Potent Hypoglycemic Effect of Nigerian Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants

Volume 8, Issue 1 2011 Article 6

Journal of Complementary andIntegrative Medicine

Potent Hypoglycemic Effect of Nigerian Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants

Jiradej Manosroi, Chiang Mai UniversityMoses Z. Zaruwa, Chiang Mai UniversityAranya Manosroi, Chiang Mai University

Recommended Citation:Manosroi, Jiradej; Zaruwa, Moses Z.; and Manosroi, Aranya (2011) "Potent HypoglycemicEffect of Nigerian Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants," Journal of Complementary and IntegrativeMedicine: Vol. 8: Iss. 1, Article 6.DOI: 10.2202/1553-3840.1482

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Potent Hypoglycemic Effect of Nigerian Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants

Jiradej Manosroi, Moses Z. Zaruwa, and Aranya Manosroi

Abstract

The objective of this paper was to investigate the phytochemistry and hypoglycemic activitiesof aqueous extracts of Anisopus mannii, Daniella olivieri, Detarium macrocarpum, Leptedeniahastate and Mimosa invisa, traditionally prescribed for diabetes mellitus. The aqueous extractswere tested for phytochemicals and free radical scavenging activity by the DPPH assay. The anti-diabetic tests were performed in normoglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic mice. High intensityof saponins, xanthones, tannins and glycosides were detected in A. mannii, D. macrocarpum andM. invisa, respectively. For the free radical scavenging activity, D. macrocarpum showed thehighest activity with an IC50 of 0.027 mg/ml which was 2.1 folds of ascorbic acid. All extractsshowed potent hypoglycemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic mice with the highest fastingblood glucose reduction of 70.39 percent in A. mannii which was 1.54 and 0.98 fold ofglibenclamide and human insulin, respectively. A. mannii showed the potent hypoglycemicactivity which was 1.54 and 0.98 fold of glibenclamide and insulin, respectively. This studyconfirmed the traditional use of these Nigerian medicinal plants in diabetes treatment. These plantsshowed high potential for further investigation to novel anti-diabetic drugs.

KEYWORDS: Anisopus mannii, free radical scavenging activity, insulin, glibenclamide, saponin,anti-diabetic

Author Notes: Appreciation goes to the Natural Product Research and Development Center,Institute of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Thailand and the Management ofAdamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.



1. Background

Traditional use: In Africa, particularly Nigeria, medicinal plants are still the major source in primary health care among over 300 tribes of the country. Medicinal plants have been used to treat several ailments such as malaria (Zaruwa et al., 2008), epilepsy, sickle cell anemia, bronchial asthma (Kazeem et al., 2008) and diabetes (Abo et al., 2007). Anisopus mannii N. E. Br (Asclepiadaceae), commonly known as Kashe Zaki (antisweetener), Daniella olivieri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz (Caesalpiniaceae) (Maje), Detarium macrocarpum Harms (Caesalpiniaceae) (Taura), Leptedania hastata (Pers.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae) (Ya Diya) and Mimosa invisa var. inermis Adelb (Leguminosae) (Idon Zakara), medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus which is becoming endemic in Northeastern Nigeria were selected for the investigation of their anti-diabetic effects, phytochemicals and free radical scavenging activity.

Known pharmacological or biological activity: The decoction of A. mannii is known for its galactogogue potentials, treatment of sexual impotency, acute rhinopharyngitis and wounds (Tamboura et al., 2005). D. macrocarpum oil is popular in the traditional cosmetic industries and as food. L. hastata is used as a vegetable in some communities in the Northeastern Nigeria, and in the treatment of diarrhea and stomach disturbance (Aliero et al., 2001). D. olivieri is indicated for headache, abdominal pain (Maiga et al., 2005), fever (Igoli et al., 2005) and vertigo (Idu et al., 2005). M. invisa is used in the treatment of cough, abdominal pain and fungal infection (Largo et al., 1997).

Rational for the study: This study was designed to confirm the folk wisdom of Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants in normoglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic mice comparing with standard drugs, insulin and glibenclamide. For the preliminary study of the compounds responsible for the anti-diabetic activity, their phytochemicals and free radical scavenging activity were also investigated.

