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Transactional Analysis
Theory
Farah Adila bt. Sabri
Ahmad Saifudin b. Abd Rashid
Siti Maryam bt. Hasbullah
Najah Mazni bt. IshakAbdul Muhyi b. Harun
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Eric Berne (1910-1970)
Received M.D. from McGill University in Montreal in 1935.
Completed psychiatric residency at Yale University shortlythereafter.
Began experimenting with group therapy during serving for the U.S.Army (1943-1946).
His ideas were diametrically opposed to most psychiatrists in themid-1950s.
At 46 years old of age, he was turned down for membership in thePsychoanalytic Institute.
In 1964, his book Games People Play became an international best-
seller. By late 1960s, his theory was almost complete.
Died at the age of 60 from coronary failure.
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Introduction
TA is contractual and decisional Involves a contract developed by CLIENT
Focuses on early decisions
Stresses the capacity to make new decisions.
Use of contract Emphasizes use of contracts to bring about effective change
with clients
To facilitate growth and commitment to the helping relationship
and bring about change on the part of the client Mutual assent
Competency
Legal object
Consideration.
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Have 4 phases :
First : Identification of the ego states (1955-1962)
Second : Focused on transactions and games
(1962-1966)
Third : Gave attention to life scripts and script analysis(1966-1970)
Fourth : Incorporation of new techniques into TApractice (1970-present).
The Gouldings emphasize that people are able to
restructure their ways of thinking, feeling andbehaving through making updated redecisionsabout themselves and the world.
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View of Human Nature
Influenced by the expectations and demands ofsignificant others.
Human beings have the capacity to choose.
The therapist recognizes that one reason a person is intherapy is because he/she has entered intoconspiracies and game playing with others.
The client can choose to redesign their life in new and
effective ways. The Gouldings write that humans have the power to
direct their own life and they need not be victims ofthe past.
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Ego States
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An Integrated Theory
The theory of TA integrates the following concepts:
Children grow up with injunctions
They make early decisions based on parental messages
It is aimed to receive parental strokes
Games develop as a way to support ones early decisions
Rackets are familiar bad feelings that people save up
All fit into the life script.
The Gouldings focus on the clients capacity to makeredecisions about this script.
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Injunctions and Early Decisions
Injunction is a message given to the child by the
parents internal child out of the circumstances of
parents own pains- anger, anxiety etc.
However, most injunctions are not given by parents,instead self made due to misinterpretation of the
messages and want to avoid danger.
Early decisions are response to the injunctions
Motivated by needs- physical and psychological
Appropriate during childhood but not adulthood
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Injunctions list
Dont- given by scared parents, tells children not to donormal things for fear of disaster
Dont be- lethal of all messages, delivered nonverbally,
brutality or indifference from the parents
Dont be close- given by parents who are Not physically close
Push the child aside
Relate to dont love and dont trust
Dont be important- children may feel personally
discounted when they speak, not feel important and willnot say what they want or need
Dont be a child-happens on first child, feel responsible
and need to take care of younger siblings
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Dont grow-given by parents who cannot
handle the fact that their child can grow.
Dont succeed- negative criticism from
parents
Dont be you- you should not be as such
Dont be sane/well- get recognised when
they act crazy or physically ill
Dont belong- feels as if they do notbelong to any group or community.
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Strokes
A form of recognition
Mean of communication
Positive and negative
Verbally and nonverbally
Conditional and unconditional
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Games An ongoing series of transactions that ends with a
bad feeling for at least one player Characteristics:-
Designed to prevent intimacy
Develop the purpose of supporting original decision
A part of a persons life script Vital part of interaction with other people
Need to be understood to lower the game-playingbehaviour and live authentically
Parents often resort to a battery of games to controltheir children.
Based on the Karpman Drama Triangle, there are apersecutor, a rescuer and a victim in a game.
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TA views on Games
Exchange of strokes that leads to payoff ofbad feelings
Advance the script
Might give appearance of intimacy
People who are engage in game-playing
create distance between them
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Common Games
Poor Me Martyr
Yes, but
If I Werent for you
Look What You Made Me Do
Harried
Uproar
Wooden Leg
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Rackets
The unpleasant feelings that we experience after agame
These chronic feelings feelings that we hold on toare the ones we often experienced with ourparents
The feelings we got when we act in certain waysas children
Supports early decisions, basic parts of a life script
People can develop anger, guilt or depression etc.
racket Maintained by choosing situation that will support
the unpleasant or chronic feelings
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Life Scripts
Resembles a drama with plot
May have formed early in life
May include:-
Some TA writers believed in it, while somerejects
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Redecisions
Making new decision based on theprevious decision after some behaviour
change
It is a beginning process rather thanending.
