Power Semiconductors in Energy Efficient Smart … Semiconductors in Energy Efficient Smart-Grid Installations Dr. Martin Schulz Infineon Technologies, Germany IPC APS AE

Power Semiconductors in Energy Efficient Smart-Grid

Installations

Dr. Martin Schulz Infineon Technologies, Germany IPC APS AE

Smart Grid – The Future?

What makes a Grid a Smart-Grid

1

1 Conventional Power Plants

2

2 Renewable Energies

3

3 Smart Metering

4

4

4 Energy Storage

5

5

Efficient Energy Transmission

Page 3 2013-05-24 Copyright © Infineon Technologies AG 2013. All rights reserved.

3-Level Topologies

Why use Multilevel Topologies?

Increased efficiency

Lower Harmonic Distortion – Less EMI troubles

Smaller filter components lead to savings

Capable to handle higher DC-voltages while using standard

components

Depending on the topology, redundancies my increase the

availability of the system


How to Create Multiple Levels?

2-Level, the most common approach


3-Level, the next approach

n-Level, general approach

DCU

outU outU

2

DCU

2

DCUoutU

n

U DC

];0[ DCout UU

DC

DCout U

UU ;

2;0

nm

DCout

n

UmU

..0

;0

Commonly used Multilevel Topologies

NPC-1 Structure or I-Type:

NPC-2 Structure or T-Type


Common approaches handling Megawatts

Single Switch

1.2-6.5kV

Up to 3600A

Diode Module

1.7-6.5kV

Up to 3600A Single Switch

1200V 900A 1700V 600A

Half Bridge

600-3300V

Up to 1400A


HVDC Efficient Long-Distance

Energy Transfer

HVDC-Lines to interconnect continents

Source: Desertec


Driver for HVDC-VSC development

1.Renewable energy grid connection

Offshore windfarm: grid connection with minimized transmission losses

Onshore windfarm: grid connection with full control of reactive power

2. Power Transmission

Urban power transmission under space constraint

Powering isolated islands

Powering off-shore oil-rig despite massive space constraint


LCC vs. VSC in HVDC

HVDC systems based on line-commutated converters (LCC) are in use for decades

PressPack disc-type thyristors as key component in HVDC-LCC are mature with high reliability

With low losses, HVDC-LCC is the preferred solution for bulk power transmission for today and for the future

Thyristors cannot be switched off via control gate. Converter commutation has to be driven by the AC network. LCCs cannot support black-start.

Using self-commutated, IGBT-based converters, also called Voltage-Sourced Converters or VSC is beneficial:

Independent control of active and reactive power

Supply weak or even passive networks with black-start capability

Excellent dynamic performance, easier to deal with fault situations

Less space is needed for converter station, complex filter and compensation systems


Common Topology for HVDC-VSC


Cascaded 2-Level (CTL) Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC or M²C)

Differences in Cell Design

CLT: Cascaded 2-Level-Cell


M²C Power Module

Each cell can contribute 0V or UDC to the output voltage

H-Bridge

This cell can contribute 0V or ±UDC to the output voltage

UDC UDC UDC

DC-C

able

Structure of a HVDC-VSC


To DC-Cable

To AC-System

Energy Storage Systems

Motivation

Including renewable sources like wind- and solar power in large scale can lead to a time shift between energy generation and energy demand

As long as “the grid” cannot store energy, input to the grid and energy consumed have to be matched

Excess energy could be saved for later use

Brownouts in times of low energy can be prevented

Energy storage will grow to become a key issue to eliminate the dependency on fossil fuel or nuclear power


Energy Storing Methods

Chemical Devices

Batteries of vari-ous compositions like Lead-Gel, NiMH, Li-Ion or Vanadium-Flow

Electrolysis to generate Hydro-gen or Methane Power 2 Gas

Physical Storage

Pumped Hydro

Compressed Air *

Flywheel

Direct electrical Storage

Superconducting magnetic coils

Supercapacitors

AC/DC-DC/AC Application

*Source : RWE Power AG

3-Phase drives Application

Pulse-Power Application


Battery as a – maybe mobile - storage system

In a future Smart Grid, two major applications for batteries exist


Batteries in EVs to support a private home or operate in a so-called Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) installation. Korea’s ~13.5 Mio cars could add 135 Mio kWh buffer capacity

Battery installations with a capacity of several MWh have been successfully installed to support the public grid.

Grid Connected Large-Scale Battery Systems

36 MWh installation, Hebei China, BYD


Modular System by AES (A123) with up to 4MWh/Container

Modular System by SIEMENS with 500kWh/Container

References

1700V H-bridge IGBT Module Dedicated to Cell-cascaded Topology, Zhenbo Zhao, PCIM China 2013

Internet Source: www.desertec.org

Multilevel Converters for 10 MW Wind Turbines Ke Ma, Frede Blaabjerg, EPE 2011

Comparison of Converter Efficiency in Large Variable Speed Wind Turbines Lars Helle, Stig Munk-Nielsen, IEEE 2001

Batteries for Large-Scale Stationary Electrical Energy Storage Daniel H. Doughty, Paul C. Butler, Abbas A. Akhil, Nancy H. Clark and John D. Boyes The Electrochemical Society Interface, Fall 2010

Internet Source: http://www.a123systems.com/smart-grid-storage.htm


http://www.desertec.org/

http://www.a123systems.com/smart-grid-storage.htm





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Power Semiconductors in Energy Efficient Smart … Semiconductors in Energy Efficient Smart-Grid Installations Dr. Martin Schulz Infineon Technologies, Germany IPC APS AE