2. Materials used in the study

Medicinal plant (common name) Part used

Anisopus mannii N.E.Br (Kashe Zaki) Leaves Detarium macrocarpum Harms (Taura) Bark Leptedenia hastata (Pers) Dec’ne (Yaa Diya) Leaves Daniella olivieri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz.(Maje) Leaves Mimosa invisa var. inermis Adelb (Idon Zakara)

Leaves

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Manosroi et al.: Effect of Nigerian Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants



Types of extract: Aqueous

Methodology for:

Authentication: The leaves and bark of the plants were collected during November and December 2009 at Mubi and Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The species were identified by Dr. D. M. Garkida, Department of Biological Sciences, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria. Voucher specimens were kept at the University’s herbarium.

Characterization and standardization: The leaves were carefully collected by cutting with a sharp knife and the bark was carefully cut with a machete with minimal damage to the tree. Leaves of the tree were also used for identification. The leaves and bark were dried at room temperature (21 – 27 oC) and ground into powder using a stainless steel grinder. The leaves and bark were characterized according to their pharmacognostic characteristics as described by Tambora et al.,2005, Maiga et al., 2005; Aliero et al., 2001; Hassan et al., 2007 and Edeoga et al., 2008.

Extraction: Twenty grams of the plant powder was boiled in 500 ml of distilled water for 1 h, filtered and evaporated to dryness at 45 oC at reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator (Buchi, Switzerland). The extracts was further dried using a Lyophilizer (Martin Christ - ALPHA 1-2, Germany) and the dried extracts kept in the refrigerator (4oC).

3. Biological activity examined

Experimental animals: Male ICR mice (24 – 30 g, 7 - 9 wk) were purchased from the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The mice were fed with standard diet, water ad libitum and maintained under standard conditions of temperature, humidity and light (23 ± 1oC; 70% RH and 12 h light/dark).

Drugs and chemicals: Human insulin was obtained from Boehringer Ingelheim Company, Germany and glibenclamide was from the Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Thailand. Ascorbic acid (Carlo Erba, Italy). Alloxan monohydrate (Aldrich, Germany). Anthraquinones, flavone, tannin, xanthones and quinine sulphate were from Sigma-Aldrich Company, Germany. All other chemicals were analytical grade obtained commercially.

Ethical clearance: All experimental methods used in the study were approved by Chiang Mai University Animal Ethics Committee, Protocol Number: 40/2552.

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Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Vol. 8 [2011], Iss. 1, Art. 6

DOI: 10.2202/1553-3840.1482



Phytochemical analysis: The phytochemicals: anthraquinones, flavones, glycosides, saponins, xanthones, tannins and alkaloids were assayed by standard methods (Trease and Evans, 2002).

Free radical scavenging activity: The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts was determined by a modified method previously described by Tachibana et al., (2001). Briefly, a 100 μL of the five serial concentrations of the extracts in distilled water ranging from 0.001 – 10 mg/mL was added to each well of 96 well plate. A 100 μL volume of 1% DPPH in ethanol were transferred into each well of a 96-well microplate (Corning Costar, USA). The reaction mixture was allowed to stand for 30 mins at 27o + 2oC and measured the absorbance at 515 nm by a well reader (Bio-Rad, Model 680, Philadelphia, PA19102-1737, USA). Ascorbic acid (Carlo Erba, Italy) was used as positive control. The experiments were performed in triplicate. The IC50 value, the concentration of the sample that scavenged 50% of DPPH radical was determined by probit-graph interpolation of six concentrations. The percentages of the DPPH radical scavenging activity were calculated as follows:

Scavenging activity (%) = (Abs control – Abs sample/Abs control) x 100 Production of antidiabetic mice: Diabetic mice were produced as previously described by Zhou et al., (2009). Briefly, the mice were injected at the tail vein with alloxan monohydrate in sterile normal saline solution at the dose of 75 mg/kg bw. Diabetes was confirmed on the third day after alloxan administration. The mice having blood glucose levels greater than 200 mg/dl were considered diabetic and selected for further study (Cunha et al., 2008). Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) was assayed from the tail vein blood of the mice using Finetest Glucometer (Infopia Co., Ltd. Korea). Three doses of the plants extract (100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 bw) were orally administered to the 18 h fasted normal/diabetic mice (n = 5) using feeding tube (Moufid, 2009). Noticeable irritation or restlessness should not be observed after administration of the extracts. Blood glucose was measured hourly for 4 hrs. Control mice were fed with distilled water (oral), whereas insulin 0.5 IU/kg (injection/ip) and glibenclamide 1 mg/kg (oral) were used as reference hypoglycemic drugs.

