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Postgraduate Certificate in ICT Policy and Regulation
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Telecommunications policy, law & institutions
AND
Broadcasting policy, law & institutions
Presented by: Stanley Shanapinda CEO: CRAN Copyright reserved. Proprietary ©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
IntroducBons"Time:"16:00"–"20:00"
Cell"Phones:"Silent"Mode"or"Off"15"min"break"
InteracBve"and"ALL"views"welcome"CauBon:"Views"are"personal"and"academic"and"not"those"of"CRAN"
HOUSE&RULES&
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CerBficate"holders"will"be"able"to:"Describe"Namibia’s"consBtuBonal"and"legal"frameworks"within"which"
Namibia’s"ICT"legislaBon"Describe"the"relaBonship"between"policy,"law"and"regulaBon"
Discuss"the"raBonales"for"sector"specific"regulaBon"Understand"the"reasons"for"different"insBtuBonal"arrangements"Discuss"the"role"of"the"compeBBon"commission"for"the"ICT"sector"
Analyse"the"impact"and"implicaBons"of"specific"ICT"policies"and"legislaBon"on"the"development"of"the"ICT"sector"
IdenBfy,"disBnguish"and"criBque"approaches"to"regulaBon"Apply"key"instruments"of"regulaBon"
Understand"cosBng"and"pricing"aspect"of"the"telecommunicaBons"sector"Assess"the"compeBBveness"of"the"ICT"sector"and"individual"firms"
"
COURSE&AIMS&
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"Apply"the"principles"and"procedures"of"interconnecBon"and"faciliBes"leasing"
Describe"the"principles"of"spectrum"management"Understand"the"allocaBon"and"assignment"of"frequencies"and"numbering"Analyse"the"impact"of"ICTs"on"socioWeconomic"development"of"Namibia"
Describe"the"importance"of"universal"access"and"universal"service"and"differenBate"between"opBons"for"financing"access"
Understand"consumer"protecBon"issues,"procedures"and"insBtuBonal"frameworks"for"addressing"consumer"concerns"
Describe"technologies"and"infrastructure"underpinning"the"delivery"of"ICT"services"Explain"the"network"architectures"of"major"informaBon"and"communicaBons"plaZorms"
Discuss"the"standards"used"in"the"InformaBon"and"communicaBons"technologies"ArBculate"the"technical"factors"influencing"convergence"of"ICT’s"
COURSE&AIMS&
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• Reform"of"TelecommunicaBons"&"BroadcasBng"policy,"law"and"regulaBon"
• ConsBtuBonal"and"Legal"Frameworks"for"ICT/Telecomms"Policy,"Law"and"InsBtuBon"
• CompeBBon"Policy,"LegislaBon"and"InsBtuBons"• TelecommunicaBons"Policy,"LegislaBon"
andInsBtuBons"• BroadcasBng"Policy,"Law"and"InsBtuBons"
"
CONTENT&OVERVIEW:&&
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• By"the"end"of"the"course,"successful"parBcipants"will"be"able"to:""
Demonstrate"an"understanding"of"and"apply"the"consBtuBonal"and"legal"frameworks"which"govern"ICT"and"broadcasBng"communicaBons"regulaBon"
in"Namibia;"
OUTCOMES&&&
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"Demonstrate"an"understanding"of"and"apply"compeBBon"law"and"policy"in"relaBon"to"the"telecommunicaBons"and"broadcasBng"sectors;""Understand"the"basic"models"of"and"apply"regulatory"methodology,"its"relevance"and"
applicaBon"to"a"compeBBve"market"environment;""
OUTCOMES&&&
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"Demonstrate"an"understanding"of"and"apply"the"basic"principles,"pracBces"and"regulatory"objecBves"to"be"
achieved"in"a"certain"regulatory"framework;"Demonstrate"an"understanding"of"and"apply"the"basic"principles,"pracBces"and"regulatory"objecBves"to"be"
achieved"in"ensuring"transparent"and"efficient"interconnecBon"and"faciliBes"leasing"policy;"tariff"and"
rate"regulaBon,"and"adequate"protecBon"for"customers"and"consumers;""
OUTCOMES&&&
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Test"and"apply"their"understanding"of"the"above"concepts"in"their"specific"organisaBonal"contexts"
and"markets.""""
OUTCOMES&&&
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- Reading List (10 marks)
Please hand in the answer sheets before the start of the lecture on 4 October 2012. Do you think telecommunications and broadcasting requires regulation? Refer to the “Telecommunications
Regulation Handbook” and insert an appropriate quote. (1 mark) Fill in the blanks:
“The establishment of an environment ________ to the development and ______ of ICT and a successful transition to a converged environment of electronic delivery of content and services in Namibia are a
__________.” (3 marks) Namibia subscribes to a liberalised ICT sector. In fulfilling its role, ICT in Namibia is characterised by which
principles? Name 1. (1 mark) Name one of the objectives of CRAN in the Communications Act No.8 of 2009. (1 mark)
In his book “Telecom Reform” William Melody, addresses price regulation and its implications. What are price caps? (1 mark)
In your own words, what is public broadcasting and what is commercial broadcasting? (2 mark) Explain the following concept in your own words. Use an example to illustrate.