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The Therapeutic Process
Therapeutic goals
Therapists Function and Role
Clients Experience in TherapyRelationship between Therapist and Client
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The Therapeutic Goals
Basic goal : help clients make new decisions
pertaining their present behaviour and
direction of their life.
Substitute an autonomous life-style
Learn to write their own scripts.
Having the freedom of choice.
Become more aware
Ultimate goal : achieving autonomy.
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Therapists Function and Role
Pay attention on didactic and cognitive issues.
Harris (1967) sees the therapists role as that of a teacher, trainer and resource person with heavyemphasis on involvement.
Assist clients in discovering the disadvantagesconditions of the past.
The therapist and the clients are partners.
Help clients acquire the tools necessary forchange.
Allow clients to find their own power.
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Clients Experience in Therapy
Willing to understand and accept a
therapeutic contract.
To carry out their goals, the client and the
therapist design their assignments.
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Relationship between Therapist and
Client.
Dusay and Dusay (1984), they are allies and
work together to accomplish a mutually
agreed-on goal.
Goulding and Goulding (1979), the contract
sets the focus for treatment and determines
the basis of the therapeutic relationship.
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Pros of the Relationship
Pros :
They can become colleague in his or hertreatment.
There is not an unbridgeable gap ofunderstanding
The client has full or equal rights while in
therapy. The contract reduces the status differential
and emphasizes equality.
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Strengths
Easily understood and clearly defined
terminology.
Easy to combine with other theories.
Puts responsibility on client for choosing their
own goals.
Goal directed.
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Limitations
Its dependence on technical terminology.
The complexity of the concepts.
Lack of empirical evidence concerning iteffectiveness.
TA is not successful with all types of clients.
Lack of emphasis on qualities of the counselor.
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- THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES
AND PROCEDURES- CASE STUDY
- CONCLUSION
BY:
ABDUL MUHYI BIN HARUNNAJAH MAZNI BINTI ISHAK
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THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND
PROCEDURES
Structural analysis Didactic methods
Transactional analysis
Empty chair
Role playing
Family modeling
Analysis of rituals and pastimes Analysis of games and rackets
Script analysis
Application to Groups
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Structural analysis 2 problems related to the structured of
personality:
i. Contamination: the contents of one ego statemixed with those of another
- contamination from the Parent
- contamination from the Childii. Exclusion: one of the ego state block out theother ego state
- Constant Parent
-Constant Child- Constant Adult
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Structural analysis (SA) is a tool by which
person becomes aware of the content and
functioning of his or her Parent, Adult and
Child.
SA helps clients resolve patterns that they feel
they stuck with.
It allows them to find out which ego state
their behavior is based on.
C i i
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Contamination Contamination from the Parent: manifested
through prejudiced ideas and attitudes
e.g: Dont befriend with Indian people as all ofthem are violent, all people from Sabah andSarawak have vad attitude or Watch out for
mechanics; theyll cheat you every time. Contamination from the Child: distorted
perceptions of reality.
e.g: Who could possibly ever want me for a
friend?, Everybody have been mean to me.Nobody treats me right. or I should get what Iwant right away.
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P
A
C
P
A
Figure about contamination:
C
P
A
C
The Parent
contaminating
the Adult
The Child
contaminati
ng the Adult
Both the Parent
and the Child
contaminating the
Adult
l
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Exclusion E.g: an Excluding-Child ego state block out
the Parent/Excluding-Parent state block outthe Child
Rigid ego-state boundaries do not allow forfree movement
Constant Parent:
i. Excludes the Adult and Child
ii. Typically so duty-bounded and work-
oriented that they cannot playiii. Behavior: judgemental,
moralistic,authoritarian
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Constant Child: excludes Parent and Adult
i. Perpetually childlike they refuse to grow
ii. Refuse to decide themselves and dependent
on others to escape being on responsibility
for their own behavior.
Constant Adult: involved and concerned withfacts
i. Individual who appears robot-like, with little
feeling and spontaneity
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PP P
AAA
C CC
The Constant
Parent
Exclusion of Adult
and Child by Parent
The Constant Adult
Exclusion of Parent
and Child by Adult
The constant Child
Exclusion of
Parent and Adultby Child
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Didactic methods
Because TA emphasizes the cognitive domain,
teaching and learning procedures are basic to
the approach.
Members of TA group are expected to become
well-acquainted with structural analysis.
Books are often recommended as an adjunct
to therapy. (Im OK Youre OK, the Power is in
the Patient, etc.)
Crossed
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Transactional analysis
TA: a description of what people do
and say to themselves and to each
other.
