Lisbon

Beja

Mértola

The REHMINE research project is underway in SOCIUS, ISEG, Technical University of Lisbon. Its main objective is to develop a conceptual model for planning the revitalization of São Domingos mine area. Furthermore, the project aims to contribute to the improvement of the decision making process when planning and assessing local sustainable development of rural brownfields.

Global purposes of REHMINE

To contribute for the integration of the principle of respect for stakeholders interests in the process of SDM redevelopment.

To contribute to improve the regional sustainable development supported on the SDM redevelopment.

To contribute to estimate the sustainability values potentially induced by the redevelopment of rural brownfields with low

market attractiveness.

Corresponding methods are as follows:

1. Contribute to the involvement of stakeholders in the process of sustainable (re)development, through use of Public Participation Methods (Social Analysis).

2. Describe the community's cultural relationship with the landscape and understand the current and desired quality of life conditions, through ethnographic interviews (Social Analysis).

3. Make an assessment of existing and potential environmental impacts induced by the environmental rehabilitation, through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

4. Make the estimate of the socio-economic value of (re)development on the basis of a cultural tourism project, through the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM).

5. Rank the actions identified for (re)development during the REHMINE project through the Multicriteria Analysis MACBETH method.

Introduction

We would like to thank to all 39 stakeholders, experts, and also to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) that funded this project (Ref. PTDC/AAC-AMB/103907/2008).

Acknowledgments

• Please contact idalinasardinha@iseg.utl.pt or rehmine@socius.iseg.utl.pt

• See an online version of the poster at the website: http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~socius/rehmine/

For further informations

Table 1 - Sustainability framework for planning the redevelopment of the SDM rural brownfield

Poster 1 presented at:

Dias-Sardinha, I.1 , Carolino, J.2, Matos, P.V.3, Mendes, I.1, Milheiras, S.1, Craveiro, D.1, Marques, M.1, Primdahl, J.4 and Krutwagen, B.5 1 SOCIUS (Research Centre in Economic and Organizational Sociology), ISEG (School of Economics and Management), of UTL (Technical University of Lisbon). Rua Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal 2 Research Centre for Architecture, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal 3 ADVANCE (Center for Advanced Research in Management), ISEG (School of Economics and Management), of UTL (Technical University of Lisbon). Rua Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal 4 Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 5 IVAM (Research and Consultancy on Sustainability), Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Stakeholders workshop

Community focus group

Heritage seminar

REHMINE Project - Redevelopment of São Domingos Mine, Mértola, Portugal June, 2013 in School of Economics & Management

Fig. 1 - The São Domingos Mine, at the heart of the Iberian Pyrite Belt.

The São Domingos Mine, at the heart of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

REHMINE Approach – Objectives

STAKEHOLDER'S ANALYSIS

• Frame conceptually the sustainability redevelopment and define strategic lines of action exploring alternatives and involve stakeholders.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

• Quantify and valuate the current environmental impacts (emissions and waste streams) and calculate the externalities (shadow prices).

• Prioritize EDM waste streams for environmental improvement.

CONTINGENT VALUATION

• Assess the socioeconomic value value of SDM redevelopment through an hypothetic cultural tourism Project.

MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS

• Rank and select the best value for money/doability intervention projects in a group expert decision process.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

• Indicate notes which may serve to optimize public decision and policies regarding planning rural brownfields regeneration with low market attractiveness (also SDM).

April

2010

June

2013

The abandoned sulphur mills

Contaminated water channels

METHODOLOGY

LCA is a method to assess the over all impact over the lifecycle of a production chain. By connecting emissions and material use to environmental impacts, the impact can be summed up per environmental effect and to a single score indicator. Also can the total impact be expressed in shadow prices, by pricing environmental damages or the willingness to pay for prevention.

RESULTS

Arsenic emissions due to AMD is main problem (>90% of total impact): 3,8 M€ damage cost per year!

Planned rehabilitation impact is low compared to avoided emissions.

97% of total impact of mine can be allocated to 3,6% of all waste (brittle pyrite and melting ashes).

Both landfill and wetlands: remain 2% of impacts, but still no certainty of compliance for emissions to water.

CONCLUSION

Rehabilitation can reduce environmental impact significantly, however compliance to all metal emissions to water is very difficult and costly.

METHODOLOGY

The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) intends to measure the individual utility associated with a project (a change) by finding the specifically individual Willingness To Pay (WTP).

RESULTS

Found median WTP = 1,56 € per individual per month for a 5-year period.