“QoS” (1 mark) "
READING&QUIZ&
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What"is"law?""
Rules,"regulaBons"
System"of"Checks"and"balances.""
The"rule"of"law.""
Democracy.""
Law"does"not"exist"in"a"vacuum"SeparaBon"of"powers"–"Organs"of"State."
Legislature,"execuBve"and"judiciary"
e.g."the"CommunicaBons"Act"of"2009"
INTRODUCTION&TO&LAW&
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Hierarchy"of"laws:"
Supreme"law:"ConsBtuBon"
Primary"legislaBon:"Comms"Act"of"2009"
Secondary:"RegulaBons,"Guidelines,"DirecBves"
AuthorisaBon"instruments:"licences,"Board"decisions"
INTRODUCTION&TO&LAW&
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InterpretaBon"of"statutes"
IntenBon"of"the"legislature"
Literal"interpretaBon"="grammaBcal"meaning"
Golden"rule:"contextual"interpretaBon"
"
INTRODUCTION&TO&LAW&
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Legal"concepts"and"principles:"
Rights?,"obligaBons?,"administraBve"jusBce,"fairness,"""governance?"compeBBon,"evidenceWbased"regulaBon,"openness,"accountability,"rights"of"access,"rights"of"way,"
privacy,"lawful"intercepBon,"IP,"data"protecBon,"naBonal"security,"cyber"crime,"naBonal"security,"terrorism,"naBonal"intelligence,"consumer"protecBon,"dispute"
resoluBon,"market"entry,"incumbents,""
e.g."CommunicaBons"Act"No."8"of"2009"
"
"
INTRODUCTION&TO&LAW&
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Always remember:
Logical and analytical thinking and reasoning
Application of principles and concepts to a factual situation to solve legal problems
Know where to find the law
INTRODUCTION TO LAW
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What"is"policy?""
The"ExecuBve"branch"of"the"State.""
Everything"gov.,"says,"does,"does"not"say"or"do,"verbal,"wrijen,"acBons,"speeches","policy"documents"=""
e.g."white"paper"for"the"CommunicaBons"Act"No."8"of"2009"
• Policy"does"not"exist"in"a"vaccum"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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"Policy"Guidelines"from"the"Minister"(s.7)"
"
Issue"general"policy"guidelines"to"CRAN,"subject"to"which"CRAN"must"exercise"its"powers"
"
In"consultaBon"with"CRAN"and"stakeholders"
"
Gazejed""
"
"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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Vision 2030 and NDP 3
NDP 3 builds on the 8 objectives of Vision 2030
ICT an important sector in the growth of the economy
Knowledge based society and technology driven
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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Sustainable economic growth
Quality of life
Environmental sustainability
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"DefiniBon:"simultaneous,"real"Bme"distribuBon"of"informaBon"from"one"to"many,"
using"any"transport"method"
It"recognises"convergence"
Equal"access"to"informaBon:"
Via"local"and""global"broadcasBng"services,"even"to"small"and"remote"areas"and"large"ciBes"for"personal"
development,"educaBon,"sBmulaBon,"economic"acBvity"and"informed"parBcipaBon"in"democracy"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"
Recognises"proWsocial"self"regulaBon"Recognises"the"establishment"of"a"conducive"
environment"for"the"development"and"growth"of"broadcasBng"
African"Charter"on"BroadcasBng"of"2001:"independent"regulators,"develop"local"content"and"
media"diversity"etc."Policy"and"legal"role"of"Minister"recognised"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"
CRAN"to"implement"policies","regulate"and"report"back"
Frequency"allocaBon"and"efficient"use"
Categories:"public,"commercial"and"community"broadcasBng"
"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"Principles:"
Open"market"and"fair"compeBBon"Reliable"and"ethical"services"with"internaBonal"
technical"standards"FDI"
Cross"media"ownership"with"defined"checks"and"balances"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"Principles:"
Pluralism"and"diversity"(2002"DeclaraBon"of"Principles"on"Freedom"of"Expression"in"Africa"of"the"African"
Commission"on"Human"and"Peoples’"Rights)""
"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"Principles:"
Content"regulaBon"–"offensive"material,"broadcasBng"code"
SelfWregulatory"codes,"agency"and"media"ombudsman"
Facility"sharing"and"rights"of"way"
Digital"switchover"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"Principles:"
NaBonal"provision"of"services"–"universal"service"
Skills"development"–"content"producBon"W"Centres"of"Excellence"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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TelecommunicaBons"Policy"
Principles"(same"as"for"broadcasBng,"except"as"stated"below):"
Consumer"protecBon"
New"licensing"regime"
Convergence"and"service"and"technology"neutrality"
InterconnecBon"and"faciliBes"leasing"
Numbering"
Internet"–"promote"PC’s"and"Universal"service"funding"for"underserved"areas"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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TelecommunicaBons"Policy"
Principles"(same"as"for"broadcasBng,"except"as"stated"below):"
IP"telephony"recognised""
ReducBon"of"internaBonal"bandwidth"
GRN"funding"for"ICT"projects"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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Overarching"ICT"Policy:"sets"vision"and"mission"for"ICT"in"Namibia"
Principles"(combines"all"the"above"principles):"
ICT’s"role"in"socioWeconomic"development"and"eradicaBon"of"poverty"
ICT’s"an"economic"imperaBve"
InternaBonal"protocols"and"agreements"recognised"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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Overarching"ICT"Policy:"sets"vision"and"mission"for"ICT"in"Namibia"
Principles"(combines"all"the"above"principles):"
DeregulaBon"
CompeBBon"
LiberalisaBon"
PrivaBsaBon""
"
INTRODUCTION&TO&POLICY&
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Who"are"the"relevant"insBtuBons?"
