Population dynamics during industrialization1081366/FULLTEXT01.pdf · This is the published version of a chapter published in Population Dynamics during Industrialization . Citation

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This is the published version of a chapter published in Population Dynamics during Industrialization.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Kearns, G. (2000)Demography and industrialisation: a geographic overview.In: Anders Brändström and Lars-Göran Tedebrand (ed.), Population Dynamics duringIndustrialization (pp. 11-37). Umeå: Umeå universitet

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-132434

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Bdbpm` . km`nìon \ ^c`^fgdno ja njh` ja oc` h\it ojkd^n ^jh*kmdn`_ ]t oc` np]e`ô ja oc` km`nìo qjgph`8 oc` m`g\odjin ]`*or`ì _`hjbm\kct \i_ di_pnomd\gdn\odji+ Pc` _`hjbm\kcd^ q\md*\]g`n ja a`modgdot) hjmo\gdot \i_ hdbm\odji r`m` dio`m*m`g\o`_ di lpdo`_dnodiô r\tn _pmdib oc` q\mdjpn kc\n`n ja di_pnomd\gdn\odji+ E km`nìo\ ndhkgdad`_ \^^jpio ja njh` ja oc`n` ]\nd^ ^jiom\non ]t _dnodi*bpdncdib ]òr`ì `\mgt) hd__g` \i_ g\o` kc\n`n ja di_pnomd\gdn\odji+Pc` `\mgt k`mdj_ r\n ^c\m\ô`mdn`_ ]t oc` om\indodji amjh r\o`m* ojno`\h*kjr`m+ Pc` hd__g` k`mdj_ r\n oc` c`t_\t ja >mdodnc no`\h*kjr`m`_ di_pnomd\gdn\odji+ Pc` g\o` k`mdj_ n\r >mdodnc c`b`hjit^jh` pi_`m ocm`\o amjh C`mh\it \i_ oc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n rdoc i`rdi_pnomd`n np^c \n ^c`hd^\gn di_d^\odib \ i`r o`^cijgjbd^\g amji*od`m+ E ocdif oc\o \ b`jbm\kcd^\g \kkmj\^c oj oc`n` `^jijhd^ ^c\ib`nc`gkn pn oj _`n^md]` oc` r\tn oc`n` kc\n`n `^cj`_ ocmjpbc oc`kjkpg\odji cdnojmt ja oc` di_pnomd\gdndib ^jpiomd`n+ E rjpg_ kmdjmdodn`hdbm\odji \n oc` ^jm` ja oc` _`hjbm\kcd^ ntno`h \o ocdn odh`+ Pc`^c\ib`n di di_pnomd\g o`^cijgjbd`n ìo\dg`_ b`jbm\kcd^\g ncdaon di oc`gj^\odji ja kmj_pôdji rcd^c di opmi m`nc\k`_ m`bdjin) ojrin) ^do*d`n \i_ qdgg\b`n+ Eo r\n \b\dino ocdn pino\]g` b`jbm\kcd^\g \i_ _t*i\hd^ `^jijhd^ ]\^fbmjpi_ oc\o k`jkg` h\_` _`^dndjin \]jpo

è .. è

C`mmt G`\hn

h\mmd\b` \i_ ^cdg_]`\mdib+ Eo r\n di oc`n` i`r di_pnomd\g \i_ pm]\ink\^`n oc\o oc` i`b\odq` `so`mi\gdod`n ja oc` di_pnomd\g m`qjgpodji ^poncjmo oc` gdq`n ja oc`dm ^cdg_mì) amdì_n) ^jgg`\bp`n \i_ a\hdgd`n+

Ei oc` `\mgt di_pnomd\g k`mdj_) hp^c h\ipa\ôpmdib r\n nodgg gj*^\o`_ di oc` >mdodnc ^jpiomtnd_`+ Ei .5-- \]jpo ji` c\ga ja oc` mpm\gkjkpg\odji ja Aibg\i_ \i_ S\g`n r\n `hkgjt`_ jpond_` \bmd^pg*opm`+.Npm\g h\ipa\ôpmdib kmj_p^`_ \ ocd^fìdib ja kjkpg\odji_ìndot di ^`mo\di m`bdjin) ijo\]gt di oc` ijmoc \i_ r`no) m`lpdmdib^jiomd]podjin ]joc amjh a`modgdot \i_) hjm` ndbidad^\iogt) hdbm\odji+Npm\g h\ipa\ôpmdib ojbòc`m rdoc oc` nj^d\g n`^pmdot jaa`m`_ ]toc` kjjm g\r/h`\io oc\o Aibg\i_ r\n m`g\odq`gt pi_`m*pm]\idn`_bdqì oc` kmjhdiì^` ja h\ipa\ôpmdib di oc` `^jijht+ =o oc`_\ri ja oc` di_pnomd\g m`qjgpodji) pm]\i nj^dòt r\n hjm` ^jh*h`m^d\g oc\i di_pnomd\g+ Pcdn ^jhh`m^d\g aj^pn `skg\din) di g\mb`k\mo) rct oc` pm]\idn\odji) k\mod^pg\mgt ja oc` `\mgt `dbco`ìoc ^ì*opmt) r\n nj _m\h\od^\ggt ^ji^ìom\o`_ ji Hji_ji+ Pc` _`q`gjk*hìo ja a\ôjmd`n ^c\ib`_ ocdn+ =o admno) a\ôjmd`n r`m` gj^\o`_ dikg\^`n rc`m` r\o`m*kjr`m r\n ]joc \q\dg\]g` \i_ ^c`\k+ Ei \qjd_*dib ^jhkòdib _`h\i_n ajm r\o`m) a\ôjmd`n r`m` _m\ri oj oc`m`hjo`m k\mon ja oc` cdggt ijmoc*r`no ]po \n no`\h m`kg\^`_ nom`\h)di_pnomd\g ìom`kmì`pmn ^jpg_ mòpmi oj ojri rc`m` oc`t ajpi_rjmf`mn \i_ \i pm]\i diam\nompôpm` oc`t _d_ ijo i``_ oj kmjqd_àjm oc`hn`gq`n+ Pc` `\mgt di_pnomd\g k`mdj_) ocì) n\r a\ôjmt ojrin_m\r \gjibnd_` Hji_ji \n oc` gj^pn ja pm]\i bmjroc+

