Power Line Filter - ESE

Technical document

P o w e r L i n e Q u a l i t y I m p r o v e d F i l t e r

I R I SESE – Energy Saving Equipment

Power Line FilterHow it works?

Technical document


I R I S Technical document


I R I S

1. Outline

In the use of power from private houses and commerce, lowering the

electrical energy transfer efficiency generated in an industrial plant,

Electrical energy loss failure can be generated for several reasons such as

load characteristic, and problems in power system. It is realistically very

hard to fully improve Power Quality disorders.

In improving power quality, it is very important to suppress the voltage

change. Therefore, the voltage supplied to the load directly influence on

the use of load-life, productivity and efficiency, energy consumption, etc.

For power quality improvement, although the devices that are applied of

Power control technology are being introduced, the reality has been

limited by the difficulty of high-volume implementation and high cost of

applying.

In addition, electricity supplied by power stations, is delivered to the end

users by taking proper steps through bus bar through the distribution

facilities.

In this process, the noise and end-load in accordance with the change of

the power source impedance occurs a number of factors. Thereby, power

supply waveform is distorted, and problems are that it can result in the

loss of electric energy in this phenomenon.

Let’s examine the causes of this problem occurrence

Page 1ESE – Energy Saving Equipment

Technical document


I R I S

2. Factors of power quality degradation

2.1 Transient current

2.1.1. Non-continuous transients

It is a high peak situation in which it suddenly boosts the voltage

and current in the vertical direction; Can be considered as a very

quick phenomenon (50 nanoseconds [ns] below) that persists in

short term

In the cause of non-continuous lightning transients, weak

grounding, the switching of inductive loads, utility failures removal

and ESD (electrostatic discharge) and etc are included.

As a result, it may cause physical damage and the like of the

apparatus in the loss (corrupted). Out of these factors, Lightning

may be the most frequently occurring damage. Problems caused by

lightning is easily recognized after witnessing an electrical storm

Non-continuous transients

Voltage

Time

Rise Time

atrophy time


Technical document




I R I S

2.1.2 Vibration

Transient vibration is the voltage signal, a current that stable

condition to change abruptly and oscillating at a system frequency.

The transient is current power signal alternately rising very sharply

and to contract

These transients occur when you turn off the power to the motor

or inductive or capacitive loads such as capacitor banks. Vibration

induced current is generated because of the resistance to the load

change.

Usually, in the case when vibration transients appear in the current

carrying circuit due to the conversion utility work (In particular,

when the capacitor bank is switched automatically to the system), it

can lead to severe interference to electronic equipment.

The figure below is the problem of the trapping of the Variable

Speed drive recognized the most with respect to switching

transients and vibration.

Relatively slow transients is the cause of the rise of the DC voltage,

and this forces the start up along with the display of the voltage of

the drive unit

Induced vibration to automatically switch from the battery bank


Technical document




I R I S

2.2 Blackout

A power failure can be defined as the complete loss of the supply

voltage or load current. A power failure can be classified according

to duration; Classified as immediate power outage, a permanent

power outage or momentary power loss.

Continuous range of electrostatic type are as follows:

Momentary power: 0.5 to 30 cycles.

Momentary power: 30 cycles to 2 seconds

Blackout: 2 sec to 2 min

Permanent power outage: two minutes or more

Causes of power outages vary but it is generally the result of the li

ghtning, animals, naru, car accidents, harsh weather, equipment fail

ure, or the result of a basic circuit breaker tripping, such as some ty

pes of damage to the electrical supply ratings. Whether it is a mom

entary power failure, or persistent power outages, power failure fro

m the home users up to the industrial users, can cause damage or

suffer outages.


Technical document




I R I S

2.3 Voltage Drop/Low Voltage

2.3.1 Voltage Drop

The voltage drop is AC voltage reducing from the existing

frequency in a time of 0.5 cycles to 1minute. The voltage drop

usually caused by the normal system failure and also, usually a

result of the switching when there is a load due to a strong start-

up current.

Common source of voltage drop is (such as when first time starting

a large air conditioning) removal performed remotely failure and

etc. by using a strong start load equipment and machinery.

2.3.2 Low voltage

Low voltage is the result of a long-term problem that causes a

voltage drop. Low voltage may result in overheating of the motor;

it can be a cause of the failure of the machine power supply, such

as non-linear loads.