ExecuBve:"Cabinet,"Ministry"of"ICT,"Ministry"of"Finance,"Prime"Ministers"Office"
Legislature:"Parliament,"Parliamentary"Standing"Commijee"on"ICT"
Judiciary:"Courts,"quasiWjudicial"bodies"(administraBve"bodies)"
INTRODUCTION&TO&INSTITUTIONS&
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GRN - MICT
NPTH
NFC
SOEGC
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• Public"Bodies:"CRAN,"NaCC,"SOEGC,""
• Public"Interest"Bodies:"Consumer"bodies"
• InternaBonal"Bodies:"UNWITU,"UNWUPU,"SADCWCRASA,"TRASA,"SAPOA,"ATU,"UPU,"WSIS,"WTO"
INTRODUCTION&TO&INSTITUTIONS&
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Division"of"roles"and"funcBons"
Policy"role:"execuBve"–"secBon"3"
Regulatory"role:"the"regulator"–"secBon"4"–"converged"regulator"
Key"elements"for"effecBve"regulatory"bodies:"financial"independence,"structural"independence,"funcBonality"
Concepts"and"principles:"regulatory"capture,"regulatory"effecBveness,""
INTRODUCTION&TO&INSTITUTIONS&
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ITU - UN Agency on ICT
ITU-D
IDI Index (ICT Development Index) : tracks the digital divide and benchmarks information society developments
ICT access, use and skills
WSIS 2003 Geneva to Tunis Plan of Action and Universal Postal Union (UPU) Directives and initiatives
INTRODUCTION&TO&INSTITUTIONS&
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ITU: WSIS 2003 Geneva to Tunis Plan of Action
ICT’s for development
ICT infrastructure
Universal access to information and knowledge
Capacity Building
Security
Enabling environment
ICT applications (e-health)
INTRODUCTION&TO&INSTITUTIONS&
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CRASA 1997
Communications Regulators Association of Southern Africa
Regional integration e.g. SADC Frequency Band Plan
SATA 1980
Southern Africa Telecommunications Association of telco operators
Formed based on the need for regional co-operation among SADC Member states as envisaged in the SADC Treaty and the SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications
and Meteorology.
INTRODUCTION&TO&INSTITUTIONS&
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Concepts"and"principles:"
Sharing"of"infrastructure,"interconnecBon,"price"caps,"price"regulaBon,"broadband,"UAS,"access"gap,"affordable,"costsWbased"tariffing,"efficient"spectrum"management,"digitalisaBon,"convergence,"electronic"communicaBons"services,"electronic"networks,"rights"of"way,"data,"liberalisaBon,"convergence,"eWgovernment"services,"disrupBve"
technologies"
WHAT&IS&TELECOMMUNICATIONS?&&
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"Technologies"and"services:"VoIP,"IPTV,"eWmail,"4G"(LTE),"WiMax,"ADSL,""
WHAT&IS&TELECOMMUNICATIONS?&&
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The"BroadcasBng"Policy"DefiniBon:"simultaneous,"real"Bme"distribuBon"of"informaBon"from"one"to"many,"
using"any"transport"method"
It"recognises"convergence"
Equal"access"to"informaBon:"
Via"local"and""global"broadcasBng"services,"even"to"small"and"remote"areas"and"large"ciBes"for"personal"
development,"educaBon,"sBmulaBon,"economic"acBvity"and"informed"parBcipaBon"in"democracy"
WHAT&IS&BROADCASTING?&&
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ITU:"radiocommunicaBon"for"direct"recepBon"by"the"general"public"–"sound"and"TV"
Content"regulaBon:"broadcasBng"charter"–"secBon"89"
"BroadcasBng"Policy"DefiniBon"
"SecBon"83"
"
WHAT&IS&BROADCASTING?&&
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“…mulBple"services"being"offered"by"the"same"plaZorm”"
"
&WHAT&IS&CONVERGENCE&&
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Different forms :
a. Horizontal (industry) convergence. This is the integration of content, networks and devices.
Examples are music downloads through the mobile phone, mobile e-mail, mobile TV, mobile, news alerts and mobile mapping services
CONVERGENCE
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b. Vertical (value chain) convergence.
This is the integration along the value chain and the accompanying standardisation in respect of a specific product segment such as ringtones, music and event tickets
CONVERGENCE
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c. Functional (applications and services) convergence.
This is the convergence between the major categories of communications, information, entertainment and transactions.
CONVERGENCE
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It impacts on three key areas:
a. Content.
This includes text and image-based Internet services, language-based communication services and music and film-based broadcast media
CONVERGENCE
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b. Networks.