Statistical analysis: The data are expressed as mean ± SEM or mean ± SD calculated from Microsoft excel 2003. Differences between 2 means were compared using student’s t- test. Values were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

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4. Research findings

Results

Phytochemistry: Flavones, glycosides, saponins and alkaloids were detected in all plants except A. mannii. High contents of glycosides, saponins, xanthone and tannins were observed. (Table 1). The percentage yield of the extracts were in the range of 26.00 to 14.75.

Free radical scavenging activity: In Table 2, D. macrocarpum and D. olivierishowed high free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 0.027 + 0.001 and 0.050 + 0.007 which were 2.15 and 1.16 fold of ascorbic, respectively. A. mannii, L. hastata and M. invisa showed lower free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 0.31, 0.49 and 0.49 folds of ascorbic acid, respectively.

Hypoglycemic activity study: Table 3 showed the hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous extracts of five different plants in normoglycemic mice comparing with insulin and glibenclamide. A. mannii and D. macrocarpum significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) in normoglycemic mice with the highest FBG reduction of 44.94% in D. macrocarpum, at the dose of 400 mg/kg bw for 240th minute, which were 0.73 and 1.43 fold of insulin and glibenclamide, respectively. A. mannii showed a FBG reduction of 21.63% at a dose of 400 mg/kg bw and a 0.35 and 0.68 fold of insulin and glibenclamide, respectively.

In diabetic mice (Table 4), all of the extracts showed significant hypoglycemic effect ranging from 10.75 to a maximum FBG reduction of 70.39% in A. mannii at the dose of 200 mg/kg bw, M. invisa showed the lowest reduction of 25.01% at the dose of 100 mg/kg bw.

Discussion: The aqueous extracts of five Nigerian medicinal plants were investigated for their phytochemical contents, free radical scavenging activity and hypoglycemic activities in normoglycemic and diabetic mice. In normoglycemic mice, oral administration of various doses of the extracts showed significant (p<0.05) reduction of FBG of 44.94% at 1 h with 400 mg/kg bw dose. D. macrocarpum effect was slightly higher than glibenclamide. In the diabetic mice, almost all of the extracts showed significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effects. Extracts of A. mannii showed the highest FBG reduction of 70.39% (200 mg/kg bw at 4 h) which was 0.98 and 1.54 fold of insulin and glibenclamide. D. macrocarpum also showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the FBG of 64.05% (100 mg/kg bw 4 h) which was similar to the A. mannii. L. hastata showed higher reduction than D. olivieri and M. invisa.

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Alloxan monohydrate is known to destroy the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans, resulting in the reduced synthesis and secretion of insulin (Srinavas et al., 2003). Insulin enhances tissue utilization of glucose while glibenclamide, a sulphonylurea produce hypoglycemia by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. These compounds are active in mild alloxan induced diabetes (Grodsky et al., 1971). The medicinal plants extract might reduce the FBG through the insulin release by stimulating the regeneration process and revitalization of the remaining beta cells (Bolkent et al., 2000; Rokeya et al., 1999). This was clearly evidenced by the decreased levels in blood glucose between the zero and the fourth hour in diabetic mice (Raut and Gaikwad, 2006). Some hypoglycemic plants may exert their action by stimulating the function of the unaffected beta-cells and thus enhancing insulin release (Persuad et al., 1999). Alloxan induced diabetic mice receiving A. mannii and D. macrocarpum showed rapid reduction in glycemic levels compared to the control group. This might be due to enhancement of insulin secretion of the unaffected beta-cells leading to glucose utilization by the tissues. Moreover, like Insulin and glibenclamide, oral administration of A. mannii and D. macrocarpum showed hypoglycemia in normoglycemic mice. This suggested that the active compounds in A. mannii and D. macrocarpum might probably mediate enhanced utilization of glucose by the tissues via action on beta-cells (Jaiswal et al., 2009) considering that the fold of insulin was comparable to those of the antidiabetic plants extract.