Technical document




I R I S

2.4 Voltage rises / overvoltage

2.4.1 Voltage increase

Voltage rise to the AC power supply voltage is rising at the time of

0.5 to 1 minute in the form of a voltage drop in the reverse cycle.

If the voltage rises in a high impedance neutral connections,

sudden load reduction, and three phase errors, a common source

for the system.

As a result, a data error, a flashing light, the deterioration of the

electrical contact, the semiconductor insulation damage and the

like of electronic equipment can cause degradation.

2.4.2 Overvoltage

Voltage can be thought of as a voltage rise in the wide range.

Seasonally, even though the use of power decreases in off-season

and use the power output, set according to the number of

seasonal power demand is reduced significantly, it continues to

appear as common in areas where supply.

Overvoltage conditions can lead to higher current consumption,

pressure will be the cause the unnecessary tripping of downstream

circuit breakers as well as for the equipment.


Technical document




I R I S

Overvoltage is constant in most cases that equipment emitting a

certain amount of heat dissipation of heat can be increased sharply

due to the pressure due to overheating.

This can cause damage in densely populated data centers. Heat

and its effect on today's data centers are important to a densely

populated blind server-type environment and for the IT involved.


Technical document




I R I S

2.5 Waveform Distortion

2.5.1 Direct Current Offset

Usually, DC can be derived as an alternating current (AC) power

distribution system due to failure of the rectifier within the range of

many AC-DC conversion technologies that mass produced modern

equipments.

DC can add unwanted current flow through the power system to the

device that is already operating in the rated level. The overheating and

saturation of the transformer are also caused by a direct current

circulating. If the transformer gets into a condition of saturation, it will

not only be heated but also cannot deliver the total power to the load.

In addition, due to the subsequent waveform distortion can create

further instability in electronic load equipment.


Technical document




I R I S

2.5.2 Harmonics

Harmonic distortion is the collapse of the plurality of the fundamental

sine wave from the primary fine frequency.

For signs of harmonic problem, is the loss of synchronization on timing

circuits vary depending on the clean sine wave trigger at the zero

crossing and tripping of the circuit breaker and Overheated

transformers, neutral, etc. and other electrical disturbances equipment

is included. Harmonic distortion was a significant problem with the IT

equipment, due to the nature of the switch-mode power supply

(SMPS) in the past.

These non-linear loads, and many other capacitive method, absorbs a

little from peak of both positive and negative instead of dragging the

current over each ½ cycle.

Since the return current is short (about 1/3 cycle), it is combined in

any other neutral return current from the SMPS, using a satellite of

each three-phase power distribution system of general. Instead of

subtracting the neutral current pulsation, engraft each other,

theoretically makes a very high neutral currents at maximum 1.73

times the maximum phase current. The overloaded neutral, in the

leg of distribution could cause high voltage giving extremely

damage to the attached equipment. At the same time the load on

the plurality of the SMPS can shrink at the peak of the main

equipment of each voltage ½.


Technical document




I R I S

Due to this, the transformer often gets fully loaded, resulting

generating heat. Other loads that cause this problem are variable

speed motor drives, lightening ballasts and large existing UPS

system.


Technical document




I R I S

2.5.3 Notching

The notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by variable

speed drive that is operating normally and electronic devices, such

as light dimmers and arc welders. This sort of transient impulses

can be thought of as a problem, however because notching

appears periodically every ½ cycle, waveform distortion is the

problem.

The result of notching in general includes stop system, data loss,

data transmission problems, and such.

2.5.4 Noise

Noise for the power system voltage or current waveform distortion, is

a unnecessary voltage or current excessively applied. Noise may be

caused by a power electronic device, the control circuit, the arc

welding machine, switching power supply, and radio transmitter. In

places that has not made enough system may be more susceptible

to noise.


Technical document




I R I S

2.5.5 Voltage fluctuations

Essentially, since the wave form of the voltage fluctuations is different

from the other, it is classified into separate categories. Voltage

fluctuations are small dimensions, in other words, as 90 ~ 105% of

the nominal voltage in low frequency, it is generally the variants of

the voltage change of the voltage waveform in Hz or less or a series

of omission voltage change.

Loads that cause a significant current variation can cause voltage

fluctuations. Is the most common cause of voltage fluctuation appearing.

Commonly, Arc Low is what causes voltage fluctuations in the

transmission and distribution systems. A sign of this problem is the

phenomenon of flickering of incandescent lamps.