These are relevant networks that are used as transmission media; and include telephone lines, mobile communication networks, the Internet and transmission of the television signal via TV cable, satellite
or terrestrial antennae.
CONVERGENCE
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c. Devices.
These are end devices via which the user can receive services; and include telephones and mobile phones for speech, Internet capable personal computers for text as well as television sets, DVD or
MP3 players for the area of television and music.
CONVERGENCE
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Convergence:"is"the"consolida)on"and"integra)on"of"different"technologies"into"a"common1
digital1transport1medium1for"any"data"provided"by"broadcas)ng"and"telecommunica)ons.""
"
The"underlying"use"of"InformaBon"Technology"(IT)"is"a"common"feature"for"these"convergent"industries."
"Convergence"covers"the"integraBon"of"service"providers,"technologies,"
equipment,"and"markets"that"provide"data"in"any"format"for"informaBon"and"communicaBon."
"SBR"Juconomy"ConsulBng"AG"Nordstr,"page"7"
CONVERGENCE
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A Typical Ecosystem
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
InformaBon"society,"digital"age,"digital"economy,""TelecommunicaBons"layer:"networks,"services,"applicaBons…(insert"pic),"
knowledge"based"society,"green" !ICT,""
ICT&ECOSYSTEM&
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InteracBons"between"four"groups"of"players:""
1."network"element"providers"(those"who"provide"the"individual"elements"of"networks);""
"
2."network"operators"(those"who"create"and"operate"networks);""
ICT ECOSYSTEM
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3."plaZorm,"content"and"applicaBons"providers"(those"who"use"elements"and"networks"to"provide"content"and"applicaBons);"and"
"
4."final"consumers"(divided"into"various"subgroups).""
"
ICT ECOSYSTEM
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ICT Ecosystem
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
RaBonale/"underpinning"philosophy:""
Business"affected"with"the"public"interest"
"
“….the"vehicle"to"ajain,"and"subsequently"sustain,"widespread"access,"effecBve"compeBBon"and"consumer"protecBon”"(T"R"Handbook)"
WHY®ULATE?&&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
RaBonale/"underpinning"philosophy:""
“RegulaBon"is"necessary"to"provide"a"foundaBon"upon"which"markets"can"funcBon"more"effecBvely"than"they"could"otherwise."Access"to"public"resources,"including"the"radio"spectrum,"numbering"and"rights"of"way,"is"essenBal"for"faciliBesWbased"entry."
None"of"these"essenBal"services"can"be"acquired"in"unregulated"compeBBve"markets…""
WHY®ULATE?&&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
RaBonale/"underpinning"philosophy:""
…Therefore"compeBBve"operator"licensing"and"cooperaBon"in"technical"standards"development"must"take"place."InterconnecBon"with"dominant"PTO’s"on"reasonable"terms,"including"pricing,"revenue"sharing"and"access"to"informaBon"is"essenBal"both"
for"new"faciliBesWbased"entrants"as"well"as"VAS"suppliers,"and"will"only"occur"if"regulaBon"enforces"it.”"Melody"
WHY®ULATE?&&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
RaBonale/"underpinning"philosophy:"
!
“With!intelligent!network!developments,!such!as!the!Internet,!new!concerns!rela9ng!to!privacy!and!security,!and!informa9on!content!issues,!ranging!from!obscenity!to!
intellectual!property!rights,!are!requiring!policy!and!regulatory!a>en9on.”"Melody"
WHY®ULATE?&&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"InternaBonal"trade"harmonisaBon"(WTO"Reference"Paper"on"
TelecommunicaBons)"and"BTA,"SADC"Model"laws""
LiberalisaBon"(monopolies"to"compeBBon)"–"Fig.’s"on"Need"for"RegulaBon"W"insert,""
WHY®ULATE?&&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
SocioWeconomic"imperaBves:""
"
choice,"affordability,"reasonable"service"(consumer"demands)"at"a"reasonable"price"(just"price"="affordability"and"not"exploitaBve"pricing)"
WHY®ULATE?&&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Technological"evoluBon:"privacy"(spam),"security,"child"protecBon,"convergence,"copyright,"consBtuBonal"rights"
""
SecBon"2"of"the"Act"–"objects"and"benefits"of"regulaBon"
WHY®ULATE?&&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
• The"SS"ICT"Regulatory"Ecosystem":"
• Processes"–"Divided"into"5"Quadrants"(Blue)"
• People"and"InsBtuBons"(Red)"
• Mediums"(Green)"
• Curves"(yellow)"
• Gears"(orange)"
• InteracBve"Paths"(purple)"""
HOW®ULATE?&&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Public Interest
Process - ICT Issues
Primary Policy
Process
Legislative Process
Secondary Policy
Process
Regulatory Process
General Public, ICT Entities, Consumer
Bodies
Executive (Cabinet, MICT – Policy Unit,
NPC, MoF, PM’s Office)
Parliament (Parliament Standing Committees,
NA, NC)
Executive (Cabinet, MICT – Policy Unit,
NPC, MoF, PM’s Office)
Regulator and other institutions (CRAN,
NaCC, SOEGC)
PROCESSES&AND&PEOPLE&&&INSTITUTIONS&&
______________________________________________________________________________"
__________________________________"
5Q
3Q 4Q
2Q
1Q
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Lobby, advocacy, complaints, protest, hearing submissions
Speeches, press releases, white papers, green papers, cabinet directives, policies, gazettes
Bills, Laws, Public Hearings Policy guidelines published in
gazettes
Regulations, directives, decisions, orders, penalties, hearings
Improved QoL, reduced prices, increased ICT penetration,
flourishing ICT sector
Mediums""1Q
2Q
3Q 4Q
5Q
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
Effectiveness Curve (Purposes)
Independence Curve (Financial, Structural
and Functional)
Curves""1Q
2Q
3Q 4Q
5Q
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
1Q
2Q
3Q 4Q
5Q
Governance Gear (transparency, predictability,
accountability, openness, public availability of
information, limitation of powers, review,
reconsiderations, Board and management appointments,
separation of powers)
Key Regulatory Issues Gear (rights and
obligations of licensees = rights of way,
interconnection, pricing, competition, numbering,
spectrum, licensing, enforcement, UAS etc.)
