PowerPoint-Präsentation · PERSONAL RESOURCES ENERGY RESOURCES OBJECT RESOURCES Property, car, etc. ... 2010, and when I was delegate I invited CEMEX to a meeting here in the town

11. Dezember 2018

Determinants of community participation

against toxic pollution in Huichapan, Mexico

IV CONGRESO DE LA SOCIEDAD DE ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO LATINOAMERICANA SRA-LA 2018

06-Percepción y comunicación de riesgos

October 29-31, 2018

Dr. Susanne Börner

Goethe-University [email protected]

Congre

so S

RA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 2

1. Environmental justice

2. Case Study: toxic pollution in Huichapan

3. Determinants of community participation

• Concern, attitude, and social pressure

• Individual capabilities

4. The biographical capability approach

Conclusions

Overview

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 Köckler, 2011 3

• Disproportionate exposure to environmental risks;

and/or

• Unequal access to environmental resources and

goods; and/or

• Restricted capacities to participate in environmental

decision-making processes (deprived neighbourhoods!)

• Pluralistic perspective on the interactions of

distribution, participation, recognition, and individual

capabilities

• From distribution to participation

Environmental (in-)justice

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 Shrader-Frechette, 2002; Schlosberg, 2007, 2013 4

Pluralistic conception of environmental

justice

Capabilities

Procedural Justice

Distributional Justice

direct effect

Feed-back

Outcome Justice

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 5

Toxic pollution in Maney, Huichapan, Mexico

• Incineration of waste in a CEMEX cement-kiln (co-processing of municipal solid and chemical waste) in Huichapan;

• Contamination of residential and farming areas with dioxins and furans;

• Residents complain about odors and health issues

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 6

Community response to toxic pollution

• Ciudadanos Unidos para el Medio Ambiente (CUMA): grassroots community mobilisation founded in 2012;

• 50-60 participants from the neighbourhood of Maney, Huichapan, located closely to the CEMEX cement factory in Huichapan;

• Driving force: one of the more affluent families, NGO, local priest;• Demands: abolish waste incineration

Characteristics of the study area

• Toxic pollution (external polluter);

• Semi-rural area with few employment opportunities;

• Vulnerability of the population;

• Indicators of deprivation: income, employment, education and housing conditions;

• Part of the population depends on CEMEX for income;

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 7

What drives community grassroots mobilisation in response to environmental toxic pollution? How can we explain non-participation?

(1)Role of concern, attitudes to participation, social pressure

(2)Role of individual capabilities for participation

(3)Biographical perspective

• How have resource gains and losses over time shaped

respondents' sense of self-efficacy, and hence their participation

behaviour?

Research questions

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 8

Concern, attitude, and social pressure

• Concern linked to perceptibility of the pollutant;

• Gap between perception-concern-participation;

• Pro-social attitude: Defending the most vulnerable, community spirit

• Attitude as to the effectiveness of participation

• Peer-pressure from neighbors and families as a polarizing factor

• Capacity to participate in grassroots mobilization

Concern

Attitude

Capabili-ties

Social pressure

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 Hobfoll (1989); Hobfoll and Buchwald (2004)

Hobfoll‘s resource categories (*capabilities)

RESOURCESCONDITION

RESOURCES

PERSONAL

RESOURCES

ENERGY

RESOURCES

OBJECT

RESOURCES

Property, car, etc.

Age, health, marriage etc.Time, personal energy, money, etc.

Self-esteem, self-confidence,

communal mastery, etc.

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 Sen 1996, 1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007; Nussbaum 2000, 2007, 2011; Köckler, 2017 in press; Hobfoll (1989); Hobfoll and Buchwald (2004) 10

• Capabilities of the individual to lead a flourishing and self-determined life;• Injustice is more than an unjust distribution of goods: it also means limiting the

potential of human functioning;• Operationalization of the capability approach: Hobfoll’s resources as parallels

to Sen’s/Nussbaum’s capabilities

Individual capability formation

Capabilityapproach (Sen and Nussbaum)

Hobfoll‘sConservation of

Resources Theory

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 Hobfoll & Jackson, 1991; Hobfoll & Ford, 2007 11

The biographical capability approach

Negative copingexperience

Resource loss

Loss of self-efficacy to actas agents of

change

Gain of self-efficacy to actas agents of

change

Resource gain

Positive copingexperience

Resource loss cycleResource gain cycle

• Resource gain and loss cycles over time may be indicative of an individual’s development of a sense of self-efficacy to act as an agent of change.

• The more resources people have, the higher their self-perceived efficacy to shape their own environment.

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018 12

The role of place attachment for participation

(active and non-active residents)

placeattachment

and sense ofcommunity

foreseeable lives

ejidatarian tradition

family support

networks (social

bonding

ownership ofproperty(house)

RESPONDENT 5: I thi k this is part of your roots, like part of

where you are fro […]. You

have your roots here,

e erythi g, do ’t you.

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018


Resource gain: co-founder of CUMA

Initiation of and

participation in CUMA

financial independence from CEMEX

action-related knowledge due

to political positions in the

community

high self-confidence

and creation of expert networks

place attachment and communal mastery (social

networks)

RESPONDENT : I as delegate i 2010, and when I was delegate I invited

CEMEX to a meeting here in the town to

explain to us what they were

i i erati g, hat as goi g o .

RESPONDENT : Yes, e started involving the

family, more friends to be

a le to do ore. IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018


Resource gain: co-founder of CUMA

low education compensated by

social, professional and financial family support networks

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018


Resource protection against future resource loss:

non-active respondents (wives of CEMEX workers)

Non-participation and sense of conformity

low action-related

knowledge and low self-

confidence

high place attachment and strong sense of

community

employment of husband related to CEMEX

dependency on family support

networks

RESPONDENT : I do ’t like doi g these ki ds of thi gs. […] You do good but you get a bad

reputatio . […] Yes, these people did invite me; they said: Today e

have an appointment with the

governor. No, please go

yourselves. I dedicate myself to my

hildre , to y house, a d that’s it.

(Wife of CEMEX worker)

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018


Resource protection against future resource loss:

non-active respondents (wives of CEMEX workers)

preservation of social status and financial

security (employment)

sense of conformity

preservation of social support

1. low education

levels

2. low-paid and/or informal

employment

3. financial constraints

RESPONDENT 9: They are afraid to lose their

jobs. […] Most of them have their husbands,

so s, or rothers orki g there. […] There are o jo s. That’s hy e say: If e joi , they ill

dis iss y hus a d or y rother or y so . And possibly this is what stops them from

parti ipati g.

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018


• Pluralistic understanding of environmental justice: interactions of distribution, participation, recognition, and individual capabilities;

• Deprived neighbourhoods are not entirely deprived of agency for change;

• Community participation against toxic hazards is driven by concerns, attitudes, social pressure, and individual capabilities;

• Individual capabilities and people’s sense of self-efficacy are dynamic and must be understood over time: biographical capability approach

• Looking at resource gains and losses allows a dynamic understanding of drivers of self-efficacy and participation behaviour : e.g. place-attachment, family networks, financial independence, education etc.

• Past resources losses have a bigger impact than resource gains. With regard to the future, people strive for a preservation of resources.

Summing up

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

11. Dezember 2018

Thank you for yourattention!

IV C

ongreso

SRA-L

A 2

018

Documents

PowerPoint-Präsentation · PERSONAL RESOURCES ENERGY RESOURCES OBJECT RESOURCES Property, car, etc. ... 2010, and when I was delegate I invited CEMEX to a meeting here in the town