Technical document




I R I S

3. IRIS technology

3.1 Background

As described above, the improvement of power quality, it is important to

suppress the voltage change. Therefore, the voltage supplied to the load has

direct influence on the load life, productivity, the efficiency, energy

consumption, and more.

While such power quality improvement technique ups, automatic voltage

control device, the constant-voltage transformers, automatic power factor

control apparatus, motor control devices equipment power control technology

and such being introduced, there follows a difficulty of high-capacity

implementation and there's always a limitation for high cost

In addition, electricity supplied by power stations is delivered to end users

via the power bus bars through appropriate step through the distribution

facilities.

During this process, by a number of factors arising from the noise of the

power source impedance change, and the final load, power supply

waveform is distorted and there are problems that can result in the loss

of electric energy in this phenomenon.

In this case, power is defined as the product of voltage and current and the

product of power factor.

Due to the exterior elements of the instability within the operating status of

the load voltage, the instantaneous changes in the current and the power

factor occur. Thus, noise and loss generate, and hinder the electric power

generation efficiency.

For alternative for such quality improvement, power dielectric filter is used.


Technical document




I R I S

In this case, Dielectric, a composition of the dielectric filter above is a

material that has an electric dipole moment induced when applying an

external electric field and a material that generates an induced polarization.

Specifically, when applying an electric field to the dielectric, specific

changes take place in single molecule and atom.

Electron envelope not matching with electrostatic charge (the center of

Nuclear power of Electron), an array of electric dipoles of the same

direction as the electric field occurs. Therefore, as the entire dielectric, it is

possible to cause electrical polarization.

Specifically, applying an electric field to the dielectric, the specific change

occurs in the atoms and in each single molecule, and electron cloud not

matching the center of the central core of electrostatic ,an array of electric

dipole of the same direction as the electric field occurs is formed, which

can cause electrical polarization as the entire genome.

Thus the space charge polarization boundary of the crystal grain boundaries

or the like gathered foreign matter cause electrical polarization, the free

electrons generating in the boundary and the effect of electric power can

deliver an electrical power line.


Technical document




I R I S

3.2 Detailed technical information

3.2.1 The high energy storage density dielectric type

Typical dielectric materials used to date, such as film-like dielectrics

are electrolyte dielectric, polymeric etc. and these have low energy

storage density. In addition to these shortcomings, discharge rate is

slow for the electrolyte dielectric and there is a challenge of

connecting the dielectric in series to use at high voltages due to

500V or less operating voltage.

For linear dielectrics, such as polymer, energy that is stored, is

determined by the polarization applied from Electric field. Energy

stored in the dielectric is represented by the following linear

expression.

Here, C is the permittivity, Farads, V is a voltage applied to (Voltage),

∈0 the permittivity of free space (Dielectric permittivity of free

space, 8.854 x 10-12 C2/Nm2), and k is a permittivity In order to

increase the energy stored, there is a need to increase the voltage

that is applied or permittivity. However, in order to increase the

voltage, there is a need to increase the dielectric breakdown

strength of the material but this is reality, is difficult. So this

technology that increases the power is applied by increasing the

permittivity.


Technical document




I R I S

This increased the dielectric constant by making a mixture of the valgus

agent increases the dielectric constant higher than the polymer nano-

ceramic materials in the high molecular polymer.

Polymer-ceramic nano-composites have the advantage of using high

dielectric breakdown characteristics and a high permittivity of the ceramic

at the same time.


Technical document




I R I S

3.2.2 Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage

Energy stored in a linear dielectric can be expressed as the electric

field applied and equation applied above.

Meanwhile, permittivity(C) is represented by the following equation

in the parallel plate dielectric (Parallel plate capacitor).

Here, A is the width of the electrode and T represents a thickness of

a dielectric. For linear dielectric, the dielectric constant (K) is always

constant regardless of the applied electric field and the energy

stored is determined by the dielectric breakdown of the dielectric

Meanwhile, IRIS materials, as to make the spontaneous polarization

without the electric field applied from the outside, the magnitude

and direction of polarization has transforming properties by an

electric field applied. Such a material has the nature that changes

the polarization by an electric field. Its permittivity is not constant

but changes by the electric field. Therefore the permittivity of the

material is expressed as follows:


Technical document




I R I S

∈ (E) is the permittivity of the material to change by an electric

field and dP (E) shows a change in polarization by an electric field.