The five medicinal plants extracts showed the presence of glycosides, saponins, tannins and alkaloids in varying contents (Table 1). High contents of saponin, xanthones and tannins were found in A. mannii and D. macrocarpum, respectively. High content of glycosides were found in M. invisa. Saponins have been implicated for high hypoglycemic effect (Bhavsar et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2008; Adeneye et al., 2007). They are known to lower plasma cholesterol levels in several mammalian species and are important in human diets to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (Oakenfull 1981). This could also serve as an additional advantage to diabetics as they are known to be susceptible to this condition (Haffner et al., 1998). Previous studies have also implicated xanthones and tannins as active hypoglycemic agents (Ojewole, 2002; Wang and Ng, 1999; Gray and Flatt, 1998), likewise glycosides, flavones and anthraquinones (De Tommasi et al., 1991; Sharma et al., 1990; Sang et al., 2005). The presence of these may be responsible for the pharmacologic activities observed.

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had 2 times higher free radical scavenging activity than ascorbic acid. This might be responsible for the improved glycemic status of diabetic mice (Caimi et al., 2003; Maritim et al., 2002). Also, strong antioxidant activities of some plants may be partially responsible for many biological properties (Saghizadeh et al., 1996), diabetes mellitus inclusive.

5. Conclusions

This study has demonstrated the potent hypoglycemic activity of the aqueous extract of A. mannii and D. macrocarpum which were comparable to insulin and higher than glibenclamide, which also showed high free radical scavenging properties.

6. Significance, applications and implications

These results supported the traditional use of the Nigerian medicinal plants, A. mannii and D. macrocarpum in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The use of these medicinal plants may help in decreasing the use of conventional drugs such as insulin and glibenclamide hence reducing the possible side effects and rate of secondary failures commonly observed in a long time usage. The active compounds in A. mannii and D. macrocarpum will be further investigated. The results from this study can be applied for the development of these medicinal plants into modern anti-diabetic drugs.

Free radicals may play important role in causation of diabetes mellitus (Dhanasekar and Sorimuthu, 2005). Almost all major classes of biomolecules are attacked by free radicals but lipids are the most susceptible. Cell membrane contains fatty acids which are readily attacked by free radicals. Increased lipid peroxidation impairs membrane function by decreasing its fluidity and changing the activity of the enzymes and receptors (Sunil et al., 2009). D. macrocarpum

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Table 1 Phyto-chemistry study of five anti-diabetic medicinal plant/extracts

Medicinal plantextracts

PercentageYield

Phytochemicals

Anthraquinones Flavones Glycosides Saponins Xanthones Tannins AlkaloidsAnisopusmannii N.E.Br(Kashe Zaki)

14.75 _ _ + + + + _ + +

DetariummacrocarpumHarms (Taura)

17.20 _ + + + + + + + + + + + +

Leptedeniahastata (Pers.)Dec’ne (YaaDiya).

23.10 + + + + _ + +

Daniella olivieri(Rolfe) Hutch &Dalz.(Maje)

25.01 + + + + + + _ + +

Mimosa invisavar. inermisAdelb (IdonZakara).

26.00 _ + + + + + + + _ + + +

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Table 2 The free radical scavenging activity of five anti-diabetic medicinal plant extracts

Medicinal Plant (Common name) Part used IC50 mean + s. e. m(mg/ml)

Fold of Ascorbic acid

Anisopus mannii N.E.Br (Kashe Zaki) Leaves 0.190 + 0.002 0.31

Detarium macrocarpum Harms(Taura)

Bark 0.027 + 0.001* 2.15

Leptedenia hastata (Pers) Dec’ne(Yaa Diya)

Leaves 0.118 + 0.002 0.49

Daniella olivieri (Rolfe) Hutch &Dalz.(Maje)

Leaves 0.050 + 0.007 1.16

Mimosa invisa var. inermis Adelb(Idon Zakara)

Leaves 0.119 + 0.001 0.49

Ascorbic acid _ 0.058 + 0.003 1.00

Number of titer per group (n = 3), *significance (p < 0.05), compared with ascorbic acid

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Table 3 Hypoglycemic effect of five anti-diabetic medicinal plant extracts on normoglycemic mice

Sample/Group Fasting Blood Glucose (mean + SD, mg/dl) at various time interval (minutes)Fold at the highestpercentage decrease

t = 0 t = 60 Decrease(%)

t = 120 Decrease(%)

t = 180 Decrease(%)

t = 240 Decrease(%)