Interpretation Gear (statutory
and policy)
Gears"
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
1Q
2Q
3Q 4Q
5Q
Processes"and"People"&"InsBtuBons:"InteracBve"Paths""
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
1Q
2Q
3Q 4Q
5Q
Zones
Governance Zone (transparency, predictability, accountability, openness,
public availability of information, limitation of powers, review,
reconsiderations, Board and management appointments, separation of powers)
Interpretation Zone (statutory and policy)
Key Regulatory Issues Zone (rights and obligations of licensees = rights of way, interconnection, pricing, competition,
numbering, spectrum, licensing, enforcement, UAS etc.)
©"2012"Stanley"Shanapinda"–"Proprietary""
Vision 2030
NDP 3
The Broadcasting Policy
Telecommunications Policy
Information Technology Policy
Overarching ICT Policy and Implementation Plan
HOW®ULATE?&POLICY®ULATORY&INSTRUMENTS&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
The Namibian Constitution
The Communications Act 8 of 2009
The Acts to be amended and or repealed by the Communications Act 8 of 2009:
The Radio Act 3 of 1953 and amendments thereto
The Namibian Broadcasting Act 9 of 1991
HOW®ULATE?&LEGISLATIVE®ULATORY&INSTRUMENTS&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
The Namibian Communications Commission Act 4 of 1992 and amendments thereto
The Post and Telecommunications Act 19 of 1992
The Post and Telecommunications Companies Establishment Act 17 of 1992
HOW®ULATE?&LEGISLATIVE®ULATORY&INSTRUMENTS&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Use of Electronic Transactions and Communications draft Bill (2010 version)
The Namibian Competition Act 2 of 2003
The Namibia Central Intelligence Service Act 10 of 1997
The State-Owned Enterprises Governance Act of 2006
HOW®ULATE?&LEGISLATIVE®ULATORY&INSTRUMENTS&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
SADC Protocol on Transport, Communications and Meteorology, 1998
SADC Telecommunication Policies and Model Telecommunication Bill, 1998
SADC Telecommunication Policies and Model Telecommunication Bill, 1998
HOW REGULATE? SADC INSTRUMENTS
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
SADC Protocol on Culture, Information and Sport, 2001
SADC Declaration on ICT, 2001
Declaration and Treaty of SADC of 1992, signed in Windhoek
HOW REGULATE? SADC INSTRUMENTS
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
• The"licensing"framework"for"telecommunicaBons"and"broadcasBng"
HOW REGULATE? LICENSING TYPOLOGY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
SecBon"37"Licensing"categories"(GG"4714"of"18"
May"2011)"General"licence"categories:"Services"and"
spectrum"and""
TELECOMMUNICATIONS&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
DeWlicensing"and"eliminaBong"licnce"requirements:"unlicensed"categories"ObjecBves:"service"and"technology"
neutral"
TELECOMMUNICATIONS&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"
Service"and"technology"neutrality""
Convergence"thus"requires"that"modern"licensing"rules"and"regulaBons"be"based"on"and"be"dependent"upon"the"equal1and1neutral1treatment1of1technologies1and1services."The"type1of1informa)on1and1communica)ons1infrastructure1deployed"should"no1longer1limit1the"kind1of1services1that"can"be"provided,"and"vice"versa."""
"
SBR"Juconomy"ConsulBng"AG"Nordstr,"page"9"
""
TELECOMMUNICATIONS&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
• SecBons"83"and"84"• GG"4714"of"18"May"2011"
• Content:"SecBon"89"
&&BROADCASTING&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
(GG"4714"of"18"May"2011)"Technology"neutral"challenges"
Spectrum"trading"InWband"migraBon:"reWfarming"–"3G"spectrum"
for"4G"services"New"technologies:"WiWFi"–"ISM"band"2.4GHz"
SPECTRUM&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
DTT"migraBon"–"790-862 MHz (800 MHz band) - DD?"
SPECTRUM&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
In terms of section 99, the regulator is vested with the control, planning and administration, management and licensing of the radio spectrum. The spectrum must be managed in an orderly, efficient and effective manner.