Also, energy stored, is represented as follows:

D is a Dielectric displacement, P represents a polarization. Energy

stored in the above formula, can be seen that the shaded area of

the graph polarization in Figure 1.

In Figure 1 Though Linear Dielectric has a low polarization value, it

can be seen that applying large electric field. Ferroelectric materials

have a large polarization value but in fact, it can be seen that

energy saving is not greater due to the loss of power. Meanwhile,

Anti ferroelectric material like IRIS has the property to store high

energy by reducing the power of what general Ferroelectric

materials have.

Anti-Ferroelectric compare to the general dielectric, energy stored

with material that change into Ferroelectric can be seen bigger.


Technical document




I R I S

Figure 1. Comparison of polarization vs. field curves for linear,

ferroelectric, relaxor ferroelectric, and anti-ferroelectric materials.

The shaded areas are equivalent to the energy density in the

material that can be recovered on discharge.

Dielectric materials used in the IRIS is possible to increase the energy

storage density significantly because Dielectrics commonly used for

the current energy saving in polypropylene gets much greater than

the permittivity. In addition, over a wide temperature near room

temperature, shows the phase transition characteristics that it has

advantageous of using stably.


Technical document




I R I S

Figure 2 is a polarization characteristic of the electric field applied to.

The hysteresis characteristics of polarization due to an electric field

can see a very thin shape of the electric field - polarization curve.

Such IRIS Composite materials are materials that causes a phase

change by an electric field, since the permittivity is increased in

accordance with the electric field, it eventually increases the amount

of energy to be stored.

By mixing a Nano-ceramic and polymer ceramic, it is possible to

obtain a high permittivity and a high dielectric breakdown voltage

rather than a pure ceramic obtains. In a voltage lower than the

dielectric breakdown voltage of the Composite, it shows a high

energy storage density compared to pure polymer.

Figure 2. Unipolar polarization curves of composite


Technical document




I R I S

3.2.3 CNT technology

3.2.3.1 Summary of CNT

A carbon allotrope consisting of carbon abundant in the earth,

is a material that one carbon combined with other carbon

atoms in a hexagonal honeycomb pattern, and a material of

extremely small areas by (1 nm = 10 meters eokbun)

nanometer level.

Carbon Nano tubes have excellent Mechanical properties,

Electrical properties, Superior Field Emission properties, and

Hydrogen storage medium characteristics of high efficiency,

that out of substances that presently exist, it is known as an

almost perfect new material that hardly exists.

Carbon Nano tubes are called as new dream materials of 21

century and depending on the development of science degree,

the application range is being broadened in all fields such as

aerospace, biotechnology, environment, energy, materials,

industrial, medical care, electronic computer, security, safety,

science education.


Technical document




I R I S

3.2.3.2 Kind of CNT

Carbon Nano tube is the state that Graphite plane (Graphite

sheet) is rolled in Nano-sized diameter, having a sp2

coupling structure. According to the angle and form a graphite

surface is dry, it electrically shows conductive or semi

conductive characteristics.

Figure 3. World of carbon related materials

In addition, the carbon Nano tubes, depending on the number

of bonding that make up the wall, it is separated by a single

wall Nano tube (Single walled Nano tube) or multi-wall

Nano tubes (Multi Walled Nano tube), and in addition,

single wall Nano tube in form of several parts united is

called Type Nano tube bundles (Rope Nano tube).


Technical document




I R I S

Figure 4. Structures of carbon nanotubes.

Because Carbon Nano tubes have various physical properties,

it shows unlimited application possibilities in an electron

Emission source(Electron emitter) of various devices, VFD

(Vacuum fluorescent display), White light source, FED (Field

emission display),Lithium ion secondary battery electrode,

hydrogen storage fuel cell, Nano wires, Nano-capsules, Nano-

tweezers, AFM / STM tip, single-electron device, a gas sensor,

Industrial micro-component, and high-performance composite

materials, etc.


Technical document




I R I S

3.2.3.3 CNT properties analysis

In the amorphous silicon MIS capacitors, compare the Carbon

Nano tube added condenser with the condenser that is not

added.