Socioeconomic and demographic variables that explain significant variations of the WTP.

Total Economic Value (TEV) = € 4.340.190,91. This is quite similar to the € 4.970.000,00 budget settled for the channels restoration (Rubio et al. 2005).

CONCLUSION

The TEV is an indicator of the expected potential benefits from an hypothetic/ wished local tourist project, even with the current crisis!

People are willing to participate, even willing to pay.

Relevant for further redevelopment process when partnerships are needed.

METHODODOLY

MACBEHT is a MCA socio-technical approach following a series of iterative steps for group decision support.

RESULTS

Best cost/doability benefit projects:

Landscaping including proper reforestation, maintenance and conservation of the mining landscape

Study the perception of the current mining identity and its subsequent valorization

Restoration and conservation of public spaces and buildings

Higher benefit but relatively less cost/doability projects:

Integrated planning for redevelopment

Renewal mining heritage

Actions for tourism development

CONCLUSION

Before investing in cultural tourism it is wise to invest on the improving of local conditions and enhance mining heritage to support future activities in the mining site.

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Strategic dimensions Categories for action

Environmental Reconversion

Landscape as a space Environmental quality Biodiversity

Cultural Regeneration Social identity legacy Landscape as a place

Social Revalorization Public safety Local livability

Economic Revitalization Multifunctional territory Driving economic activities

Community Reinforcement Empowerment Institutional responsibilities

Strategic Reframing

Integrated planning Funding strategies Territorial competitiveness

1 2 3 4 5

1

2 3 4

I. Stakeholders mapping

II. Stakeholders semi-structured interviews

III. Experts narrative workshop

IV. Two community focus groups

V. Stakeholders workshop

VI. Seminar on heritage case studies

Identification of main strategic areas for SDM’s redevelopment planning – sustainability framework (Table 2).

Difficulties found in the interaction between decision makers and the community.

Many suggested actions are dependent of external factors and entities but dialogue started.

Sensitive recruiting process;

Local identity issues inhibit a positive valorization of the site.

Snowball sampling led to a diverse sample of 39 stakeholders: regulatory entities; local/ regional interest groups; property owners; experts; and end users.

Community and stakeholders reactions were positive: stimulating dialogue and participation, favorable feedback in social networks.

Identification of relevant stakeholders for SDM redevelopment planning.

Identification of the main sustainability dimensions and categories for SDM redevelopment planning.

Promote an innovative thinking about SDM and initiate a public participation process (open activity).

Identification by the community of the main issues for SDM redevelopment; Promote empowerment.

Promote stakeholders participation; Identify sustainability strategies and actions and stimulate dialogue.

Stimulate learning from other examples on mine redevelopment and heritage projects (open activity).

We would like to thank to all 39 stakeholders, experts, and also to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) that funded this project (Ref. PTDC/AAC-AMB/103907/2008).

Acknowledgments

• Please contact idalinasardinha@iseg.utl.pt or rehmine@socius.iseg.utl.pt

• See an online version of the poster at the website: http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~socius/rehmine/

For further informations

Poster 2 presented at:

Dias-Sardinha, I.1, Carolino, J.2, Matos, P.V.3, Mendes, I.1, Milheiras, S.1, Craveiro, D.1, Marques, M.1, Primdahl, J.4 and Krutwagen, B.5 1 SOCIUS (Research Centre in Economic and Organizational Sociology), ISEG (School of Economics and Management), of UTL (Technical University of Lisbon). Rua Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal 2 Research Centre for Architecture, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal 3 ADVANCE (Center for Advanced Research in Management), ISEG (School of Economics and Management), of UTL (Technical University of Lisbon). Rua Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal 4 Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 5 IVAM (Research and Consultancy on Sustainability), Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Findings by including the stakeholders interests in the

redevelopment of SDM and low market attractiveness rural sites When a brownfield are privately owned and low market attractive, public and private actors seem not sharing the same interests on regeneration. From SA we learn which are the antagonisms between the multi perspectives, how to enhance empowerment, to increase potential future stakeholders participation, facilitate dialogue and define strategies accordingly with an integrated planning.

The LCA results contribute for understanding the need to known the further use of the rehabilitated site.

The CV indicate people valuate tourism and are willing to participate.

The MACBETH shows the need to value doability.

Enlarge awareness and knowledge on abandoned mines in the IPB region and its potential for heritage tourism and regional development.

Major brownfield’s regeneration obstacles

There are no EU-level standards indicating whether a site poses significant risk to human health and to soil or water and each country have their own methodologies for establishing remediation values to be achieved and results aren’t uniformed, monitored and certified.

