Powerpointfall2009asmussenchpt3 (1)21

Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th

Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3

The History of Corrections in

America


The History of CorrectionsThe History of CorrectionsThe History of CorrectionsThe History of Corrections

The Colonial Period The Arrival of the Penitentiary

The Pennsylvania System The New York ( Auburn ) System Debating the Systems

Development or Prisons in the South and West Southern Penology Western Penology

The Reformatory Movement Cincinnati, 1870 Elmira Reformatory Lasting Reforms


The History of Corrections The History of Corrections Cont.Cont.The History of Corrections The History of Corrections Cont.Cont.

The Rise of the Progressives Individualized Treatment and the Positivist School Progressive Reforms

The Rise of the Medical Model From Medical Model to Community Model The Crime Control Model: The Pendulum

Swings Again The Decline of Rehabilitation The Emergence of Crime Control


Evolution of punishment Evolution of punishment in America, in America, 1600 – 2000 Flow Chart1600 – 2000 Flow ChartEvolution of punishment Evolution of punishment in America, in America, 1600 – 2000 Flow Chart1600 – 2000 Flow Chart

CrimeControlModel

1970s - 2000

CommunityModel

1960s - 1970s

MedicalModel

1930s - 1960s

ProgressivePeriod

1890s - 1930s

ReformatoryMovement

1870s - 1890s

Prisons in South & West1800’s

Arrival of thePenitentiary1790s - 1860s

ColonialPeriod

1600s - 1790s


William PennWilliam Penn

William PennWilliam Penn

William Penn (1644–1718) English Quaker who arrived in Philadelphia in 1682. Succeeded in getting Pennsylvania to adopt “The Great Law” emphasizing hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes


““Penitentiary”Penitentiary”““Penitentiary”Penitentiary”

an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation.


Benjamin RushBenjamin Rush

Benjamin RushBenjamin Rush

Benjamin Rush (1745–1813) Physician, patriot, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and social reformer, Rush advocated the penitentiary as replacement for capital and corporal punishment.


principles of the “penitentiary”principles of the “penitentiary”principles of the “penitentiary”principles of the “penitentiary”isolate prisoner from bad influences of

society - liquor, temptation, peoplepenance & silent contemplationproductive laborreform (thinking & work habits)return to society, renewedkey = solitary confinement

isolate from contagion foster quiet reflection punishment, since man is social animal cheap shorter sentence, fewer guards


“ “Separate Confinement”Separate Confinement”

“ “Separate Confinement”Separate Confinement”

A penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates, with all activities, including craft work, carried on in the cells.


competing modelscompeting modelscompeting modelscompeting models

Pennsylvania system “Separate system”

solitary confinement eat, sleep, work in cell religious instruction reflection upon crimes

reform through salvation religious enlightenment

model for Europe e.g.

Walnut St. Jail Western Penitentiary Eastern State Pen.


competing modelscompeting modelscompeting modelscompeting models

Pennsylvania system “Separate system”

solitary confinement eat, sleep, work in cell religious instruction reflection upon crimes

reform through salvation religious enlightenment

model for Europe e.g.

Walnut St. Jail Western Penitentiary Eastern State Pen.

New York system evolved into

“Congregate system” hard labor in shops-day solitary confinement-night strict discipline rule of silence

reform through good work habits discipline

model for US-economical e.g., Auburn Prison, 1816


and the winner is…?and the winner is…?and the winner is…?and the winner is…?

Pennsylvania/Philadelphia model Europeans applauded and replicated

New York/Auburn model won out in US; more cost-effective labor; state

negotiated contracts with manufacturers but neither curbed crime nor reformed offr’s

various reforms tinkered w/ look, purpose but icon of high-walled fortress remained:

Attica, Quentin, Folsom, Sing Sing


Southern penologySouthern penologySouthern penologySouthern penology

Devastation of war and economic hardship produced 2 results:

Lease system Private business negotiated with state for labor & care

of inmates--Kentucky (1825) Penal farms

State-run plantations which grew crops To feed inmates To sell on free market


Western developmentsWestern developmentsWestern developmentsWestern developments

penology in west not greatly influenced by the ideologies of the east

prior to statehood, prisoners held in territorial facilities or in federal military posts and prisons

1852: San Quentin - California’s 1st prison 1877: Salem, Oregon prison - Auburn model western states discontinued use of lease

system as states entered into the union e.g. Oregon, California, Montana, Wyoming


the Reformatory Movementthe Reformatory Movement(1870s - 1890s)(1870s - 1890s)the Reformatory Movementthe Reformatory Movement(1870s - 1890s)(1870s - 1890s)

product of disillusionment with oppressive penitentiary system

focus remained inmate change!key features:

indeterminate sentences > fixed offender classification should be based

on character & institutional behavior use early release as incentive to reform


Hallmarks of the Hallmarks of the reformatory movementreformatory movementHallmarks of the Hallmarks of the reformatory movementreformatory movement

National Prison Association precursor: American Correctional Asso. strong religious influence (still)

Cincinnati meeting,1870

Declaration of Principles“reformation is a work of time: and a benevolent regard to the good of the criminal himself, as well as to the protection of society, requires that his sentence be long enough for the reformatory process to take effect.”