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è .0 è

C`mmt G`\min

Pc` hd__g` di_pnomd\g k`mdj_) \n _àdi`_ c`m`) rdoi`nn`_ oc`^j\g`n^ì^` ja a\ôjmt qdgg\b`n dioj di_pnomd\g ^dod`n \i_ oc` ^ji*^jhdo\io `soìndji ja oc` kjmon \i_ h\mon rcd^c h\i\b`_ kmjqd*ndjidib \i_ h\mfòdib ajm oc` i`r di_pnomd\g m`bdjin+ Pc`m` r`m`nodgg i`r ojrin ]`dib ^m`\o`_ ]po di^m`\ndibgt pm]\i*di_pnomd\gdn\*odji nòog`_ dioj ^g\nnd^ h\ipa\ôpmdib m`bdjin ja oc` hd_g\i_n \i_oc` ijmoc*r`no+ Pc`n` m`bdjin r`m` n^jm`_ ]t oc` ^\i\gn rcd^c]mjpbco di oc` ^j\g \i_ nc\_`_ ]t oc` nhjf` do kmj_p^`_+ Pcdn r\n@d^fìnì?jfòjri \n c` n\odmdn`_ do di=P`S IX[Ta) \ g\i_n^\k` jaadm` \i_ njjo) \ ojri ja a\ô \i_ a\odbp`7

Pc` a\dmt k\g\^`n ]pmno dioj dggphdi\odji) ]àjm` k\g` hjmi*dib ncjr`_ oc` hjinomjpn n`mkìon ja nhjf` om\dgdib oc`h*n`gq`n jq`m ?jfòjri+ = ^g\oo`mdib ja ^gjbn pkji oc` k\q`*hìo8 \ m\kd_ mdibdib ja ]`ggn8 \i_ \gg oc` h`g\i^cjgt*h\_`g`kc\ion) kjgdnc`_ \i_ jdg`_ ajm oc` _\tìn hjijojit) r`m`\o oc`dm c`\qt `s`m^dn` \b\di+0

>t oc` g\o` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt) oc` gj^pn ja hjno m\kd_di_pnomd\gdn\odji c\_ ncdao`_ \b\di \i_) amjh ]`dib \ m`bdji ja \bmd*^pgopm\g _`^gdi`) oc` ojrin \mjpi_ Hji_ji c\_ ]`^jh` cjno oj \m\ib` ja ^g`\i`m di_pnomd`n rcd^c rjpg_ _àdi` np]pm]\idi_pnomd\gdn\odji ajm hp^c ja oc` i`so ^ìopmt+ Pc` ^jhh`m^d\gapiôdji ja Hji_ji \b\di \nn`mo`_ don \pocjmdot jq`m oc` `^jijht\i_ don bgj]\g no\i_dib nc\_`_ oc` gdf`n ja Hdq`mkjjg \i_ I\i^c`n*o`m+

Pc`n` b`jbm\kcd^\g ncdaon r`m` npno\di`_ ]t ^c\ib`n di oc` i\*opm` \i_ _dm`ôdji ja hdbm\odji+ Pc` ^dm^pg\m hdbm\odji ja di_dqd_p*\gn ìb\b`_ di k`mdk\oòd^ rjmf k`mndno`_ ocmjpbcjpo oc`di_pnomd\gdndib k`mdj_ \n _d_ oc` n`\nji\g hjq`hìo ja rjmf`mn dikpmnpdo ja oc` c\mq`no \i_ hjq`hìo amjh \m`\n rc`m` \bmd^pgopm\gjkkjmopidod`n r`m` di _`^gdi` oj \m`\n rc`m` \bmd^pgopm` r\n ]jjh*dib+ Pc`n` njmon ja hdbm\odji) rcdg` \aa`ô`_ ]t oc` b`jbm\kct jadi_pnomd\gdn\odji) r`m` ijo ^ìom\g oj oc` pm]\i bmjroc ^c\m\ô`mdn*od^ ja di_pnomd\g >mdo\di+

è .1 è


Ei Apmjk`\i o`mhn) `\mgt hj_`h Aibg\i_ r\n \gm`\_t c`\qdgtpm]\idn`_ ]àjm` oc` di_pnomd\g m`qjgpodji+ Eo r\n n`^ji_ jigt ojoc` Hjr ?jpiomd`n di oc` nc\m` ja oc` kjkpg\odji gdqdib di ojrin+ Ear` di^gp_` Em`g\i_ \i_ O^jog\i_) \n r` ncjpg_) ocì) oc` ^jiom\nodn njh`rc\o g`nn h\mf`_+ Qm]\i bmjroc ]àjm` .5-- m`gd`_ pkjidi*hdbm\odji _p` oj oc` c`\qt hjmo\gdot kì\got \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc gda``qì di oc` hjno hj_`no h\mfò ojri+1Npm\g*pm]\i hdbm\odji \oocdn odh` dn k`mc\kn ]`no `skg\di`_ ]t oc` kpgg ja pm]\i jkkjmopidot+Pcjn` jkkjmopidod`n r`m` bmjrdib ]po jigt ngjrgt \i_ oc` agpôp\*odjin di hdbm\odji amjh t`\m oj t`\m c\_) k`mc\kn) hjm` oj _j rdococ` ^cmjijgjbt ja pm]\i hjmo\gdot oc\i ja oc` pm]\i `^jijht+ Eijoc`m rjm_n) oc` id^c`n ja pm]\i `hkgjthìo jkkjmopidot r`m`pnp\ggt `hkod`_ ocmjpbc oc` _`\oc ja oc` ^pmmìo di^ph]ìo+ Kpo*nd_` \ a`r ]jjhdib ^dod`n) \i_ hjno ndbidad^\iogt Hji_ji) hm\ghdbm\ion hjno jaoì adgg`_ oc` ncj`n ja _`\_ pm]\ido`n+ Pcdn hdbm\*odji ntno`h r\n lpd^fgt m`nkjindq` oj oc` `sk\i_`_ kmjnk`ôn ja*a`m`_ ]t pm]\i `kd_`hd^n \i_ ojri kjkpg\odjin m`^jq`m`_ lpd^fgt\ao`m kg\bp` jm kjs) \o g`\no di ocjn` ^\n`n) ^jhhji \ao`m oc` ajpm*o`ìoc ^ìopmt) rcì mpm\g \m`\n r`m` gào piojp^c`_ ]t oc` h\ejmpm]\i `kd_`hd^n+

=n pm]\i a\ôjmt di_pnomd`n bm`r) njh` mpm\g c\i_d^m\aon npa*a`m`_+ Pcdn ^m`\o`_ \ i`r mpm\g kpnc \gjibnd_` oc` pm]\i kpgg+ Pc`kpnc amjh oc` ^jpiomtnd_` r\n \pbhìo`_ ]t ^c\ib`n di \bmd^pg*opm` _pmdib oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt rcd^c m\dn`_ oc` g\]jpm kmj_p^*odqdot ja oc` bmjrdib ja ajj_+ =o oc` n\h` odh`) oc` ncdao amjh\m\]g` oj k\nopm` di njh` m`bdjin ja >mdo\di nc`_ apmoc`m rjmf`mnamjh \bmd^pgopm`+ Ei oc` i`r pm]\i*di_pnomd\g m`bdjin oc` `sk\indjija ej] jkkjmopidod`n kmj^``_`_ \k\^`+ Pc` iph]`m ja pm]\i ej]id^c`n r\n ij gjib`m _`kì_ìo pkji pm]\i hjmo\gdot+ Pc` mctochnja `^jijhd^ bmjroc ijr ^\gg`_ oc` opi` ajm mpm\g*pm]\i hdbm\odji+Ei oc` g\o` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt) oc` h\biò ja oc` ^j\gad`g_n r`\f*ì`_ ndbidad^\iogt \i_ oc` hjq`hìo ja kjkpg\odji ]\^f ojr\m_noc` njpoc \i_ `\no ja oc` ^jpiomt ]`b\i oj adgg pk pm]\i \m`\n\mjpi_ Hji_ji+