Structural funds (EU) regulations do not require an integrated development plan and the reuse of brownfield is not adequately supported.

The polluter-pays principle is not fully applied, and a challenge for derelict mines and for sites sold to private owner specific conditions.

COM(2006) 232: Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC modified by the Council Working Party on the Environment (Document 6124/1/10 REV 1 of 4 March 2010)

Main suggestions for rural brownfields

regeneration in Portugal

Projects should achieve their environmental objectives but also intended future occupation of the redevelopment:

Require the brownfield regeneration project as part of an integrated (re)development plan.

Make a market analysis (CBA) and consider options for future use integrating stakeholders interests.

Know the socioeconomic and environmental downturn of the redevelopment targeting particular local business and SME suitable to background available skills and links with local academic institutions (to local impact).

Regeneration should be supported by a collaborative strategy, based on planning principles and knowledge of environmental, socioeconomic problems so that actions can be prioritized.

Guaranty regeneration achievements are measured and certified.

Mapping of contaminated sites/ brownfields in Portugal, describe specific problems, regeneration targets and strategies for financial resources.

Discuss the limit of public funding: not exceed the funding gap between the cost of the investment and the revenue it is expected to generate. The gap might be 100% if there are no expected revenues or/and only environmental value, e.g., future parks or environmental reserves.

Standards for good technical practices and principles as respect for stakeholders participation seem to be crucial.

• Sustainability conceptual framework for planning the redevelopment with stakeholders of the SDM Rural Brownfield.

STAKEHOLDER'S ANALYSIS

• Rehabilitation can reduce environmental impact significantly, however compliance to all metal emissions to water is very difficult and costly.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

• The 19,5% of people from the region willing to pay indicate a TEV that might complement a cost benefit analysis, relevant for further cultural tourism projects when partnerships are needed.

CONTINGENT VALUATION

• Before investing in cultural tourism it is wise to invest on the improving of local conditions and enhance mining heritage to support future activities in the mining site.

MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS

• Indicate elements which may serve to optimize public decision and policies regarding planning brownfields regeneration with low market attractiveness (also for SDM).

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

REHMINE Approach – Result Synthesis

Dias Sardinha, I., Craveiro, D., Milheiras, S. (in press). A sustainability framework for redevelopment of rural brownfields: stakeholder participation at São Domingos abandoned mine, Portugal. Journal of Cleaner Production.

Craveiro, D., Sardinha, I.D., Milheiras, S. Industrial heritage tourism as the trigger for local development of a post-mining area in the southeast of Portugal: perceptions from the visited and the visitors”, in Fertile Links? Connections between tourism activities, socioeconomic contexts and local development in European rural areas, Elisabete Figueiredo and Antonio Raschi (Eds.), Florence University Press Book (forthcoming).

Milheiras, S., Carolino, J., Dias-Sardinha, I. 2012. Finding new vocations for a post-mining landscape: the case of the São Domingos Mine (Southern Alentejo, Portugal). Negotiating Environmental Conflicts: Local communities, global policies. Edited by Gisela Welz, Franziska Sperling and Eva Maria Blum. Frankfurt am Main: Kulturanthropologie Notizen, Volume 81, pp. 25-40.

Dias-Sardinha, I., Primdahl, J., Craveiro, D., Kristensen, L. 2012. Participatory processes for strategic spatial planning on two rural regions: the case of São Domingos Mine, Alentejo, Portugal and the case of Lihme, Jutland, Denmark. The political ecology of depopulation: Inequality, Landscape, and People; Angel Paniagua, Raymond Bryant, Thanasis Kizos (editors). Spain: Rolde Foundation, CeDDaR, pp. 151-173. http://apuntesdedemografia.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/libro-the-political-ecology-of-depopulation/

Dias Sardinha, I., Carolino, J., Mendes, I., Verga Matos, P. 2010. The REHMINE research project: the threefold value of São Domingos abandoned mine rehabilitation in southern Portugal in Risk Analysis VII & Brownfields V, C.A. BREBBIA, Wessex Institute of Technology, UK and C.N. Brooks, Greenfield Environmental Trust Group, USA, Book Series: WIT Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, Volume: 43, ISBN: 978-1-84564-472-7, pp. 27-38. http://library.witpress.com/pages/PaperInfo.asp?PaperID=21579

Published materials

REHMINE Project - Redevelopment of Mina de São Domingos, Mértola, Portugal June, 2013 in School of Economics & Management