Insulin Glib

Normal/Water 50.00 + 6.51 57.00 +10.21 ‐ 51.00 + 12.56 ‐ 53.80 + 10.42 ‐ 55.56 + 9.81 ‐ ‐ ‐

Normal/Insulin(0.5 IU/kg)

44.40 +12.89 20.40 + 2.40 54.05* 17.40 + 8.79 60.81*a 20.80 + 9.57 53.15* 26.00 + 10.97 41.44* 1.00 1.93

Normal/Glib(1 mg/kg)

51.60 +14.27 65.40 +13.23 ‐ 43.40 + 10.58 15.89 35.80 + 6.55 30.62 35.40 + 7.88 31.39a 0.51 1.00

A. M/100mg/kgA .M/200mg/kgA. M/400mg/kg

53.20 + 7.0452.40 +10.5261.00 + 6.67

60.20 +20.6850.80 +12.1356.00 + 8.51

‐3.058.19

54.80 + 15.5452.00 + 16.7956.80 + 8.16

‐0.766.88

53.40 + 9.9647.60 +14.7556.40 + 10.94

‐9.167.54

54.60 + 14.9444.20 + 9.3147.80 + 7.12

‐15.64a

21.63*a

‐0.250.35

‐0.490.68

D. M/100mg/kgD.M/200mg/kgD. M/400mg/kg

43.40 + 7.2354.40 + 3.9757.40 + 6.84

49.20 + 4.6545.40 +11.7131.60 + 3.43

‐16.5444.94*a

49.40 + 3.2053.20 + 7.2034.40 + 3.28

‐2.2040.06*

34.80 + 5.8034.00 + 9.6637.60 + 10.71

19.8137.50*a

34.49*

45.20 + 6.9044.40 + 4.2140.40 + 8.67

‐18.38*29.61*

0.320.610.73

0.631.191.43

L. H/100mg/kgL. H /200mg/kgL. H /400mg/kg

58.40 + 5.3154.60 + 5.6856.40 + 8.73

60.80 + 6.9770.00 +4.8968.20 + 7.79

‐‐‐

68.40 + 8.4066.00 + 3.8770.40 + 9.07

‐‐‐

60.60 +8.2363.00 +1.8776.44 +10.28

‐‐‐

60.60 + 5.6862.60 +5.3165.80 + 8.67

‐‐‐

‐‐‐

‐‐‐

D. O/100mg/kgD. O/200mg/kgD. O/400mg/kg

50.40 + 8.5653.40 + 9.0450.20 + 4.49

55.20 +10.2057.60 + 3.6460.40 +11.14

‐‐‐

62.40 + 7.8957.60 + 11.5867.60 + 15.82

‐‐‐

50.80 + 5.1151.80 + 10.3055.40 + 12.46

‐2.99‐

48.20 + 6.4543.80 + 7.8548.80 +11.21

4.36a

17.97a

2.78a

0.070.290.04

0.130.570.08

M. I/100mg/kgM.I/200mg/kgM.I/400mg/kg

53.40 +11.7656.60 + 5.8956.20 +12.85

53.00 + 6.8648.20 + 8.6751.40. + 6.42

0.7414.84a

8.54

46.20 + 8.3452.20 + 12.5159.60 + 6.58

13.487.77‐

48.80 + 8.1649.80 + 9.7056.00 + 8.06

8.6112.010.35

50.00 +10.4147.20 + 5.8954.40 + 4.77

16.60a

3.209.28a

0.270.240.15

0.520.470.29

Abbreviations: AM; Anisopus mannii, DM; Detarium macrocarpum, LH; Leptedenia hastata, DO; Daniella olivieri, MI; Mimosa invisa.Glib; Glibenclamide, t; time, a: highest percentage decreases compared with the FBG at 0 hr, * significant decrease (p < 0.05) comparing withFBG at 0 hr. Number of animals per group (n) = 5.

