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Ports Energy and Carbon Savings

Energy and Carbon Neutrality in Ports?

Prof. J. van Berkel, HZ University of Applied Sciences PECS Startconference- Southampton– 20/01/2018

Ports within PECS

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Ports within PECS

Ports within PECS

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Ports within PECS

Ports within PECS

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Human energy consumption

H h i th t ?

In the year 2012 around 7 billion peopleused ~ 578 EJ per year on primary energy

How much power is that per person?

~ 2.6 kW/person

A trained person can generate app. 200 W continuously2,6 kW = 13 “slaves”

Rindt, SET,TU/e, 2014

Final Energy Consumption 2014 GJ/person)

3,8 kW

Ref: Dijkshoorn, RVO, Energy Days 2017, TU/e

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Fossil f el Carbon dio ideFossil fuel > Carbon dioxide

+

e, 2014

Natural greenhouse effect: 80% water vapor, CO2 and methane. Extra greenhouse effect: increase of concentration of greenhouse gases by human activity

Rindt, SET,TU/e

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Carbon Dioxide around the World

Causes climate change …..

Ref: Danish Meteorological Institue (2016, vergeleken met 1958 to 2002)

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Greenhouse gases

CO2

(ppm)CH4

(ppm)CFC‐11(ppt)

CFC‐12(ppt)

N2O(ppb)

Pre‐industrial280 0 70 0 0 270

concentration280 0.70 0 0 270

Concentrationin 2012

393 1.8 240 530 320

Annual increase 0.5% 0.4% ‐0.1% ‐0.05% 0.3%

Atmospheric lifetime (yr)

100 12 45 100 114

G.W.P. a

( t CO )1 25 4750 10900 298

Characteristic properties of the most important greenhouse gasesSource: Nationale milieuverkenningen 2, 1990-2010

(w.r.t. CO2)Contribution in 1990

58% 16% together 7% 6%

ppm = parts per million; m = million = 106, b=billion = 109, t = trillion = 1012a G.W.P.= Gross Warming Potential, compared to CO2  on the basis of volume concentration

Necessary CO2-emission reduction (to restrict temperature raise)

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Consensus, finally….

1. 20 % reduction of energy consumption2. 85-90 % reduction of CO2-emissions

Consensus?

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Question 1:

The Energy Reality Check, TU/e, 2016

75 %

The Energy Reality Check, TU/e, 2016

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Question 2:

The Energy Reality Check, TU/e, 2016

25 years

The Energy Reality Check, TU/e, 2016

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Solutions:

1. Saving energy2. Renewable generation (non fossil fuel)

Note Electricity ~ 15 % of total

Renewable sources

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Energy and Carbon Neutrality

Defined as:

“Within a system (country, province, city, port, building): Within a system (country, province, city, port, building): Annual consumption = Renewable production.

E = 0Enett = 0

Can Energy Neutrality be achieved for Ports?

Or at least for 20 %?

What is a port anyway?What is a port anyway?

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Port of Oostende

Port of Dunkerque

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Port of IJmuiden

Port of Hellevoetsluis

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Port of Portsmouth

??

Energy Consumption in Ports?

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Sustainability and Industrial Ports ?

https://www.tatasteel.nl/nl/nieuws/persberichten/Grondstoffen:-verbruikscijfers-in-vogelvlucht

675 W/m2

Man-related energy

http://www.theenergycollective.com/robertwilson190/257481/why-power-density-matters

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Business area Kagerweg

Estimated annual current energy use:-23.797.000 kWh of electricity-3.085.000 m3 of gas

Gross:86,0000 haNett:53,0000 ha

https://www.ibis-bedrijventerreinen.nl/content/kagerweg

Energy density = 7 W/m2

Hellevoetsluis Heliushaven

Energy consumption 300 MWh, area estimated 0,5 km2

Energy density = 0,07 W/m2

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Summary Power density [W/m2]Summary Power density [W/m2]

• Heavy industry ~ 675• Residential area ~ 5-500• Business parks ~ 7• Marinas ~ < 0,1

Renewable production: Power density

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Man-related energy

http://www.theenergycollective.com/robertwilson190/257481/why-power-density-matters

Preliminairy Conclusions

1. Industrial ports cannot approach energy and

carbon neutrality with renewables (>> 5 W/m2)carbon neutrality with renewables (>> 5 W/m )

2. Marinas can (<1 W/m2)

Note: LCA (embodied CO2) not yet taken into account

Focus on:

1. Subsystem pilots for industrial ports

2. Marinas as a whole

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BPS-Pontoon

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IndaChlor

Oostende

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Oostende II

Hellevoetsluis

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IJmond

Portsmouth Linkspan

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Preliminairy Conclusions II

Realizable CO2 reduction potential in PECS:

1. Marina ports ~ 10 %

2. Subsystem pilots ~ 0-100 %

Thanks

J. van BerkelHZ University of Applied Sciences

entry@xs4all.nl

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Partners

Observers

With the financial support of