Three types:
i. Complementary transaction:
message sent from a specific ego
state get the specific ego state of
the other person.
David :
Where is mypen?
Laura: it is in
your bag
A
PP
PP
C
A
C
C
AA
PP
A
C
C C
A
David
Laura
_ _ _ __ _ _ _
Edward Bella
Ulterior transactions
Crossed
transactions
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ii. Crossed transactions: unexpected response is
made to a message that a person sends out.
David: Id love to go sledding with you in the snow
Laura: Oh, grow up and act your age! I dont have
time to waste on foolishness like that!
iii. Ulterior transactions: involve more then two ego
states, and a disguised message is sent. Forexample Edward and Bella go to a party, leaving
their children with a 14-year-old baby-sitter. At the
party they both found that it was dull and want to
figure out an excuse to leave.
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(parent to parent on the social level)
Edward: Sweetheart, I think wed better go
home and relieve the baby-sitter
Bella: Yes, I did tell her mother that we
would have her home before 10 p.m.
(child to child on the psychological level)
Edward: This party is really boring. Lets get
out of here.
Bella: Yeah, lets go. Its no fun.
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Empty chair
The client is asked to imagine the person thathe/she has problem with and carry on adialogue.
Client will be able to express him/herself whileassuming the roles of the ego state involved
The technique is useful for people whostruggle with strong internal conflicts to get asharper focus on and a concrete grasp on aresolution
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Two chair technique
i. Assist clients in resolving old conflicts with their
parents/others when they were growing up.ii. Goal: complete unfinished business from the past.
iii. Use of heighteners by therapist in order to help.
E.g: You said that it is because of your father that
you cannot love anyone else. Do you want to stay
like that until father loves you?
Chair 1 Chair 2
Critic(about self
+
what people critic about
you
Experiencing/
self
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Role playing
(group therapy)Another group memberbecomes the ego state that the client is havingproblem with, and the client talks to that
member. Group members can rehearse that they want
to try out in their outside lives.
Exaggerate characteristic styles so that clientcan get reactions on their present behavior inthe group.
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Family modeling
Client is asked to imagine a scene including as
many significant persons in the past as
possible, including him/herself.
The client defines the uses the members as
substitutes for family members and he/she
describe the situation by modeling it.
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Analysis of rituals and pastimes
Time structuring is important material fordiscussion and examination, because itreflects the decision of the script about:
i. how to transact with othersii. how to get strokes
People who fill their time chiefly with rituals
and pastimes are probably experiencingstroke deprivation, and thus lack intimacy intheir transactions with others.
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Analysis of Games and Rackets
It is important to observe and understand
1. Why the games are played
2. What payoffs result
3. What strokes are received4. How these games maintain distance and
interfere with intimacy
Counselors and therapists need to activelychallenge clients to examine and takeresponsibility for games being played
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continue
James and Jongeward (1971) equate rackets
with stamp collecting
It is the primary method of masking a person
from the real world
The counselors or therapists need to
distinguish between anger, tears and fears
that are used as racket and the honestexpression of emotion
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Script Analysis
Their life had been planned
They need to follow the life script like neverquestion our authority and strive to be respectful
and obedienceLife script forms the core of a persons identity
and destiny
Can be carried out using a script checklist which
contains item related to life positions, rackets andgames (all are the key functional components of apersons life script)
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Application to Group
Suited for group application
Gives them models for increasing their own
options by observing other people changing
Make them better indentifying their own
games
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continueHarris (1967) discuss several advantages of a group
approach over the traditional one to one approach:
1. The variety of ways the Parent manifest itself in
transaction can be observed
2. The characteristics of the Child in each individual inthe group can be experienced
3. People can be experienced in a natural milieu,
characterized by an involvement with other people
4. Mutual confrontation of games can naturally occur
5. Clients move faster and get well sooner in group
treatment
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CASE STUDY Aminah (not a real name) who is a secretary in a big
company feel very stress with her work and her lifealthough she just work there about two years. She hada lot of work to do. Her boss always give all the work toher. She feel that she cannot deny the work eventhough the work is not hers. She know she cannot
manage to do it. Then she will complain to otherpeople about all the hard work she done. She also stickto a principle of I have to follow all the instruction giveby boss because he have full authority. The principlewas taught to her since she is small where her parentsmake she think whoever older or have high rank thanher have full power on her. She always keep all thedepression until she want to commit suicide as she seeit is the only way to solve everything.
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CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, Transactional Analysis is oneof the theory that involving the cognitive,rational and behavioral aspects of personality.
It is also oriented toward increasingawareness so that the client will be able tomake new decisions and alter the course of hisor her life.
Thus, this theory can be applied in a lot ofcounseling cases.