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Post War TrendsPost War Trends
Nativism: Prejudice against foreign-born people
Isolationism: a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs
Economy in a difficult state of adjustment Returning soldiers faced unemployment Took their old jobs away from women and
minorities Cost of living doubled Wartime orders diminished
Fear of CommunismFear of Communism
Communism: an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship Want to equalize wealth and power
Ended to private property Government ownership of factories, railroads,
and other business
Red ScareRed Scare
Red Scare: name given to the panic in the United States began in 1919, after revolutionaries in Russia overthrew the czarist regime Communists cried out for a worldwide revolution that
would abolish capitalism everywhere
A Communist Party in the A Communist Party in the U.S.?U.S.?
70,000 radicals joined and some of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders
Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids
August 1919, U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover with the help of their agents would hunt down suspected Communists, Socialists, and anarchists Anarchists: people who oppose any form of
government These raids trampled people’s civil rights, invaded
private homes and offices, and jailed suspects without allowing legal counsel
Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids
Hundreds of foreign-born radicals were deported without trials
Palmer raids failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy
Palmer Raids caused a problem in Hollywood Actors or Actresses became Black listed
Sacco & VanzettiSacco & Vanzetti
Red Scare fed people’s suspicions of foreigners and immigrants
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a shoemaker and a fish peddler Both were Italian immigrants and anarchists Both evaded the draft during W.W.I. May 1920 Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and
charged with murder/robbery of a factory paymaster and his guard in Braintree, Massachusetts
Sacco & Sacco & VanzettiVanzetti
Witnesses said criminals appeared Italian
Sacco and Vanzetti provided alibis and asserted their innocence
Evidence against was circumstantial
Judge made prejudice remarks
Found guilt sentenced to death
Died in the Electric chair August 23, 1927
Limiting ImmigrationLimiting Immigration
“Keep America for Americans”
Many new immigrants were willing to work for lower wages in coal mines, steel mills, and textiles
After W.W.I. unskilled labor decreased in U.S. so fewer immigrants should be allowed in the U.S.
Quota SystemQuota System
Congress, in response to nativist pressure and decided to limit immigration from certain countries, especially southern and eastern Europe
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up the quota system System established the maximum number of people
who could enter the United States from each foreign country
The goal was to cut sharply European immigration to the United States
Quota SystemQuota System
Amended in 1924 Law limited immigration from each European
nation to 2% of the number of its nationals living in the United States in 1890 Provision discriminated against mostly Roman
Catholics and Jews who did not start coming over to the U.S. in large numbers until after 1890
Base year was later shifted to 1920 Law also reduced the total number of people
allowed to be admitted in any one year to 150,000
Quota SystemQuota System
Law prohibited Japanese immigration Caused ill will between Japan and the U.S.
The national origins quota system did not apply to immigrants from the Western Hemisphere
Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan
The Red Scare and Anti-Immigrant feelings used anti-communism as an excuse to harass any group unlike themselves By 1924, membership reached 4.5 million Believed in keeping blacks “in their place”
Destroying saloons Opposing unions Driving Roman Catholics, Jews and foreign-born
people out of the country The Klan dominated state politics in many states By late 1920s its criminal activity led to a decrease
in power
Labor UnrestLabor Unrest
Severe postwar conflict formed between labor and management
During the war, were there any strikes?
Labor UnrestLabor Unrest
During the war, government wouldn’t allow workers to strike because nothing could interfere with the war effort
American Federation of Labor (AFL) pledged to avoid strikes
Employers didn’t want to give raises nor did they want employees to join unions
Employers labeled striking workers as Communists
Boston Police StrikeBoston Police Strike
Boston police did not get a raise since the start of W.W.I.
Among their grievances was they were not allowed the right to unionize Representatives asked for a raise and were fired
The rest of the force decided to strike Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge called the
National Guard out Strike ended and the police were fired and new
policemen were hired
Steel Mill StrikeSteel Mill Strike
Workers wanted the right to negotiate for shorter working hours and a living wage
Wanted Union recognition and collective bargaining rights
U.S. Steel Corporation refused to meet with union reps
Steel companies hired strike breakers and used force Strike breakers: employees who agreed to work
during the strike
Steel Mill StrikeSteel Mill Strike
Striking workers were beaten by police, federal troops, and state militias
Propaganda campaign labeling striking workers as communists
Strike ended January 1920
1923 conditions were exposed and companies agreed to an 8 hour day but workers remained without a union
Coal Miners’ StrikeCoal Miners’ Strike
Unionism were more successful in the coalfields
1919 United Mine Workers of America got a new leader, John L. Lewis
Protested low wages and long workdays
Union member strike
Attorney General Palmer got a court order to send miners back to work
Despite order, coal mines stayed closed
Coal miners received a pay raise but not a shorter day until 1930s
Labor Movement Loses Labor Movement Loses AppealAppeal
Union Membership declined Work force consisted of immigrants willing to
work in poor conditions Immigrants spoke a multitude of languages
making it hard to organize them Farmers had migrated to cities and were used
to relying on themselves Most unions excluded African Americans
African American Labor African American Labor UnionsUnions
Joined unions such as: Mine workers’ Longshoremen’s Railroad porters
A. Philip Randolph founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car unions (1925)