone can be disseminated to similar

customers within the MLA, saving significant time during the research and development

phase. The market assessment of all available technologies and funding models completed

as part of this project ensures potential customers not only receive an objective approach to

reducing their energy bill and contributing to a greener environment, but also achieve

substantial business protection from major external extended power grid failures.

This milestone report also provides the basis of the “Go/No Go” decision point detailed at this

stage of the project within the Project Agreement Milestones schedule.

In terms of the “Go/No Go” decision point, it is proposed that the Research and Development

benefits resulting from the intellectual property to be developed during the detailed design,


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construction and initial operations of this project will be of significant benefit to MLA

stakeholders.

Hardwicks note that throughout the completion of Milestone 1, Next Generation Electrical and

Beon Energy Solutions have demonstrated high levels of advanced knowledge and expertise

in microgrid technology and have demonstrated the potential benefits of new load-

shedding/battery/control systems with power grid interfaces. Hardwick’s have a high level of

confidence that the proposed R&D will provide a beneficial solution with ready application for

the Australian red meat industry.


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8 Appendix

8.1 Appendix 1 – Detailed Designs

Please see separate attachment, Appendix 1 – Detailed Designs.pdf

8.2 Appendix 2 – Topology Report

Please see separate attachment, M1.Appendix 2 - Topology Report.pdf

8.3 Appendix 3 – EUA Cash flows

Please see separate attachment, M1.Appendix 3 – EUA Cashflows.xlsx

8.4 Appendix 4 – GANTT Chart

Please see separate attachment, M1.Appendix 4 – GANTT Chart

Documents

P.PIP.0735 Final Report - Meat & Livestock Australia · 2020. 9. 2. · P.PIP.0735 - Utilising Environmental Upgrade Agreements to drive investment in solar farming at Australian