e.g., Machonochie, Crofton, Brockway


““Reformatory”Reformatory”““Reformatory”Reformatory”

an institution for young offenders emphasizing training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole


““mark system”mark system”““mark system”mark system”

a system for calculating when an offender will be released from custody, based on both the crime & his behavior in prison

devised by Alexander Maconochie (England), at Norfolk Island penal settlement (off Australia, 1840)

at sentencing, offender is ‘given’ a number of “marks,” based on offense severity(a “debt” to society, to be “paid” off)

for release, offender must earn marks via voluntary labor participation in educational, religious programs good behavior

adopted in Ireland, never England


the Irish systemthe Irish systemthe Irish systemthe Irish system

developed by Sir Walter Crofton derived from Maconochie’s mark system four-stage program of graduated release,

based on offender performance all sentences served in four stages;

move “up” w/ accumulation of marks1. solitary confinement - all start here2. public works prison - begin earning marks3. intermediate stage - (like half-way house)

after earning enough marks4. ticket of leave - conditional release

= precursor of modern parole


““reformatory”reformatory” Zebulon Zebulon BrockwayBrockway““reformatory”reformatory” Zebulon Zebulon BrockwayBrockway

an institution for young offenders emphasizing training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole: 1st time felons (16-30) diagnosis, individualized treatment, reform

operation: intake interview: determine causes of crime individualized work & education program mark system of classification (work, school, behavior).

move up OR down, with accumulation of marks:•begin at grade 2•can earn 9 marks/mo. for 6 months:

• grade 1; or • grade 3;

•then, 3 mo. good behavior: grade 2 again. administrators determine release date Elmira Reformatory (Zebulon Brockway; 1876-1900)


Reformatory movement endsReformatory movement endsReformatory movement endsReformatory movement ends

failed to reform (like penitentiary)brutalitycorruptionnot administered as plannedbut, important features survived:

inmate classification rehabilitation programs indeterminate sentences parole


the Progressive Erathe Progressive Era(1890s - 1930s)(1890s - 1930s)the Progressive Erathe Progressive Era(1890s - 1930s)(1890s - 1930s)

age of reform: set tone for American social thought & political action until 1960s!

condemned ills of new urban society--big business, big industry, urban blight

faith in science to find answers to crime, criminal behavior, treatment

new faith in government action to eliminate social problems--slums, crime

trends of period industrialization urbanization technological change scientific advancement


the “Progressives”the “Progressives”the “Progressives”the “Progressives”

socially conscious, politically active, mostly upper-class reformers of early 1900s

attacked excesses of emergent 20th century - big business, industry, urban society

believed science (positivism) + state intervention could/should solve social & political problems

advocated “treatment according to the needs of the offender,” not “punishment according to severity of the crime”

subscribed to “positivism”


““positivist school”positivist school”““positivist school”positivist school”

an approach to criminology and other social sciences based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior

subscribed to by Progressives


principles of Positivist Schoolprinciples of Positivist Schoolprinciples of Positivist Schoolprinciples of Positivist School

behavior (including crime) is NOT the product of free will. behavior stems from factors

beyond control of the individualcriminals can be treated so

they can lead crime-free lives.treatment must focus on the

individual & his/her problem(s).


““progressive” reformsprogressive” reforms““progressive” reformsprogressive” reforms

2 strategies for CJ reform: improve general social, economic conditions

that seem to breed crime rehabilitate individual offenders

4 planks in “progressive” platform: probation (John Augustus, 1841) indeterminate sentencing (by 1920s, 37 states) parole (by 1920s, 44 states; 80% of releases) juvenile courts (1899, Cook County)

By 1970s, most of these enlightened & well-meaning reforms seen as having failed to live up to their promise


The Medical ModelThe Medical Model(1930s - 1960s)(1930s - 1960s)The Medical ModelThe Medical Model(1930s - 1960s)(1930s - 1960s)

a model of corrections positing that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, biological deficiencies that require medical treatment first serious efforts to implement truly medical

strategies aimed at scientifically classifying, treating, rehabilitating criminal offenders

e.g. “medical” programs & institutionspsychology (Karl Menninger)Maryland Patuxent Institution, 1955sexual psychopath, sociopath lawscrime as sickness


The Community ModelThe Community Model(1960s - 1970s)(1960s - 1970s)The Community ModelThe Community Model(1960s - 1970s)(1960s - 1970s)

model of corrections positing goal of CJS: to reintegrate offender into community

key features prisons should be avoided;

prison = artificial environment; prison frustrates crime-free lifestyle

need to focus on offender’s adjustment into society; not just on psychological treatmentprobationintermediate sanctions;

(alternatives to incarceration)parole


The Crime Control ModelThe Crime Control Model(1970s - 2000)(1970s - 2000)The Crime Control ModelThe Crime Control Model(1970s - 2000)(1970s - 2000)

less ambitious, less optimistic, less forgiving view of man & ability of CJS to change him

crime better controlled by more incarceration & strict supervision

precipitating factors public concern over rising crime in ‘60s disillusionment with treatment public clamor for longer sentences distrust of broad discretion given to

correctional & parole authorities

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Powerpointfall2009asmussenchpt3 (1)21