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Portrait of Abraham Lincoln taken around the time he wrote the Gettysburg Address (1863).
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The Civil War begins and develops into a stalemate during the first two years. Both Union and Confederate soldiers suffer manyhardships.
The Civil War Begins,1861–1862
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
War Erupts
Life in the Army
No End in Sight
The Civil War Begins,1861–1862
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Section 1
War EruptsThe secession of the Southern states quickly lead to armed conflict between the North and the South.
First Shots at Fort Sumter
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1SECTION
War Erupts
• Federal troops hold Fort Sumter, harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
• Abraham Lincoln decides to send supply ships to Fort Sumter
• Southern states take over most federal forts within their borders
• Confederates attack fort before supplies arrive, start Civil War
• U.S. troops defend fort for 34 hours, then surrender
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Lincoln Calls Out the Militia
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1SECTION
• President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down uprising
• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy
• In the upper South, state leaders refuse request
• Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and South
• Confederate capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia (May, 1861)
• Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia
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Choosing Sides
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• Border states—slave states that border states in which slavery illegal
• Maryland stays in Union, keeps Washington D.C. within the Union
• Include Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
• Western counties, Virginia break away, form Union state, West Virginia
• Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware stay in Union
• 24 states make up the Union, 11 states join the Confederacy
Strengths and Weaknesses
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• North has 22 million people, South has 9 million people
• North has more railroad mileage, all the naval power, shipyards
• 85 percent of nation’s factories located in the North
• Union has great leader, President Abraham Lincoln
Map
Continued . . .
Continued Strengths and Weaknesses
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• Confederacy has able generals
• Confederates defending homes, have more will to fight than invaders
• Union supply lines will have to stretch far to invade the South
The Confederate Strategy
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• Confederacy takes defensive position, does not want to conquer North
• Hopes to force Britain, France to aid the Confederates
• Uses King Cotton to win foreign support, withholds cotton exports
• Europeans have cotton surplus, don’t want to get involved
• South becomes offensive, tries for big victories to demoralize North
The Union Strategy
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• North develops offensive strategy • General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan—
smother the South’s economy • Use naval blockade of South’s coastline • Blockade— armed forces stop goods, people
into or out of an area • Gain control of the Mississippi River, split
Confederacy in two • Scott’s plan takes time, Lincoln decides to
invade Virginia (1861)
Battle of Bull Run
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• Confederates defeat Union troops at First Battle of Bull Run (1861)
• Victory thrills South, North has underestimated their opponent
• Lincoln sends militia home, calls for real army of 500,000 volunteers
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Section 2
Life in the Army Both Union and Confederate soldiers endure many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War.
Those Who Fought
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• Most Civil War soldiers are between 18 and 30 years of age
• Some immigrants serve, most are from Germany, Ireland
• Most soldiers are farmers, majority are born in U.S.
• African Americans want to fight, not accepted in North, South armies
• Later, North accepts African Americans into its ranks
Life in the Army
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Continued . . .
Continued Those Who Fought
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• Most Civil War soldiers are volunteers, they volunteer to:- escape boredom of factory, farm work- join friends, neighbors- seek adventure, glory- get recruitment money- show loyalty to country, state
Turning Civilians into Soldiers
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• After enlisting, a soldier is sent to training camp, usually lives in tent
• Follows training schedule, gets uniform, clothing often poor quality
• At camp, soldiers get plenty of food; in the field, get limited food
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Hardships of Army Life
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• Civil War soldiers in field, often wet, cold, live in crude shelters
• Causes widespread sicknesses
• Results in poor hygiene—conditions, practices that promote health
• Camps are unsanitary, soldiers often go for weeks without bathing
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Changes in Military Technology
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• Weapons improve, results in:- higher casualty rate- battle tactics change
• Use rifles—guns with grooved barrel, cause bullets to spin
• Minié ball—bullet with hollow base • Rifles using minié balls shoot farther, more
accurately than muskets
Continued . . .
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• Ironclads—warships covered with iron, better than wooden warships
• First ironclad battle off coast of Virginia (1862) includes:- Confederate Virginia (Merrimack)- Union Monitor
Continued Changes in Military Technology
• After about four hours, battle ends in a draw
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Section 3
No End in Sight In the first two years of the war, neither side gains a decisive victory over the other.
Union Victories in the West
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• Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the West
3SECTION
• Grant’s forces capture two Confederate river forts in Tennessee
• Residents of Nashville flee, Union troops march into Nashville (1862)
No End in Sight
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The Battle of Shiloh
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• Union army fights Confederate army at Battle of Shiloh (1862)
• Confederate commanding general Albert S. Johnston is killed
• Union troops are lead by Ulysses S. Grant
• Fresh Union troops arrive, South retreats • 13,000 Union soldiers are killed, 11,000
Confederates are killed
Interactive
The Fall of New Orleans
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• Admiral David Farragut, Union fleet capture New Orleans
• Confederates control stretch of river near their fort at Vicksburg
• Union controls most of the Mississippi River
Lee Claims Victories in the East
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• General George McClellan, Union troops attempt to capture Richmond
• Report size of Union army, Robert E. Lee’s army attacks Union army
• Confederate Jeb Stuart, cavalry (soldiers on horseback) spy McClellan
• Both sides clash for a week
• Lee ends the Union threat in Virginia
• Confederates defeat Union army at Seven Days’ Battles (1862)
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Lee Invades the North
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3SECTION
• General Lee, troops invade Maryland (September 1862)
• Several reasons for taking war to the North: - hopes victory in North will force President Lincoln to talk peace- gives Virginia farmers a rest from war during harvest- Confederates could plunder Northern
farmers for food- hopes invasion will convince Britain, France to aid Confederacy
Bloody Antietam
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3SECTION
• General McClellan’s army fights Lee’s army, Battle of Antietam (1862)
• Lee’s crippled army retreats into Virginia, McClellan fails to pursue
• After 1 day, neither side gains ground, 25,000 men are killed, wounded
• President Lincoln fires McClellan
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