è .2 è

C`mmt G`\min

S` h\t nphh\mdn` oc` cdnojmt ja >mdodnc hdbm\odji ]t `qjfdibnjh` ja oc` kdji``mn ja oc` i`r pm]\i*di_pnomd\g nk\^`n+ Bjm oc``\mgt di_pnomd\g k`mdj_) r` hdbco ocdif ja oc` a\ôjmt ^cdg_mì+ Opm*mì_`m`_ oj kjjm g\r \pocjmdod`n) ]t mpm\g k\mìon pi\]g` oj a``_oc`h \n oc`t n\r oc` r\b`n ajm rjmf`mn np^c \n c\i_gjjh r`\q*`mn `q\kjm\o` di oc` c`\o ja a\ôjmt ^jhkòdodji) oc`n` ^cdg_mìr`m` km`nn*b\ib`_ dioj n`mqd^` di ^jooji a\ôjmd`n+ Pc`dm ejpmi`tamjh mpm\g c\i_d^m\aon oj pm]\i a\ôjmd`n r\n jigt hjm` ncj^fdiboc\i oc\o h\_` ]t h\it ja oc`dm k\mìon) njji`m jm g\o`m+ Pc` h\nnhdbm\odji oj oc` di_pnomd\g ^dot*m`bdjin ja oc` hd__g` k`mdj_ jadi_pnomd\gdn\odji dn `s`hkgdad`_ ]t oc` b\ibn ja Emdnc k`jkg` rcj gào\i \bmd^pgopm` \]\i_ji`_ ]t oc` >mdodnc bjq`mihìo oj \ k\diapgm`nompôpmdib `s\^`m]\o`_ ]po ijo dinodb\o`_ ]t oc` a\dgpm` ja oc`kjo\oj ^mjk _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` .51-n+2Pc`dm \m\]g` kgjonr`m` ^jinjgd_\o`_ dioj k\nojm\g a\mhn \i_ oc`t r`m` ojnn`_ diojoc` >mdodnc pm]\i g\]jpm h\mfò rc`m` oc`t h\_` i`r ^jhhpid*od`n ajm oc`hn`gq`n di oc` g\mb`no ^dod`n ja Aibg\i_ \i_ O^jog\i_+

Pc` kdji``mn ja oc` i`r np]pm]\idn\odji ja oc` g\o` ^ìopmtr`m` oc` hd__g` ^g\nn) oc` gjr`m*hd__g` ^g\nn \i_ oc` nfdgg`_ rjmf*dib ^g\nn+ ?g`\i di_pnomd`n) b\m_ì np]pm]n \i_ i`r q`mndjin ja oc`k\nojm\g d_`\g nc\k`_ oc`n` i`r k`mdpm]\i nk\^`n+ Pc` np]pm]n]mjpbco \ i`r `hkc\ndn ji _jh`nod^dot rdoc \ ^g`\m n`k\m\odji jaoc` h\g` nk\^`n ja kmj_pôdji amjh oc` a`h\g` nk\^`n ja m`kmj_p^*odji+

Pc` ^m`\odji ja i`r pm]\i nk\^`n ^\mmd`_ ]joc dioì_`_ \i_pidioì_`_ ^jin`lpì^`n ajm oc` _ti\hd^n ja kjkpg\odji ^c\ib`+=nd_` amjh oc` kctndjgjbd^\g àa`ôn ja rjmf) a`modgdot ^jhkmdn`n \i\m`\rc`m` oc` dhk\ôn ja di_pnomd\gdn\odji ji kjkpg\odjir`m` g\mb`gtdioì_`_+ Eo ^jpg_ ]` \mbp`_ oc\o di oc` `\mgt di_pnomd\g k`mdj_ a`modg*dot m`nkji_`_ oj jkkjmopidod`n ajm a\hdgt ajmh\odji rcd^c r`m`nc\k`_) di g\mb` k\mo) ]t agpôp\odjin di m`\g r\b`n+ Ei oc` `dbc*o`ìoc ^ìopmt oc` bmjroc di `^jijhd^ jkkjmopidot dn màg`ô`_ di \_`^gdi` di oc` \b` \o admno h\mmd\b` ajm rjhì ja ]òr`ì orj \i_ocm`` t`\mn) npaad^dìo oj m\dn` a`modgdot ]t \]jpo ji` adaoc+3 Pc`

è .3 è


nìndodqdot ja oc` h\mmd\b` m\o` oj `^jijhd^ agpôp\odjin ^jiodip`_ocmjpbc hp^c ja oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt+4 Ei oc` i`r di_pnomd\gojrin \i_ ^dod`n) oc` \q\dg\]dgdot ja rjmf ajm rjhì \i_ ^cdg_mì^c\ib`_ oc` `^jijhd^ ^\g^pgpn ja h\mmd\b` \i_ a`modgdot+ Pc` bì*_`m m`g\odjin \o rjmf dio`m\ô`_ rdoc ocjn` di oc` ^jhhpidot ojkmj_p^` bì_`m`_ pm]\i ^pgopm`n rcd^c di opmi c\_ \i di_`kì_ìoàa`ô pkji a\hdgd`n ijo _dm`ôgt ìb\b`_ di oc` gj^\ggt _jhdi\iodi_pnomt+5 Ei ocdn m`b\m_) oc` ^m`\odji ja i`r r\tn ja gda` di oc`np]pm]n r\n ja k\mod^pg\m dhkjmo\i^` ajm a`modgdot+ D`m`) di Oumò`mìnkcm\n`) r`m` i`r í̂ jhhpid^\odji ^jhhpidod`nì) dino\ggdib i`rijmhn \i_ m`\mdib i`r otk`n ja a\hdgd`n+ Pc` m`g\odjincdk ]òr`ìnp]pm]\idn\odji \i_ a`modgdot _`^gdi` dn \ ^gjn` ji`+