SPECTRUM&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Monitoring"and"enforcement"SecBons"114"–"126"
""
MONITORING&OF&LICENCES&AND&ENFORCEMENT&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
• SecBon"46"• Ajract"FDI"
• Capital"intensive"• Local"empowerment"of"HDI"
""
OWNERSHIP&RESTRICTIONS:&&LICENSING&FRAMEWORK&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Section 56: Part 4
Policy: An important aim of Government is to ensure universal access and services (as far as possible) to the
Namibian population. This includes access to all forms of ICT – in particular, telephony, the Internet, radio and television and postal services.
UNIVERSAL ACCESS AND SERVICE (UAS)
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Universal"Service"Fund"(s.56"–"58)"
Forms:"
Minimum"number"of"telecommunicaBons"services"for"a"given"community"
Specified"equipment"to"be"made"available"to"a"given"community"
Specified"services"to"a"category"of"customers"
Specified"services"to"schools,"hospitals"or"other"place"
Deployment"of"any"technology"
In"any"other"manner"
"
"
"
UNIVERSAL ACCESS AND SERVICE (UAS)
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Universal"Service"Fund"(s.56"–"58)"
Annual"Report"to"Minister"and"NaBonal"Assembly:"
By"CEO"
To"which"communiBes"universal"service"is"provided"and"to"which"not"
Financial"report"
How"finances"will"be"spent"
Steps"to"promote"universal"service,"future"and"past"
Any"other"majer"
"
UNIVERSAL ACCESS AND SERVICE (UAS)
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
W Affordable"vs."cost"based"vs."profitable"
W Maximum"prices"for"monopoly"services"W Price"caps"
W Reasonableness:"W Equity:"“need”"and"“ability"to"pay”"
&PRICING&AND&TARIFFS&&&
&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
W Cost"of"an"efficient"operator:"cost"of"supplying"the"service"
W IncenBves"for"being"efficient:"Reasonable"RoI"
W Improving"performance:"new"services,"technologies"""
&PRICING&AND&TARIFFS&&&
&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
- terms of section 53 of the Act, the regulatory may set prices for all services
once filed for approval. NCC"onWnet"offWnet"ruling"and""MTC"vs"NCC"(CRAN)"court"case"
&PRICING&AND&TARIFFS&&&
&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Approaches"DiscreBonary"price"sewng:"based"on"social"objecBves"–"affordability"and"vaule"of"service"
principle"Rate"of"Return"(RoR)"RegulaBon:"rules"based,"calculate"the"operators"revenue"requirement"and"then"prices"adjusted"to"meet"revenue"
requirements"
&PRICING&AND&TARIFFS&&&
&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Approches"RoRWIncenBve"regulaBon:"inducements"and"
penalBes"Price"cap"regulaBon:"formula"for"maximum"allowable"price"increases"–"increases"of"an"
efficient"operator"""Regulatory"Benchmarking""
&PRICING&AND&TARIFFS&&&
&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"QoS"
Up"to"date"T’s"and"C’s"SecBon"79(4)"–"contents"of"
consumer"contracts""
&&
QUALITY&OF&SERVICE&AND&CONSUMER&PROTECTION&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"QoS"regulaBon"policies:""
"priceWquality"tradeWoff"by"dominant"operators"–"quality"degradaBon"
&&
QUALITY&OF&SERVICE&AND&CONSUMER&PROTECTION&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"Protect"consumers"from"monopoly"power"
–"e.g."low"speed"of"fault"repair"–"insensiBve"to"quality"preferences"
Informed"choice:"publicised"comparable"quality"of"service"indicators"
"
&&
QUALITY&OF&SERVICE&AND&CONSUMER&PROTECTION&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"QoS"regulaBon:""
Indicators:"InstallaBon"Bmes,"dial"tone"delay,"call"set"
up"delay,"dropped"calls,"billing"etc."
""
&&
QUALITY&OF&SERVICE&AND&CONSUMER&PROTECTION&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Sections 33- 35
Dominance: section 78
Fair Competition:
Mergers and acquisitions
GF vs CRAN: Court case (class debate)
Prohibition of Anti-competitive practices
MoU with NaCC
COMPETITION®ULATION
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
SecBon"49"–"licensees"required"to"interconnect"their"networks"with"each"other,"
for"the"purpose"of"the"transport"and"terminaBon"of"telecommunicaBons"and"informaBon,""
based"on"reasonable"charges"to"be"contained"in"an"agreement.""
The"regulator"vets"and"approves"interconnecBon"agreements"and"on"terms"and"requirements"as"
prescribed"by"it.""
&INTERCONNECTION&AND&FACILITIES&
SHARING&&
1 0 / 5 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Two"types:"Customer"terminal"interconnecBon"and""
InterconnecBon"of"monopoly"telephone"companies"Issues:""
SLA’s,"T’s"and"C’s"
UAS"
&INTERCONNECTION&AND&FACILITIES&
SHARING&&&
1 0 / 5 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"“Without!regulatory!interven9on,!interconnec9on!arrangements!are!likely!to!reflect!the!respec9ve!market!power!of!the!players!at!the!9me!of!the!nego9a9on,!and!be!used!by!the!PTO!to!create!
ar9ficial!barriers!to!entry!and!shape!compe99ve!opportuni9es!to!its!own!interest”!