MIS capacitor, addedwiththe carbon nanotube(CNT Device)at

room temperature and C-V characteristicgraphof the

referencesample(Ref.) are as follows:

Figure 5. MIS, added with the CNTmeasured in a high-frequency (1MHz)

Capacitor and Reference Sample C-V graph

In the graph of two samples, can see that both appear

hysteresis phenomenon. This is attributable to charge carrier,

accumulated in the carbonnanotube and thethermal oxide

film(Thermal oxidation). Further, hysteresis is generated by the

fault condition(Defect states) of the oxide trapping charge and

interface trapped charge on at the interface,


Technical document




I R I S

Using this voltage difference (Vhs) shown as hysteresis

phenomenon,

calculate the interface trap charge density and oxide

trapped charge mildoeul the following equation

Interfacial trap charge density and Oxide trapped charge

density, capacitor added with CNT is analyzed low; this mea

ns that adding the CNT, the conductivity gets better.


Technical document




I R I S

3.2.3.4 IRIS application of CNT

CNT is applied to a number of devices and the IRIS since it is

light weighted and has high electrical conductivity, having the

excellent physical properties by electrochemically such as

Chemical stability, and a large specific surface area.

Super capacitors study using the CNT, represents a different

performance depending on types of CNT, an electrode method,

and in accordance with the type of electrolyte. However, single-

wall CNT is shown a relatively high specific capacitance as

compared to the multi-walled CNT.

For single-wall CNT is reported to have a capacity of 1000

mAh / g approximately, and in the case of multi-walled CNT

has been reported to have a capacity of 400 mAh / g

approximately. IRIS, because electrode surface is wide, it is

using the multi-wall CNT and sufficiently designed by

capacity.

CNT applied to the IRIS, are applied by the synthesis of high

molecular polymer, Nano composite is fromed by combining

nanotechnology and polymer engineering, a material such as

carbon material or Klee is dispersed in a resin. This

dispersed materials scale can be regarded to complexes to

be made of Nano-meters.

The key to this technique is on which materials are to be

distributed and how well it will prevent the imbalance

dispersion and a substance or being peeled off.


Technical document




I R I S

The advantage of Nano composites are existing fillings or the

particle size of the hardener (generally μm or more) to

dispersed to Nano scale; minimize the dose by maximizing

the surface area compared to conventional, it prevents the

physical property degradation due to inserting additives.

Also, it is possible to upgrade Mechanical properties such as

strength and wear resistance, Electrical performance without

loss of impact resistance, tensile properties of a

conventional resin.

In the polymer used in the manufacture of polymer / CNT

complex, an attempt to improve the mechanical properties

and electrical properties of the polymer according to the

content CNT has been conducted using the conductive

polymer and the non-conductive polymer. For Organic

lighting diode, LEDs, which using a conjugated polymer

(Conjugated polymer) and CNT, it is thermally stable than

the pure polymer and relatively shows high quantum

efficiency (when the CNT 1.8% 2.9 ~ 3.2 eV). In addition, the

single-walled CNT of 5 wt.% dispersed in an isotropic pitch,

makes a carbon fiber and compare to isotropic pitch-based

carbon fiber, achieved improvements of 90% of the tensile

strength, 150% of the modulus of elasticity and 340% of the

electrical conductivity. In Nano polymer of micro molecule

polymer, equipping the composite manufactured by dispersi

ng Multi-walled CNT of 5 wt. % or more, it maximized

energy savings through improving the conductivity and the

energy storage capability.


Technical document




I R I S

3. Conclusion

According to the technical contents described above, IRIS makes a

dielectric by the synthesis of a ceramic composite material with a

polymer resin, activating the dielectric polarization energy, integrates

with and has the effect of increasing the power efficiency through

reducing the loss by passing to a load through a power bus. In

particular, there is a major effect on voltage sags, discrete excessive

current, fluctuations, harmonics, and noise described above. In addition,

distribute synthesis the state-of-the-art Material a multi wall CNT with

the polymeric resin, made the Composite and applied to IRIS, designed

to help power Environment Improvement by improving the electrical

conductivity and increasing the energy storage capacity. This increase

in power efficiency improves power quality and it plays a role as

reducing the power consumption. In other words, it serves to reduce

the electricity bill.


Technical document


I R I S

Energy Saving Equipment LLC

Distributor for UEA :

ESE- Energy Saving Equipment LLC

+971 52 7959 282 & +971 55 2992 105

www.ese-me.ae

http://www.ese-me.ae/

Documents

Power Line Filter - ESE