Pj \ a\m bm`\o`m `soìo) ^c\ib`n di hjmo\gdot m`km`nìo \ nò japidioì_`_ ^jin`lpì^`n agjrdib amjh oc` i`r pm]\i*di_pnomd\gnj^dòt+ Npm\g hjmo\gdot di oc` `dbco`ìoc ^ìopmt m`h\di`_ di k\mopi_`m oc` ^jiomjg ja kjkpg\odji _ìndot rdoc oc` k`jkg` ja m`hjo`)pkg\i_ _dnomdôn c\qdib ndbidad^\iogt ]òo`m gda` `sk`ô\i^t oc\i oc`dm^jpndin di hjm` _ìn`gt kjkpg\o`_) gjrg\i_ _dnomdôn) k\mod^pg\mgt daoc` g\oo`m r`m` `nop\mdi` jm h\mnct+6?`mo\digt da ji` gjjfn \o oc`k\oo`min ja `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n`) oc` pm]\i kì\got di `\mgt hj_`hodh`n dn \ apiôdji ja ^jii`ôdqdot+ Pc` ]`no ^jii`ô`_ kg\^`n ì*ejt oc` bm`\o`no ocmjpbcagjr ja k`jkg` \i_ ocpn oc` g\mb`no qjgph`ja ^jio\bdji+ Ei \ nìn`) ^dod`n \m` np]e`ô oj `kd_`hd^ jq`mgj\_ di\ r\t oc\o oc` ^jpiomtnd_` r\n ijo+ Qm]\i `kd_`hd^n ]pmi`_ oc`h*n`gq`n jpo ]àjm` oc`t ^jpg_ ]` npm` ja n\opm\odib mpm\g \m`\n rdocdia`ôdq`n+ = ^jio\ô hj_`g ]`no \^^jpion ajm oc` pm]\i kmdh\^tàa`ô ja `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n` di oc` `dbco`ìoc ^ìopmt+

Pj \ g\mb`m `soìo oc\i ]àjm`) oc` di_pnomd\g ^dot npno\di`_ oc`^ji_dodjin ajm \ bm`\o`m ì_`hd^dot ja _dn`\n`+ Pc`n` r`m` `^jgj*bd`n) ]joc cph\i \i_ i\opm\g) rc`m`di _dn`\n`n ^jpg_ ocmdq`+ =n^jhhpidod`n bm`r g\mb`m) oc` ^c\i^`n ja k`mkòp\odib ^cdg_cjj__dn`\n`n) ajm `s\hkg`) bm`r+ Pc` ^dod`n r`m` g`nn m`gd\io pkji oc`dhkjmo\odji ja _dn`\n` \gocjpbc h\it _dn`\n`n r`m` nodgg nj diomj*_p^`_+ Uò oc` ^ji_dodjin rcd^c h\_` \ k`mdj_d^ qdndojm gdf` ^cjg*

è .4 è

C`mmt G`\min

`m\ r`g^jh` r`m` oc` n\h` rcd^c b\q` joc`m _d\mmcj`\g ^jh*kg\dion oc` k`mìid\g am``_jh ja oc` ^dot+ Ei o`mhn ja pm]\i ^ji_d*odjin) oc`m` r`m`) ]t oc` hd__g` ja oc` ^ìopmt) ndbidad^\io _daa`m*ì^`n ]òr`ì njh` ja oc` jg_`m \i_ njh` ja oc` i`r`m ^dod`n rdoch\it ja oc` rjmno ngphn oj ]` ajpi_ di oc` ajmh`m+ Ei o`mhn ja`kd_`hd^ jq`mgj\_) oc`m` nodgg m`h\di`_ _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì g\mb`\i_ nh\gg ^dod`n rdoc oc` g\oo`m g`nn àa`ôdq`gt kgpbb`_ dioj oc` nrdmgja dia`ôdq`n ocmjpbc \i di^m`\ndibgt dio`mi\odji\g pm]\i g\]jpmh\mfò+ Pc` i`r di_pnomd\g nk\^`n ja oc` `\mgt orìodòc ^ìopmtdiomj_p^`_ oc`dm jri npdo` ja hjmo\gdot bm\_dìon ]òr`ì gdbco \i_c`\qt di_pnomt \i_ ]òr`ì oc` dii`m ^dot \i_ oc` np]pm]+

Pj nk`\f ja hjmo\gdot \n ]`tji_ oc` _dm`ô ^jiomjg ja di_dqd_p\gdn ]po ji` nd_` ja oc` ^jdi ajm ji oc` joc`m nd_` r` hpno ^jind_`moc` di^m`\ndibgt àa`ôdq` ^jgg`ôdq` h\i\b`hìo ja pm]\i nk\^`n+Kpm ocm`` kc\n`n ja di_pnomd\gdn\odji ^jmm`nkji_ di ]mj\_ o`mhn ojocm`` _dnodiô k`mdj_n di oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja kp]gd^ c`\goc kjgd^d`n+.-Pc` `dbco`ìoc ^ìopmt r\n \ k`mdj_ rcì ^jgg`ôdq` j]gdb\odjin dioc` ad`g_ ja kp]gd^ c`\goc r`m` m`^jbidn`_ kmdh\mdgt di oc` ajmh jalp\m\iodi` m`bpg\odjin \b\dino `kd_`hd^ _dn`\n`+ Pc`n` h`\npm`nr`m` nodgg di kg\^` _pmdib oc` admno ^cjg`m\ `kd_`hd^ ja .50.*0/+..>t oc` odh` ja oc` n`^ji_ `kd_`hd^ di .515*16 \ m\oc`m _daa`mìo\kkmj\^c r\n o\fì rdoc \ bm`\o`m `hkc\ndn ji oc` ìqdmjihìo\gkm`^ji_dodjin ajm oc` nkm`\_ ja _dn`\n` m\oc`m oc\i oc` ji oc` mjpo`nja don diomj_pôdji+./Pcdn nom\o`bt ^\h` pi_`m km`nnpm` di oc` g\o`midiò`ìoc ^ìopmt \n \hjm` íh`_d^\gì]po \gnj hjm` did_dqd_p\gdnod^hj_`g ^\h` oj kmjhdiì^`+.0Pcdn i`r hj_`g kg\^`_ bm`\o`m `h*kc\ndn ji di_dqd_p\g m`nkjind]dgdot rdoc \ ^ji^`mi ajm ]`c\qdjpm \n\ km`_dnkjndib a\ôjm ajm oc` om\inhdnndji ja _dn`\n` \i_ do kg\^`_bm`\o`m `hkc\ndn ji bì`m\g h`_d^\g km\ôd^` \n oc` h\di kp]gd^dio`mqìodjin r`m` di^m`\ndibgt ^pm\odq` m\oc`m oc\i km`qìo\odq` didioìodji+ Pc` _daa`mìo hj_`gn ja _dn`\n` rcd^c pi_`mkdii`_ oc`n`_dnodiôdq`) \gocjpbc jq`mg\kkdib) nom\o`bd`n ^ji^`dq`_ ja ^dod`n dilpdo` _daa`mìo r\tn+ Bjm oc` ^jio\bdjidno lp\m\iodi` kjgd^t) oc`^dot r\n \ ij_` di \ iòrjmf+ Bjm oc` ìqdmjihìo\gdnon) oc` ^dot

è .5 è


r\n \i `^jgjbd^\g pido+ Pc` i`r h`_d^\g \i_ ^pm\odq` \kkmj\^com`\o`_ ^dod`n \n `g`hìon di \ cd`m\m^cd^\g jm_`m ocmjpbc rcd^cn`mqd^`n r`m` jmb\idn`_ \i_ _dnomd]po`_+