! !"Bill"Melody""
&INTERCONNECTION&AND&FACILITIES&
SHARING&&
1 0 / 5 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Sections 47 - 52
DUTIES OF PROVIDERS
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Sections 59 – 60
"ArBcle"16"
The"right"to"acquire"and"own"immovable"property"
ExpropriaBon"in"the"public"interest"
e.g."servitudes"and"rights"of"access"of"carriers"to"land"
RIGHTS OF CARRIERS
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
IntercepBon"of"telecommunicaBons"services"(secBon"70)"
President"to"establish"intercepBon"centres"to"combat"crime"and"for"naBonal"security"staffed"via"the"NCIS"
Oath/AffirmaBon"of"Office"to"intercept"and"monitor"subject"to"the"laws"of"Namibia"
Request"to"intercept"or"monitor"to"intercepBon"centre:"
i.t.o."a"law"
Warrant,"if"required"
"
&LAWFUL&INTERCEPTION&
&&
1 0 / 7 / 1 2 "
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
CompensaBon"ObligaBons"of"licensees:"provide"services"in"
manner"that"can"be"intercepted"and"provide"customer"informaBon"
&LAWFUL&INTERCEPTION&
&&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
• NCIS Act of 1997
• General prohibition of interception and monitoring of communications (s.24(1))
• Except with the direction of a judge (s.24(2)),
• Limits privacy (Article 13) (s.24(3)
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
• Upon application by the Director-General of the NCIS (s.25(1) on good grounds shown that national security is threatened and investigation is
required, on an affidavit
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"IntercepBon"of"telecommunicaBons"services"(s."70"W"
77)"Licencees"to"provide"services"in"such"a"manner"that"it"can"be"intercepted"
"
Store"informaBon"regarding"originaBon,"desBnaBon,"contents"of"and"other"informaBon"
"
LAWFUL&INTERCEPTION&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"
Minister"to"make"regulaBons"in"consultaBon"with"NCIS"and"CRAN"
"
Licencees"refunded"costs"of"assistance"to"centres"
"
LAWFUL&INTERCEPTION&
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
Article 13(1)
“No persons shall be subject to interference with the privacy of their homes, correspondence or communications save as in accordance with law and as is necessary in a
democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country,…
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
…for the protection of health or morals, for the prevention of disorder or crime of for the protection of the rights or freedoms of others.” (own emphasis)
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
ArBcle"13(2)"
“Searches"of"the"person"or"the"homes"of"individuals"shall"only"be"jusBfied:"
"(a)"where"these"are"authorised1by1a1competent1judicial1officer;"
"(b)"in"case"where"delay"in"obtaining"such"judicial"authority"carries"with"it"the"danger"of"prejudicing"the"objects"of"the"search"or"the"public"interest,"and"such"
procedures"as"are"prescribed"by"Act"of"Parliament"to"preclude"abuse"are"properly"saBsfied.”"
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
ArBcle"21(1)(a)"
Fundamental"freedoms"
Freedom"of"speech"and"expression,"including"freedom"of"the"press"and"other"media"
"
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
"ArBcle"21(1)(a)"
LimitaBons:"
Subject"to"laws"having"reasonable"restricBons,"necessary"in"a"democraBc"society,"and""
required""in"the"interest"of"naBonal"security,"decency,"morality,"public"order,"defamaBon"etc."
"
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
ArBcle"22""
LimitaBon"of"fundamental"rights"and"freedoms"
"
LimitaBon"shall"be"of"general"applicaBon"and"
"
Shall"not"be"aimed"at"a"parBcular"individual"
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
1 0 / 7 / 1 2
© " 2 0 1 2 " S T A N L E Y " S H A N A P I N D A " – " P R O P R I E T A R Y " "
ArBcle"24"
DerogaBon"from"fundamental"rights"and"freedoms"in"states"of"emergency"
ArBcle"25(2)"
Remedies"for"infringement"of"fundamental"rights"and"freedoms"
ArBcle"26"
DerogaBon"from"fundamental"rights"and"freedoms"in"states"of"emergency"
LAWFUL INTERCEPTION - CONSTITUTIONALITY
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"Regulates:"
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Electronic"transacBons"
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CommunicaBons"and"
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InformaBon"Systems"Management"
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Promotes:"
Development"and"use"of"electronic"transacBons,"informaBon"communicaBons"data"systems"and"related"technologies"
"
in"relaBon"to"the"use"and"security"of"electronic"signatures,"wriBng,"encrypBon,"records"and"archives,"and""
to"prevent"the"unlawful"use"thereof"
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"Scope:"
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Applies"to"any"electronic"transacBon"or"data"message"used"or"intended"to"be"used"in"relaBon"to"an"electronic"transacBon"(s.3(1))"
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Exclusions"(s.19(4)):""
Wills,"Deed"of"Sale,"Cheques,"Stamp"DuBes"
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"Establishment"of"the"Electronic"InformaBon"Systems"Management"Council"
(s.4)""
A"commijee""of"the"CRAN"Board"(i.t.o."s.16"of"the"CommunicaBons"Act)"
