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Post Classical Age: 1200-1450. Reorganization of the Post Classical World Continuity and Change. Organization, Consolidation and Migration of Eurasian Steppe people. European Interests turned outward. The Mongol Impact. Mongol Origins. Linguistic group (not Indo-European or Turkish) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Post Classical Age: 1200-1450
Reorganization of the Post Classical WorldReorganization of the Post Classical WorldContinuity and ChangeContinuity and Change
European Interests turned outward
Organization, Consolidationand Migration of Eurasian Steppe people
The Mongol ImpactThe Mongol Impact
Mongol OriginsLinguistic group (not Indo-European or Turkish)Of the Eurasian Steppe
Pastoralist (sheep, goats, yaks, camel)
Domestication of Horse
Semi-wild, stocky, prehistoric-like
Tribes & kin-related clans -Internal fighting
‘Strongmen’ (KHAN) could unite clans & tribes
Most mobile of pre-industrial era
Yurt (housing)
Trade with sedentary farmers – grain, textiles, tea
Rise to PowerRise to Power
Ghinggis Khan (supreme ruler)
War Machine…Weapons (short bows, lances, hatchets)CavalryScouting partiesMessengers (Yam)Spy networks
Ghinggis Khan captures Chinese City
Mongolian Rule: Ghinggis Khan’s Legacy
Standardization of law
Mongolian script developed
Open to new ideas
Peaceful diversity
Tolerant rulers
Religious toleration
Keen interest in the arts
Artistic creativity given free expression
Inspired by conquered people
Mongolian Script
•
Mongol Conquests•Ghinngis , 3 sons & grandson
– campaigns and conquests•South into China•West into Muslim & Christian territories
•Four Khanates were created– China (Yuan Dynasty)– Russia (Golden Horde)– West Asia (2)
How should the Mongols be interpreted in the development of World History?
To what extent did the Mongolsleave a legacy on the conquered region?
How did Mongols bring about an end to regional rule in China, Russia and the Near East?
How were the subject people treated with respect to cultural, economic and political institutions?
To what extent did the Mongols assimilate into the society of the people they conquered?
Russia China
West Asia – Middle East1258 Sack of Baghdad by Hulegu
Conquered Seljuk Turks (Predominate Sultanate of Muslim World) Murdered Caliph & family Devastated focal points of Muslim World
Continued splintering of the Muslim
World
Osman of the Turks emerged from the power struggle OTTOMANS -Sack of Constantinople in 1453
Timur (Tamerlane)Successors (Babur) form MUGHAL Empire on India 1526
Tamerlane’s loss of Persian lands gave rise to Shi’ite SAFAVIDSMuslim World introduced to GunpowderMuslim World introduced to GunpowderTrade & Focus of interest remained EastTrade & Focus of interest remained East
Yuan DynastyChina under the Mongols…
Yuan Golden Age…
Chinese Resistance
Chinese Scholars resisted challenges to Chinese traditions
After Kublai Khan’s death - Decline
Generous Patronage of the arts
Popular culture – theatre
Bolstered artisan & merchant classes
China: Yuan DynastyKublai Khan (grandson of Ghinggis Khan)1271 Yuan Dynasty- claimed Mandate
Maintained distinction between Chinese & MongolsNo intermarriageStrict Hierarchy -No upper level jobs for ethnic ChineseCivil Service- with quotas
Naval Expansion Failed invasion
of JapanTemporary occupation of Vietnam
Decline of Yuan Re-establishment of Chinese
leadershipMINGMING
Dynasty
Miniature from the Book "The Travels of Marco Polo"
“The palace itself has a very high roof. Inside, the walls of the halls and chambers are all covered with gold and silver and decorated with pictures of dragons and birds and horsemen and various breeds or beasts and scenes of battle. The ceiling is similarly adorned, so that there is nothing to be seen anywhere but gold and pictures. The hall is so vast and so wide that a meal might well be served there for more than 6,000 men.”
Opened China to foreign influence
Knowledge of Muslim World (medicine, cartography, celestial observation)
Marco Polo’s visit
Impact :VassalageTrade & ties to EastMoscow (seat of power Princes of Muscovy)
Wealth, political centralization, religious center of power
Isolated from West
• Numerous small kingdoms• 1236 Batu (grandson of Ghinggis Khan)
and the Golden Horde invade
Russia: The Golden Horde
No eye remained to weep for the deadCities looted and destroyedOnly successful winter assault on RussiaAssault reached Eastern Europe – Poland
Ivan III tearing the Khan's demand into pieces
Long Term ImpactLong Term ImpactLess political, more economic and social…
Pax MongolicaMerchant activity and trade encouraged
The plague is estimated to have killed 25 million people in China and India before reaching Europe
Mongols: Religion & Gender
Religious TolerationBuddhism, Confucianism, Daoism ,Islam
Adapted & adopted (in some cases) beliefs and religions of area conquered
Gender Roles Mongol women had freedoms unknown to
Chinese and other sedentary women in conquered areas
Overtime, Chinese restrictions made their way into Mongol traditions
Few subjects provoke more heated debate than the impact of the Mongols.
Were they primarily a destructive force, leaving a swath of ashes and barren earth? Or did they create conditions for the flourishing of cities, trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia?
Consider the bias of most of our sources…
Sedentary peoples whom the nomadic Mongols had conquered wrote most narratives about the Mongol invasion and rule. The traumas of war and the burdens of occupation by a culturally alien people naturally loom large in such accounts. Even those who arguably benefited by working for the Mongols were unable to overcome their dislike for their masters, a dislike often rooted in cultural prejudice. As a result, the term Mongol throughout history has conjured images of destruction and brutality.
What is your Interpretation of the
Mongols?Draft a thesis…