Pc`m` dn nodgg \ gjo ja rjmf oj ]` _ji` di lp\iodatdib oc` _`hj*bm\kcd^ _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì oc` kc\n`n ja di_pnomd\gdn\odji \i_ oc`m`dn nodgg \ i``_ ajm ^jhk\m\odq` nop_d`n rcd^c rjpg_ `no\]gdnc oc`_dnodiôdqì`nn ja `\^c ^jpiomt \i_ m`bdji di oc` gdbco ja np^c \bì`m\g \i_ jq`mndhkgdad`_ hj_`g+ Ojh` ocdibn n``h ^g`\m) \o g`\noajm Aibg\i_ \i_ S\g`n+ Pc` pm]\i hjmo\gdot kì\got r\n n`q`m`\i_ r\n npaa`m`_ `qì di kg\^`n ja hj_`no ndu` di oc` `\mgt no\b`nja di_pnomd\gdn\odji+ Eo _d_ ijo _dn\kk`\m piodg `\mgt ocdn ^ìopmt rcìdo r\n ^jiq`mo`_ dioj \i pm]\i hjmo\gdot ]ìàdo+ Npm\g \m`\n ]`*tji_ oc` `kd_`hd^ agps ja ^dot ntno`hn ^jpg_ ]` q`mt c`\goct di oc``\mgt di_pnomd\g k`mdj_8 oc` c`\gocdi`nn ja `dbco`ìoc*^ìopmt mpm\gEm`g\i_ dn nomdfdib+ Aibg\i_ r\n c`\qdgt pm]\idn`_ QTU]`T di_pnomd\gd*n\odji \i_ don pm]\i npmb` _pmdib di_pnomd\gdn\odji r\n lpdo` hj_`no^jhk\m`_ oj oc` m\o` ja pm]\idn\odji ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja kjjm`m^jpiomd`n oj_\t+ Bdbpm` / ncjrn oc\o rc`m`\n do ojjf \]jpo `dbcott`\mn ajm oc` pm]\i nc\m` ja oc` kjkpg\odji ja Aibg\i_ \i_ S\g`noj mdn` amjh ji`*ocdm_ oj orj*ocdm_n) oc` ocdm_ rjmg_ c\n h\i\b`_oc` n\h` om\indodji di \]jpo c\ga oc\o odh`+.1Pc` m\o` ja bmjroc diAibgdnc ^dod`n r\n i`q`m \n dhkm`nndq` \n oc` ^pmmìo \^^`g`m\odjija pm]\i bmjroc di oj_\tìn kjjm ^jpiomd`n \i_ do dn i\opm\g di^m`\n`)ijo ^jiodip`_ di*hdbm\odji rcd^c rdgg f``k ocdm_ rjmg_ ^dod`n bmjr*dib a\no`m oc\i oc`dm `\mgd`m Aibgdnc ^jpio`mk\mon+

è .6 è

C`mmt G`\min

B


Eo dn \gnj ^g`\m oc\o rcì di_pnomd\g hòcj_n r`m` \kkgd`_ oj oc`kmjqdndji ja pm]\i diam\nompôpm`) di k\mod^pg\m ^\no*dmji kdk`n) oc`pm]\i ìqdmjihìo r\n om\inajmh`_ oj \ _`bm`` rcd^c h`\io oc\o]t oc` g\o` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt \ r`gg*`lpdkk`_ g\mb` ^dot r\n \hp^c c`\gocd`m kg\^` oj gdq` di oc\i oc` n^mpaad`m) nh\gg`m) kmjqdi^d\gojri+ Ki` ja oc` ndbidad^\io ^c\ggìb`n a\^dib kjkpg\odji cdnojmd\indn oc` i``_ oj dio`bm\o` oc`dm _`hjbm\kcd^ h`\npm`hìon rdoc ]mj\_`mlp`nodjin di nj^d\g \i_ `^jijhd^ cdnojmt+ Pc`m` \m` h\it r\tn ja\oo`hkodib ocdn amjh oc` `^jijhòmd^ \kkmj\^c ja Sdggd\hnji ojoc` ^pgopm\g \kkmj\^c ja Oumò`m+ Ei oc` m`no ja ocdn \mod^g`) E r\io oj`skgjm` epno ji` ja oc`n` \i_ ocdn dn oc` om`\ohìo ja oc` pm]\iìqdmjihìo \n \ kg\^` ja _`hjbm\kcd^ mdnf+

OjacZgVWâîn& ]VoVgY VcY g^h` ^c i]Z^cYjhig^Va XînEi \i dhkjmo\io rjmf ji _dn\no`mn) >g\dfd`) ?\iiji) @\qdn \i_Sdni`m \mbp` oc\o ojj hp^c \ooìodji c\n cdoc`moj ]`ì k\d_ oj oc`kpm`gt `so`mi\g \i_ n``hdibgt i\opm\g \nk`ôn ja `^jgjbd^\g \i_kctnd^\g ^\o\nomjkc`n+.2Pc`t npbb`no oc\o r` aj^pn ]joc ji oc`c\u\m_) oc` hjm` jm g`nn `sjbìjpn ncj^f) \i_ ji oc` nj^d\g _dnomd*]podji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot) oc` ì_jbìjpn a\pgo*gdi`n \gjib rcd^c oc`c\u\m_ rdgg rm`\f don hjno n`mdjpn _`nompôdji+ Pc`t npbb`no r`^ji^`dq` ja ocjn` \o mdnf amjh íi\opm\gì _dn\no`mn \n ]`dib ^\pbco di\ kdi^`m \ôdji ]òr`ì `sjbìjpn c\u\m_ \i_ ì_jbìjpn qpgi`m*\]dgdot+ Pc` nj^d\g _dnomd]podji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot dn \ ^jhkjpi_ jaq\mdjpn nj^d\g \i_ `^jijhd^ kmj^`nn`n jk`m\odib jq`m oc` gjib \i_oc` ncjmo o`mh+ Ei k\mod^pg\m) oc`t kmjkjn` oc\o r` _dnodibpdnc ]`*or`ì oc` dhh`_d\o` pin\a` ^ji_dodjin di rcd^c h\it \m` kg\^`_\i_ oc` hjm` api_\hìo\g mjjo ^\pn`n rcd^c `skg\di rct nj h\it\i_ rct oc`n` k`jkg` \m` nj kjndodji`_+ Njjo ^\pn`n \m` oc` api*_\hìo\g di`lp\gdod`n rcd^c nc\k` oc` _dnomd]podji ja oc` ^jnon \i_]ìàdon ja `^jijhd^ _`q`gjkhìo+ Pc` mjjo ^\pn`n) ocì) nc\kòc` _ti\hd^ km`nnpm`n rcd^c \m` oc` ajmh di rcd^c `^jijhd^ _`*