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5"Members"are"appointed"by"the"CRAN"Board,"with"the"Ministers"approval"
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"Powers"and"FuncBons""of"CRAN/Council"(s.14)"
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To"regulate"and"facilitate"the"use"of"electronic"communicaBons"and"transacBons"and"to"direct"informaBon"systems"management"pracBces"in"Namibia"through"the"Council"
(s.14(1)"
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"Powers"and"FuncBons""of"CRAN/Council"(s.14)"
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"advise"the"Minister"on"the"use"and"best"pracBces"on"applicaBon"and"management"of"electronic"transacBons"and"communicaBons"and"informaBon"systems"(s.14(2))"
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"Powers"and"FuncBons""of"CRAN/Council"(s.14)"
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Advise"Minister"on"issuing"direcBves"or"regulaBons"on"majers"related"to"the"recogniBon"of"secure"electronic"signatures"
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"Powers"and"FuncBons""of"CRAN/Council"(s.14)"
"
Research,"internaBonal"requirements,"conduct"studies,"recommend"on"appointment"of"inspectors,"advise"on"Illegal"internet"content,"advise"on"disputes,"and"majers"
incidental"to"ajain"the"objects"of"the"Act"
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"
"
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"WriBng"(s.19):"
"
Where"a"law"requires"informaBon"to"be"in"wriBng,"that"requirement"is"met"by"a"data"message"if"the"informaBon"is"accessible"and"usable"for"subsequent"reference"(s.19(1))"
e.g."Contracts"of"employment,"HireWPurchase"Agreements"
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"WriBng"(s.19):"
"
Exclusions"(s.19(4)"
Wills,"Deed"of"Sale,"Cheques,"Stamp"DuBes"(lease"agreements)"
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"
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Signature"(s.20(1)""
If"a"law"requires"the"signature"of"a"person"an"electronic"signature"will"be"deemed"to"be"valid,"provided"the"electronic"signature"complies"with"the"requirements"as"
prescribed"by"regulaBon"
Exclusions"(s.20(6)"
Wills,"Deed"of"Sale,"Cheques,"Stamp"DuBes"(lease"agreements)"
"
"
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"RecogniBon"of"secure"electronic"signature"(s.21)"
"
Accredited"authenBcaBon"products"or"services"will"be"recognised"as"a"secure"signature"by"regulaBon"and"by"prescribe"certain"standards"ad"licensing"procedures"
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"Original"informaBon"(s.23)"
"
Where"the"law"requires"informaBon"to"be"presented"in"its"original"form"(e.g."evidence"in"court),"that"requirement"is"generally"met"by"a"data"message:"
"
With"reliable"assurance"on"the"integrity"of"the"informaBon"from"generaBon"to"its"final"form"
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"Admissibility"and"evidenBal"weight"of"data"messages"(s.24)"
Data"messages"admissible"as"evidence""
"
Electronic"record"retenBon"(s.25)"
Where"the"law"requires"that"certain"documents,"records"or"informaBon"be"retained"that"requirement"is"met"by"electronic"record"retenBon:"
If"it"is"a"data"message"etc."
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Data"messages"have"legal"effect"(s.27)"between"the"originator"and"addressee"
"FormaBon"and"validity"of"contracts"(s.28)"
Exclusions"(s.28(2)"Wills,"Deed"of"Sale,"Cheques,"Stamp"DuBes"
(lease"agreements)"Time"and"place"of"dispatch"and"receipt"of"data"messages"(s.30)"
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"Automated"message"systems"given"legal"effect"(s.33)"
"EWcommerce"(s.34)"
Minister"may"make"regulaBons"
Unsolicited"goods,"services"or"communicaBons"(a.k.a."junk"mail)"(s.35)"Unauthorised"interference"(s.45)"
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"Electronic"fraud"/forgery"(s.47)"
"Electronic"extorBon"(s.48)"
"RegulaBons"(s.54)"
Made"by"Minister"
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ArBcle"18"
AdministraBve"bodies"to"act"fairly"and"reasonably"
e.g."CRAN"–"CommunicaBons"Regulatory"Authority"of"Namibia"
"LimiBng"the"discreBon"and"accountability"
Remedies:"27"–"32"
ReconsideraBon"
Review"of"acBons"
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Telecom Reform: Principles, Policies and Regulatory Practices - ed William H. Melody
Telecommunications Regulation Handbook –ed. Colin Blackman and Lara Srivastava. 10th A n n i v e r s a r y E d i t i o n . T h e W o r l d B a n k . i n f o D e v . I F C V . I T U . http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/reg/D-REG-TRH.01-2011-PDF-E.pdf
The International Telecommunications Union’s ICT Regulation Toolkit for Regulators, available at www.ictregulationtoolkit.org
Te l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s L a w i n S o u t h A f r i c a , e d i t e d b y L i s a T h o r n t o n e t . a l . http://link.wits.ac.za/papers/tele-law.html
T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f N a m i b i a . http://www.superiorcourts.org.na/supreme/nam_constitution.html
The Communications Act No. 8 of 2009 and the regulations made under it by CRAN(available from http://cran.na/Downloads.html )
REFERENCES
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