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Postgraduate Course
4. Evidence-based management:
Step 1: Formulate a focused question
Postgraduate Course
5-step approach
EBMgt is a 5-step approach
1. Formulate an answerable question (PICOC)
2. Search for the best available evidence
3. Critical appraise the quality of the found
evidence
4. Integrate the evidence with managerial
expertise and organizational concerns and apply
5. Monitor and evaluate the results
Postgraduate Course
Asking the right question?
A B C
Experience with Condition
Knowledge needs depend on experience with condition
Postgraduate Course
Focused question?
Does team-building work?
Does the introduction of self-steering teams work?
Does management development improve the
performance of managers?
Does employee participation prevent resistance to
change?
Is 360 degree feedback effective?
Postgraduate Course
What is a ‘team’?
What kind of teams?
In what contexts/settings?
What counts as ‘team-building’?
What does ‘work’ mean?
What outcomes are relevant?
Over what time periods?
Foreground question?
Does team-building work?
Postgraduate Course
P = Population
I = Intervention (or success factor)
C = Comparison
O = Outcome
C = Context
Answerable question: PICOC
Postgraduate Course
Answerable question: PICOC
Imagine you are a consultant, your client is the board of
directors of a large Canadian health-care organization.
The board of directors has plans for a merger with a
smaller healthcare organization in a nearby town.
However, it’s been said that the organizational culture
differs widely between the two organizations. The board
of directors asks you if this culture-difference can impede
a successful outcome of a merger. Most of them
intuitively sense that cultural differences matter, but they
want an evidence-based advice.
Postgraduate Course
Answerable question: PICOC
What else would you like to know?
Postgraduate Course
Answerable question: PICOC
P: What kind of Population are we talking about? Middle managers,
back-office employees, medical staff, clerical staff?
O: What kind of Outcome are we aiming for? Employee productivity,
return on investment, profit margin, competitive position, innovation
power, market share, customer satisfaction?
P/C: And how is the assumed cultural difference assessed? Is it the
personal view of some managers or is it measured by a validated
instrument?
Postgraduate Course
According to the board the objective of the merger is to
integrate the back-office of the two organizations (ICT,
finance, purchasing, facilities, personnel administration,
etc.) in order to create economy of scale. The front
offices and primary process of the two organizations will
remain separate.
The cultural difference is not objectively assessed (it is
the perception of the senior managers of both
organizations).
Answerable question: PICOC
Postgraduate Course
P = back office employees
I = merger, integration back office
C = status quo
O = economy of scale
C = healthcare, different organizational culture,
unequal
Answerable question: PICOC