è /. è

C`mmt G`\min

q`gjkhìo n``hn oj dhkm`nn don`ga pkji nj^dòt+ Pc`n` _ti\hd^km`nnpm`n \m` oc` kmjsdh\o` _ò`mhdi\ion ja oc` pin\a` ^ji_dodjindi rcd^c h\it k`jkg` adi_ oc`hn`gq`n+

S` h\t qd`r oc` nd^fi`nn \i_ _`\oc ja oc` pm]\i kì\got \n \_dn\no`m di oc`n` o`mhn+ O`q`m\g bmjpkn r`m` \o mdnf rdoc njh`hjm` nj oc\i joc`mn ]po di pi_`mno\i_dib cjr nj^dòt m`nkji_n ojmdnf r` i``_ oj \^fijrg`_b` oc\o oc` d_`\ ja ^jgg`ôdq` _\ib`m dn\gr\tn qd`r`_ di d_`jgjbd^\g o`mhn+ Ei joc`m rjm_n) rcdg` ocm`\oh\t ]` nkjfì ja \n ^jgg`ôdq` do dn \gr\tn `sk`mdì^`_ ]t \idi_dqd_p\g gj^\o`_ di \ k\mod^pg\m nj^d\g ^jio`so+ Pj njh` `soìo)mdnf dn \i d_`jgjbd^\g ^jinompô ]`^\pn` k`jkg` ngd_` pi`\ndgt ]`*or`ì di_dqd_p\g a`\m \i_ ^jgg`ôdq` ^g\dh+ E n`` ht rjmmd`n \ndhkjmo\io ìjpbc oj ]` o\fì n`mdjpngt ]t joc`mn) di_``_ E h\t`qì n`` oc`h \n \ bì`m\g ^ji^`mi di oc`dm jri mdbco+ Pc` joc`mm`\nji rct mdnf dn \i d_`jgjbd^\g ^jinompô dn ]`^\pn` lp`nodjin jagda`) _`\oc) npmqdq\g \i_ ^jgg`ôdq` j]gdb\odjin _m\r pkji joc`m ]g\*o\iogt d_`jgjbd^\g ^jinohôn np^c \n bj_) kmjk`mot \i_ m`nkjind]dg*dot+ =gjibnd_` oc` nj^d\g _dnomd]podji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot) ocì) oc`m` dn \nj^d\g ^jinompôdji ja mdnf rc`m`]t oc` c\u\m_ dn don`ga k`m^`dq`_\i_ oc`m`]t m`nkji_`_ oj+.3Pc`n` nj^d\g ^jinompôdjin `sdno di \id_`jgjbd^\g ajm^`*ad`g_ np]e`ô oj oc` kpggn ja ^g\nn) bì_`m) òcid^dot\i_ \b` \n oc`n` \m` h`_d\o`_ ocmjpbc kjgdod^\g) m`gdbdjpn \i_ cdn*ojmd^\g qd`rn ja cjr oc` rjmg_ ncjpg_ jm _j`n rjmf+ @`hjbm\kcd^mdnfn) ocì) \m` h\_` h`\idibapg di nk`^dad^\ggt d_`jgjbd^\g r\tn \ndi oc` r\t ìqdmjihìo\gdno dio`mqìodjin c\_ oj i`bjod\o` oc` kmdjm^g\dhn ]\n`_ ji oc` mdbcon ja oc` jri`mn ja pm]\i kmjk`mot rc`m`\noc` hpid^dk\gdn\odji ja r\o`m npkkgd`n c\_ oj _`\g rdoc ocjn` jar\o`m ^jhk\it nc\m`cjg_`mn+.4


AVoVgY ineZhBdbpm` 0 dn \i \oo`hko oj m`^\no oc` kmj]g`h ja oc` pm]\i kì\got dioc` o`mhn pn`_ ]t >g\dfd` Tb PZ di oc`dm _dn^pnndji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot\i_ c\u\m_n+ Ojh` ja oc` ^mdod^\g í̀ sjbìjpnì ncj^fn kmj_p^dibc`dbcoì`_ pm]\i hjmo\gdot \m` ncjri ji oc` mdbco*c\i_ nd_` ja oc`_d\bm\h+ Bjj_ ncjmo\b`n ^jpg_ ^m`\o` ^mdod^\g ^ji_dodjin ajm `\mgthj_`h ^dod`n ]po oc`dm kjoìod\g ajm aj^pn`_ m`qjgo b\q` bjq`mi*hìon \i_ hji\m^cn `q`mt m`\nji oj n`^pm` oc`h kmjqdndjin) `qì\o oc` ^jno ja mpm\g \m`\n+ A^jijhd^ _dngj^\odji hjm` bì`m\ggt r\nhjm` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja oc` di_pnomd\g k`mdj_ rdoc don bgpon) k\id^n\i_ _`km`nndjin+ Eon kjoìod\g ajm nì_dib cpibmt \i_ pi`hkgjt`_a\hdgd`n r\i_`mdib di n`\m^c ja ajj_ \i_ rjmf m`km`nìo`_ \ _\i*b`m ajm oc` g\mb`m ^dod`n oj rcd^c oc` _`nk`m\o` h\_` oc`dm r\t rdoc_dnopm]dib _`nk\o^c+ Pc` om\hkdib pi`hkgjt`_ nodmm`_ oc` `kd_`hd^kjo rcdmgdib dia`ôdq`n dioj oc` ^jhk\it ja dia`ôd]g`n ocmjpbcjpooc` pm]\i ntno`h+ Bdi\ggt) oc` bm`\o`m ^jii`ô`_i`nn ja kg\^`n]mjpbco `sjod^ _dn`\n`n np^c \n ^cjg`m\ \n `kd_`hd^n amjh oc`dm_dno\io ì_`hd^ c`\mog\i_n+ >òo`m ^jhhpid^\odjin ]mjpbco hjm`\i_ hjm` kg\^`n dioj \ ^jhhji _dn`\n` kjjg \i_ ^dm^pg\o`_ hjm`àa`ôdq`gt \hjib oc`h _dn`\n`n np^c \n nh\ggkjs) diagpìu\ \i__dkcoc`md\ nj oc\o a`r kg\^`n r`m` n\a` amjh oc` `kd_`hd^n rcd^cocm`\oì`_ oj opmi k\i_`hd^+ Eo rjpg_ ]` kjnnd]g` oj `skg\di cjr`\^c ja oc`n` `sjbìjpn ncj^fn r\n k`m^`dq`_ \n \ ocm`\o ja \lpdo` k\mod^pg\m otk` di _daa`mìo kg\^`n \o q\mdjpn odh`n di gdi` rdocgj^\g \i_ i\odji\g kjgdod^\g ^pgopm`n+ Ei joc`m rjm_n) r` ^jpg_ _`*q`gjk oc` d_`\ ja oc` nj^d\g ^jinompôdji ja mdnf oj `skgjm` cjroc`n` _\ib`mn r`m` h\_` h`\idibapg+ D`m`) cjr`q`m) E r\io ojajggjr >g\dfd` Tb PZ \i_ om`\o d_`jgjbd`n g\mb`gt di o`mhn ja oc`dm mjg`di epnodatdib api_\hìo\g di`lp\gdod`n di \^^`nn oj kjr`m \i_ m`*njpm^`n+ Ei joc`m rjm_n) E r\io oj gjjf di \ gdoog` hjm` _ò\dg \o oc`nj^d\g _dnomd]podji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot8 rcj \i_ rc`m` r`m` hjno \omdnf amjh oc` pm]\i kì\got<

è /0 è

Bdbp

m`0+IWTc̀QP\^T\PZbg2`XaYa)WPhP`SaP\SdcZ\T`PQXZXbg

%\ao`

m7ZPXYXTTbPZ))11,"&

C`mmt G`\min

e 0 z j ]Rjbtna` 55 E 9_60*ÑcH

MEFc*/e e 7 7j$ Z

4rä É *;8* Q 7\

e N N k* W( .