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Table 4 Hypoglycemic effect of five anti-diabetic medicinal plant extracts on diabetic mice

Sample/Group Fasting Blood Glucose (mean + SD, mg/dl) at various time interval (minutes)Fold at the highestpercentage decrease

t = 0 t = 60 Decrease(%)

t = 120 Decrease(%)

t = 180 Decrease(%)

t = 240 Decrease(%)

Insulin Glib

Diabetic/Water 233.20 + 14.37 247.60 + 13.74 ‐ 268.20 + 12.33b ‐ 234.60 + 23.45 ‐ 246.00 + 16.55 ‐ ‐ ‐

Diabetic/Insulin(0.5 IU/kg)

306.60 + 81.63 133.00 + 27.78 56.62* 90.60 + 26.06 70.45* 87.80 + 12.79 71.36*a 88.40 + 25.06 71.16* 1.00 1.56

Diabetic/ Glib(1 mg/kg)

237.60 + 17.61 193.60 + 21.54 18.51* 146.40 + 8.61 38.38* 129.20 + 6.37 45.62*a 130.80 + 13.73 44.94* 0.63 1.00

A.M/100mg/kgA.M/200mg/kgA.M/400mg/kg

268.20 + 7.36262.80 + 87.04218.80 + 14.72

176.80 + 14.09150.00 + 44.82242.00 + 15.00

34.07*42.92*

‐

118.00 + 12.32125.20 + 60.25185.00 + 20.25

68.64*a

52.35*15.46

90.25 + 9.1793.40 + 55.41147.00 + 12.73

66.34*64.45*32.81*

97.50 + 18.5977.80 + 28.60101.40 + 10.29

63.64*70.39*a

53.65*a

0.960.980.75

1.501.541.17

D. M/100mg/kgD. M/200mg/kgD. M/400mg/kg

254.80 + 7.06276.60 + 9.13249.00 + 39.05

227.40 + 9.34257.00 + 25.44221.00 + 26.07

10.75*7.0811.24

116.20 + 32.92239.20 + 22.25180.60 + 7.43

34.77*13.5227.46*

123.00 + 22.53173.40 + 7.81172.00 + 3.93

51.72*37.31*a

30.92*

91.60 + 12.95196.60 + 21.47148.80 + 4.14

64.05*a

28.92*40.42*a

0.890.520.56

1.400.810.88

L. H/100mg/kgL. H/200mg/kgL. H/400mg/kg

244.20 + 15.14268.00 + 14.35226.60 + 16.07

273.20 + 24.83312.20 + 10.75304.20 + 27.55

‐‐‐

258.20 + 26.72293.00 + 15.66366.80 + 23.33

‐‐‐

264.80 + 25.77251.60 + 12.58382.40 + 15.47

‐6.11‐

237.40 + 28.95120.80 + 8.49335.20 + 30.22

2.78a

55.22*a

‐

0.030.77‐

0.061.21‐

D.O/100mg/kgD.O/200mg/kgD. O/400mg/kg

256.20 + 38.47254.40 + 10.98275.80 + 31.72

248.40 + 26.23211.40 + 31.56300.60 + 39.29

3.0416.90*

‐

240.20 + 31.22184.00 + 33.96232.80 + 28.47

6.2427.67*15.59*

209.40 + 25.06183.60 + 33.64219.80 + 30.96

18.26*27.83*20.30*

201.60 + 33.31161.60 + 21.43205.80 + 35.07

21.31*a

36.47*a

25.38*a

0.290.510.35

0.460.790.55

M. I /100mg/kgM. I /200mg/kgM. I/400mg/kg

275.80 + 34.34243.00 + 59.05235.20 + 15.99

270.40 + 32.53290.20 + 8.81264.20 + 26.36

1.95‐‐

262.80 + 21.51283.40 + 13.22256.60 + 42.34

4.71‐‐

206.80 + 21.74271.40 + 17.86252.20 + 27.84

25.01*a

‐‐

250.20 + 19.79262.80 + 17.51256.80 + 40.10

9.28‐‐

0.35‐‐

0.55‐‐

Abbreviations: AM; Anisopus mannii, DM; Detarium macrocarpum, LH; Leptedenia hastata, DO; Daniella olivieri, MI; Mimosa invisa. Glib; Glibenclamide, t; time, a: highest percentage decreases compared with the FBG at 0 hr, * significant decrease (p < 0.05) comparing with

FBG at 0 hr. Number of animals per group (n) = 5.

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Potent Hypoglycemic Effect of Nigerian Anti-Diabetic Medicinal Plants