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Technical English - I 6th week

The Use of Computers

in Civil Engineering

Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions

Computer is a device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations

Computer is programmable device with a set of instructions to perform specific tasks and generate results at a very high speed

A computer is an electronic machine that can store and deal with large amounts of information.

Here are some of definitions of computers

Computer is a programmable machine

Computer means a device that performs computation

programmable / machine / device / computation / manipulate / instruction / task system unit / input device / output device / mass storage / keyboard / screen

abacus / slide rule / invention / man made / feature / equipment / mapping

The Early Years

ABACUS (Approximately 3000 BC)

SLIDE RULE

Invented by William Oughtred in 1622

Used primarily for “multiplication”, “division”, “roots”, “logarithms”, “Trigonometry”

Not normally used for addition or subtraction.

abacus

slide rule

Some historians believe that the abacus was invented by the ancient Chinese while some believe that it was invented by the Babylonians or the Egyptians

invention / mechanical calculator / brand name / trade mark

MECHANICAL CALCULATOR

Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculator (Pascaline) in 1642.

A Pascaline at Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris

Ask your father or grandfather about “F a c i t ”, they probably remember it well. Note that “Facit” is a brand name (trade mark).

Inventions supporting the development of computers

Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).

Punched card

Punching machine

punching machine / punched card / data compilation / data processing / census data

Triode vacuum

tube

Inventions supporting the development of computers

The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest in 1906.

British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device (Turing machine) in 1943. The Turing machine allows to perform logical operation and could read and write.

The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Telephone Laboratories by a team led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley.

triode vacuum tube / turing machine / logical operation / transistor

Turing Machine

Transistors

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Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic operations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.

The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space.

Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designed and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing applications. Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler.

Harvard Mark I

ENIAC

digital sequence logical sequence / handle / built-in / giant /integrator / giant / space / compiler

UNIVAC

failure / computational time / assembly language / binary / cryptic / symbolic / code coding / instruction / high-level / version / formula translation / magnetic drum & core

CHARACTERISTICS Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes Their sizes were smaller in comparison with the first generation computers They generated less heat and were less prone to failure They were faster and they took comparatively less computational time Assembly language was used for programming Second generation computers has faster input/output devices.

IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the examples of second generation computers.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL, FORTRAN (formula translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

Jack Kilby is an American electronic engineer who received the Nobel Prize for his invention of the integrated circuit, which is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material and a collection of tiny little transistors. The invention of the integrated circuit (or chip) which is was a mile stone in the development of computers.

This development caused to reduce the size and cost of computers and also to increase the speed and reliability of computers.

integrated circuit / semiconductor / chip / mile stone / size / cost / speed / reliability

Today, the computers seen around us belong to the fourth generation computers. “Microprocessor” is the main concept behind this generation of computer.

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer-from the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and memory to input/output controls-on a single chip

In 1975, the first “microcomputer" was designed. IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating system for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has achieved tremendous growth and success today due to the development of MS-DOS. The same year, Microsoft was born.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer with a 16-bit microprocessor for the home user

microprocessor / component / central processing unit microcomputer / memory / home user / desktop / incorporation / graphical interface

In 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors moved out into all desktop computers

1984: Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, which incorporated a unique graphical interface, making it easy to use. The same year, IBM released the 286-AT.

1986: Compaq released the DeskPro 386 computer, the first to use the 80036 microprocessor.

1987: IBM announced the OS/2 operating-system technology.

1988: A nondestructive virus was introduced into the Internet network bringing thousands of computers to a halt.

1989: The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.

1993s: The Energy Star program, endorsed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computer equipment that met power consumption guidelines. When guidelines are met, equipment displays the Energy Star logo. The same year, Several companies introduced computer systems using the Pentium microprocessor from Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112 million instructions per second (MIPS).