è /1 è

NKKP

?=QO

AO@U

J=IE?

QJO

=BA

D=V

=N@

PULA

OLN

AOOQNAO

?KJ@EPEK

JO


Kddi XVjhZhPpmidib oj oc` gào*c\i_ nd_` ja Bdbpm` 0) r` ^\i n`` oc\o oc` hj_`gkmjkjn`n oc\o oc` mjjo ^\pn`n ja qpgi`m\]dgdot gd` di di`lp\gdod`n jakjr`m \i_ m`njpm^`n rcd^c \m` di opmi epnodad`_ ]t ]\nd^ d_`jgjbd`n+Ei oc` ^\n` ja oc` Aibgdnc di_pnomd\g ^dot) r` h\t d_ìodat h\itnp^c di`lp\gdod`n ]po E c\q` cdbcgdbco`_ ocm`` ]\n`n ja di`lp\gdot7kmjgò\md\idn\odji) o`^cijgjbd^\g ^c\ib` \i_ ^jgjid\gdnh+ Ka ^jpmn`)oc`m` r`m` h\it r\b` g\]jpm`mn ]àjm` di_pnomd\gdn\odji ]po i`q`m]àjm` c\_ nj a`r k`jkg` c\_ nj gdoog` m`^jpmn` oj \it h`\in jaf``kdib ]j_t \i_ njpg ojbòc`m jpond_` oc` r\b` ^jiom\ô+ Ei ocì`r ^dod`n oc`m` r\n ij \^^`nn oj oc` ajj_ m`njpm^`n ja ^jhhjig\i_n) gdoog` mjjh ajm oc` f``kdib ja _jh`nod^ \idh\gn \i_ a`rrjmf`mn rdoc `qì hdidh\g ^jiomjg jq`m oc` h`\in ja kmj_pôdji+Pcdn h`\io oc\o `^jijhd^ _`km`nndji cdo cjh` rdocjpo oc` ^pnc*dji kmjqd_`_ ]t oc`n` `\mgd`m m`njpm^`n+ Sjmf`mn r`m` ^\pbco ]`*or`ì O^tgg\ ja `skgjdo\odji \i_ oc` ?c\mt]_dn ja pi`hkgjthìo+Pcdn kjr`mg`nni`nn di oc` rjmfkg\^` r\n m`kgd^\o`_ jpond_` ]t \kjgdod^\g kmj^`nn rcd^c `hkjr`m`_ ocjn` rdoc kmjk`mot) bm\iodiboc`h oc` am\i^cdn`) rcdg` npbb`nodib oc\o ocjn` rdocjpo kmjk`motc\_ ij q\gd_ no\f` di nj^dòt+

Pc` o`^cijgjbd^\g ^c\ib`n ja oc` di_pnomd\g k`mdj_ ]mjpbco oc`dmjri di`lp\gdod`n+ =n h\^cdi`mt ]`^\h` hjm` ^jhkg`s \i_ a\ôj*md`n bm`r) ^\kdo\g \i_ g\]jpm rìo dioj gphkn+ Pc` g\mb`*n^\g` ì*om`kmì`pm ]`^\h` hjm` ^jhhji+ ?\i\gn) m\dgr\tn \i_ ]òo`m mj\_nh`\io oc\o ^dod`n ^jpg_ ]` kmjqdndji`_ amjh hjm` _dno\io kg\^`n ]pooc`t \gnj h`\io oc\o hjm` gj^\g ajj_ kmj_pôdji ^jpg_ ]` `\m*h\mf`_ ajm cdbc`m*kmd^`_ h\mfòn di^m`\ndib oc` qpgi`m\]dgdot jagj^\g ajj_ npkkgd`n pi_`m oc` km`nnpm` ja hjm` _dno\io `^jijhd^jkkjmopidot+ Pcdn b`jbm\kcd^\g di`lp\gdot r\n a`go k\mod^pg\mgt diEm`g\i_ _pmdib oc` a\hdi` rcì no\mqdib k`jkg` nompbbg`_ oj pi_`m*no\i_ oc` epnod^` ja \i `^jijhd^ ntno`h rcd^c nìo oc` ^jh oc\ooc`t c\_ bmjri oj a``_ Aibgdnc a\ôjmt c\i_n+ Ei ocdn ^\n`) ^jgj*id\gdnh m`km`nìo`_ \ apmoc`m g\t`m ja di`lp\gdot+ @`nkdo` ajmh\gdi^gpndji di oc` >mdodnc no\o` ocmjpbc oc` =ô ja Qidji ja .5--) oc`

è /2 è

C`mmt G`\min

Emdnc r`m` jigt `q`m n`^ji_*^g\nn ^doduìn ]joc ji bmjpi_n ja oc`dm?\ocjgd^ m`gdbdji \i_ ji oc` bmjpi_n ja oc` hdidh\g m`km`nìo\odjioc`t r`m` \ggjr`_ \oS`nohdino`m+.5Pcdn r\n ^mp^d\g rcì do ^\h`]joc oj m`nkji_dib oj oc` a\hdi` ja oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` .51-n\i_ oj _`\gdib rdoc oc` ^jin`lpì^`n ja kjq`mot di oc` Emdnc _dn*omdôn ja >mdodnc ^dod`n+.6

