PowerPoint Presentations for

The Canadian Writer’s WorkplaceSeventh Edition

Adapted byGary Lipschutz,Centennial College

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Unit II: The Writing Process

Chapter 14: The Four Stages of Writing for a Paragraph or an

Essay

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Stage One: Prewriting

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Brainstorming

Follow the four W’s to successful brainstorming:

• Welcome: all suggestions accepted• Wired: fast and energetic• Wild: crazy and free• Wonderful: no comments or judgments

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Other Techniques

• Freewriting• Keeping a journal• Letting Your Emotions Guide You• Buying a non-school themed journal• Choosing the Topic and Controlling Idea

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Clustering

• Clustering is a kind of brainstorming that makes use of a diagram.

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Clustering

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Audience and Tone

• The intended audience determines the level of formality of the writing.

• A writer tries to persuade the reader of a particular point of view.

• The purpose of the essay should be clear.

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Stage Two: Outlining (or Organizing)

The pattern of the outline for a paragraph is very similar to that for an essay

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OutliningParagraph Outline Essay Outline1. Topic sentence 1. Thesis statement2. First major supporting sentence

2. Topic sentence of second paragraph

3. Second major supporting sentence

3. Topic sentence of third paragraph

4. Third major supporting sentence

4. Topic sentence of fourth paragraph

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Stage Three: The Rough DraftA rough draft is a first attempt at a piece of writing.

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Stage Four: PostwritingRevising, editing, and proofreading.

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Writing a College Essay

1. Do some brainstorming, clustering, research, and note-taking.

2. Come up with a worthy topic and thesis.3. Outline your selection of details.4. Write and revise the rough draft.

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Writing a College Essay

5. Edit the second draft (add more specific details; make title or introduction more creative; etc.)

6. Proofread for mechanical and grammatical errors.

7. Type the final copy.8. Check again for errors.

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