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs (Graphical User Interface), the mouse and handheld devices.

nondestructive virus / halt / guideline / instruction internet / graphical user interface / mouse / handheld /artificial intelligence

The next generation computer will possess artificial intelligence and it would be able to take self decisions like a human being.

structural analysis / conversion / preliminary design / data entry / monitoring

Educational use Introduction to basics of computers; Application and use of computers in civil

engineering. Software to be covered includes Word, PowerPoint, Excel and Access

Calculation and analysis Engineers have been using the computer since the early 1950 when structural engineers

began applying the computer to structural analysis problems. Over the years, a great number of computer programs of all types have been written for building design engineering applications

Design and drafting More computer programs (software) are becoming available for use by civil engineers.

Computer programs have been developed for sophisticated computer graphics system to translate structural engineering and environmental data into pictures. The graphics display can show the preliminary design with and without interior lines displayed.

Data processing Data processing is simply the conversion of raw data to meaningful information through

a process. The process includes activities like data entry, summary, calculation, storage, etc. Useful and informative output is presented in various appropriate forms such as diagrams, reports, graphics, etc.

Monitoring The computers can be used for monitoring of civil engineering systems; they can also

estimate energy consumption, given occupancy and geographical location of buildings

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HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

OTHER FIELD

SMADA HYDRAULIC CALCULATOR LOOPS PIPE FLOW EXPERT KYPIPE FLOW 3D CRITICAL DEPTH CALCULATOR IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS RIVERFLOW2D CADRE FLOW SWAN EPANET QPFCALC CHANNELDESIGN HYDROFLO GISWATER WATERNET-CAD HCALC PIPE FLOW WIZARD PUMPBASE PMWIN AQUIFERWIN32 DFLOW BASINS IWEM ARGUS ONE PROCESSING MODFLOW STRATER GW ASSIST HEC-EFM MODFLOW-USG MODFLOW-2005 HEC-HMS; HEC-RAS

ALLPILE GEO5 SRWALL POLEFDN ASDIP FOUNDATION DEEPXCAV PILEGRP ASDIP RETAIN SAFE SHORING SUITE AEC CUTFILL PYPILE FB-DEEP DIPS LIQUEFYPRO SO-FOUNDATION NOVOSPT SUPERLOG FASTTERRAIN GEO.SPREAD LATERALK NOVOFORMULA RISAFOOT REDI ROCK WALL RS2 RISAFOUNDATION ALE ADVANCED LAND EDITOR EXAMINE2D ROCTOPPLE NOVOCPT SURCHARGE EARTH PRESSURE ROCDATA STRUCTURAL MASONRY

SAP2000 WEST POINT BRIDGE DESIGNER TRUSS4 GALA REINFORCEMENT ETABS LTBEAM EBPLATE CALC4FEM BAP ANALYSIS FOR WINDOWS BEAM PRO AXISVM ADVANCE DESIGN PORTAL STEEL CONNECT CONCRETEDESIGN BASEPLT9 FTOOL 2D TRUSS ANALYSIS CBA - CONTINUOUS BEAM ANALYSIS QUICKBRIDGE ACOBRI PGSUPER FB-MULTIPIER EC PRAXIS 3J RISACONNECTION ASDIP CONCRETE BRUFEM PROKON ACUDO BOEF ATLAS

Transportation PAVEMENT CALCULATOR ROADENG SUMO DIOLKOS BARLIST SW-1 RMCALC HEADS PRO HIGHROAD HEADS RAIL CAD MICROSTATION AUTOCAD A9CAD ADVANCE CONCRETE ARCHICAD CYPECAD SURFER ADVANCE STEEL GRAPHER VOXLER RISA-3D REVIT DIDGER CADSTD LITE PROGECAD ZWCAD CAD POCKETS SCARM DIRECT DESIGN PROGECAD ARCHITECTURE

AllPile is a Windows-based analysis program that handles virtually all types of piles, including steel pipes, H-piles, pre-cast concrete piles, auger-cast piles, drilled shafts, timber piles, jetted piles, tapered piles, piers with bell, micropiles (minipiles), uplift anchors, uplift plate, and shallow foundations.

MicroStation is a CAD software product for two and three dimensional design and drafting, developed and sold by Bentley Systems. The latest versions of the software are released solely for Microsoft Windows operating systems, but historically MicroStation was available for Macintosh platforms and a number of Unix-like operating systems. MicroStation is the platform architectural and engineering software package developed by Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Among a number of things, it generates 2D/3D vector graphics objects and elements. Current version is MicroStation CONNECT Edition.

AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting - available since 1982 as a desktop application and since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app marketed as AutoCAD 360. AutoCAD is an industry leader in 2D and 3D CAD software, and in design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing, and engineering software.

Autodesk Revit is building information modeling software for architects, structural engineers, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) engineers, designers and contractors. It allows users to design a building and structure and its components in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements, and access building information from the building model's database. Revit is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, from concept to construction and later demolition. Revit is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM) and has comprehensive features that make it an idea solution for the entire building team. Revit building design software is specifically built for Building Information Modeling (BIM), empowering design and construction professionals to bring ideas from concept to construction with a coordinated and consistent model-based approach. Revit is a single application that includes features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction.

The SAP2000 name has been synonymous with state-of-the-art analytical methods since its introduction over 30 years ago. SAP2000 follows in the same tradition featuring a very sophisticated, intuitive and versatile user interface powered by an unmatched analysis engine and design tools for engineers working on transportation, industrial, public works, sports, and other facilities. From its 3D object based graphical modeling environment to the wide variety of analysis and design options completely integrated across one powerful user interface, SAP2000 has proven to be the most integrated, productive and practical general purpose structural program on the market today. This intuitive interface allows you to create structural models rapidly and intuitively without long learning curve delays. Now you can harness the power of SAP2000 for all of your analysis and design tasks, including small day-to-day problems. Complex Models can be generated and meshed with powerful built in templates. Integrated design code features can automatically generate wind, wave, bridge, and seismic loads with comprehensive automatic steel and concrete design code checks per US, Canadian and international design standards.

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RoadEng is a site and road design software package. It works either as an add-on to other civil design software or as a standalone system. It includes functions for data collection, terrain modelling, contouring, volumes, profiles, sections, and road design. Clean and simple and highly interactive, RoadEng can be used by anyone. RoadEng focuses on engineering, not CAD. RoadEng was designed from the ground up to work with objects such as surfaces, cross sections, alignments, drainage structures, and templates. RoadEng is extremely easy to use. More than 90% of customers do not require formal training.

SWAN is a third-generation wave model that computes random, short-crested wind-generated waves in coastal regions and inland waters. SWAN accounts for the following physics: Wave propagation in time and space, shoaling, refraction due to current and depth, frequency shifting due to currents and non-stationary depth White capping, bottom friction and depth-induced breaking Three- and four-wave interactions Wave generation by wind Dissipation due to vegetation Wave-induced set-up Wave Propagation Wave reflection against obstacles Diffraction

FLOW-3D is a CFD (Computational fluid dynamic) software which offers the greatest level of accuracy. It is developed by Flow Science and distributed all around the world since 1985.Its unique features make FLOW-3D the best instrument for R&D, at the design stage and to improve all the production processes involving the dynamics of fluids.

Surfer is a full-function 3D visualization, contouring and surface modeling package that runs under Microsoft Windows. Surfer is used extensively for terrain modeling, bathymetric modeling, landscape visualization, surface analysis, contour mapping, watershed and 3D surface mapping, gridding, volumetric, and much more. Surfer’s sophisticated interpolation engine transforms your XYZ data into publication-quality maps. Surfer provides more gridding methods and more control over gridding parameters, including customized variograms, than any other software package on the market.

If you have a personal computer (notebook or desktop) check the following features of your computer.

Name of Feature Brand name / Capacity / Availability

Type of computer

Operation system

Processor

Installed memory (RAM)

Screen size

Screen resolution

Keyboard

Mouse

Printer/Plotter

Digitizer

Others (please specify)