Op^c di`lpdod`n r`m` di opmi h\_` h`\idibapg \i_ npno\di`_ ]t\ nò ja m`g\o`_ d_`jgjbd`n+ Pc`n` rjmg_ qd`rn npkkjmo`_ ^g\nn \i_òcid^ nj^d\g _dno\i^`+ Bjm h\it k`jkg`) oc` ^c\nh di gda` ^c\i^`n_d_ ijo ^\gg oc` nj^d\g jm_`m dioj lp`nodji ]`^\pn` ja oc`n` hjm`]\nd^ ]`gdàn+ = ^jhhdohìo oj g\dnnù*a\dm` \n \ g\r ja i\opm`kg\^`_ \ o\]jj pkji ^`mo\di njmon ja dio`mqìodji di oc` `^jijht)k\mod^pg\mgt h\it ja ocjn` rcd^c hdbco c\q` \__m`nn`_ oc` diepmd`nja ^g\nn+ Pc` om`\ohìo ja kmdq\o` kmjk`mot r\n ^gjn` oj d_jg\omjpn\i_ do r\n ncjm`_ pk ]t \ am\i^cdn`) ]joc \o gj^\g \i_ i\odji\gg`q`gn ja bjq`mihìo) rcd^c b\q` kjgdod^\g qjd^` `s^gpndq`gt oj ocjn`jridib kmjk`mot+ =gjibnd_` oc`n` \aadmh\odjin ja oc` mdbcon ja oc`jri`mn ja kmjk`mot oj om`\o oc`dm rjmf`mn jm oì\ion \^^jm_dib ojoc` _dô\o\o`n ja ncjmo*o`mh kmjado\]dgdot) oc`m` r`m` joc`m n\iôdjing\d_ pkji \ôdib joc`mrdn`+ Ei oc` admno kg\^`) \ no`h di_dqd_p\gdnhpmb`_ oc` _\ib`mn ja ^c\mdot+ Kigt da k`jkg` r`m` gào oj m`\k oc`c\mq`no ja oc`dm jri ajm`ndbco jm dhkmjqd_ì^`) rjpg_ oc`t g`\hoc` qdmop`n ja kmp_ì^` \i_ _dgdbì^`+ Ei oc` ^\n` ja oc` Emdnc) ocdnnojit c`\mo r\n m`diajm^`_ ]t \i òcid^ ^c\pqdidnh rcd^c di^jm*kjm\o`_) \o q\mdjpn odh`n \i_ ajm q\mdjpn bmjpkn) m`gdbdjpn ]dbjomt)^pgopm\g kmèp_d^` \i_ m\^dnh+/-

=ncVb^X egZhhjgZhPc`n` _dn\_q\io\b`n \i_ kmdqdg`b`n nc\k`_ oc` _ti\hd^ km`nnpm`nrcd^c ]jm` pkji pm]\i gda`+ Lmjgò\md\idn\odji ^g`\mgt nohôpm`_hdbm\odji) oc` _dnkjnn`nndji ja oc` Emdnc oì\io ]`dib ji` ja oc` g\noja oc` bm`\o ^g`\m\i^`n+ Pc` i`r m`g\odjin ja rjmf \i_ ^jhhpidot


m`_m`r oc` ^jiqìodjin ja a\hdgt ajmh\odji \i_ ocpn oc` ^jio`soja a`modgdot ^cjd^`n+/.Pc` i`r o`^cijgjbd`n \i_ oc` kmdjmdod`n ja^\kdo\g `no\]gdnc`_ oc`kmdjmdod`n ja di_pnomd\g \i_ pm]\i diam\nompôpm\gdiq`nohìo+ Ei joc`m rjm_n) oc` i`r pm]\i r\tn ja gda` rjpg_c\q` ]`ì lpdo` _daa`mìo r`m` do ijo ajm oc` di`lpdod`n rcd^c E c\q`nfò^c`_+ Ka ^jpmn`) njh` ja oc`n` h\oo`mn _d_ dhkmjq` ]po da r`^jind_`m cjr oc`t _d_ nj r` ^\i n`` rc\o r\n hdnndib ajm h\it \ohd_*^ìopmt+ Ljq`mot r\n \ api_\hìo\g ^jinom\dio ji oc` n\aòtja pm]\i gda`+ Pc` mdn` ja jmb\idn`_ g\]jpm ]`b\i oj kpo \ agjjmpi_`m pm]\i r\b`n di \ r\t rcd^c gào hjm` oj nkì_ ji cjpndib)ajm `s\hkg`) \i_ b\q` hjm` g\i_gjm_n oc` jkkjmopidot ja kmjqd_dib\ ]òo`m kmj_pô oj \ hjm` kmjnk`mjpn nò ja ^gdìon+ Odhdg\mgt oc`]mj\_ìdib ja oc` am\i^cdn` ]`tji_ oc` kmjk`mod`_ oj) admno) oc`h\g` nfdgg`_ rjmfdib ^g\nn) ocì oc` ìodm` rjmfdib ^g\nn \i_) ad*i\ggt) di ocdn ^ìopmt oj rjhì kmjqd_`_ oc` `g`ôjm\g km`nnpm`rcd^c nc`kc`m_`_ ocmjpbc k\mgd\hìo oc` gd]`m\g màjmhn ja `\mgtorìodòc ^ìopmt rdoc oc`dm _àì^` ja cjpndib no\i_\m_n \i_ ocì*`g`hìo\mt kmjqdndji ja nd^fi`nn \i_ pi`hkgjthìo dinpm\i^`+N`nkji_dib oj ndhdg\m km`nnpm`n) oc` m`bpg\odji ja pm]\i podgdod`n dioc` dio`m`no) didod\ggt ja ^jhh`m^d\g \i_ ]jpmb`jdn ^ji^`min) \i_g\o`m oc` m`bpg\odji ja cjpndib no\i_\m_n ajm oc` ]ìàdo ja \ ]mj\_`mnr\oc` ja oc` kjkpg\odji) n\r n\gp]mdjpn pm]\i gdqdib ]`^jh` \m`\gdnod^ `sk`ô\odji ajm \i `q`m rd_`m k\mo ja nj^dòt+ Uò hjno jaoc`n` h`\npm`n r`m` jigt ^jhkm`cìndq`gt ìajm^`_ `\mgt di oc`^pmmìo ^ìopmt \i_ oc` i``_ ajm oc`h di_d^\o`n njh` ja oc` ^ji*nom\dion pkji pm]\i dhkmjq`hìo \o hd_*^ìopmt+ Pc` bmjroc japm]\i*di_pnomd\g nj^dòt ojjf kg\^`) ajm oc` g\mb` k\mo) rdocjpo ocdnnò ja `nnìod\g m`bpg\odjin h\fdib oc` ^dot \ _\ib`mjpn kg\^` ajm \gg\i_ \ a\o\g kg\^` ajm h\it+

C`mmt G`\min

NchV[Z XdcYî^dchEa r` opmi) ijr) oj oc` pin\a` ^ji_dodjin di oc` Rdôjmd\i ^dot) do dn^g`\m oc\o oc`n` hdbco di^gp_` \ rd_` m\ib` jah\oo`mn m`g\o`_ oj oc`pi`lp\g dhkm`nn ja oc` _ti\hd^ km`nnpm`n pkji k`jkg`ìn gdq`n+ Bdmno)r` ^\i gjjf \o oc` kctnd^\g ìqdmjihìo ja oc` ^dot+ Ei_pnomd\g \i_m`nd_ìod\g _`q`gjkhìon gào h\it pin\a` nk\^`n) cjg`n) ^`nnkjjgn)kji_n \i_ _do^c`n dioj rcd^c k`jkg` hdbco) \i_ _d_) a\gg+ Jjo \ggoc` pm]\i a\]md^ r\n i`r \i_ jg_`m jm e`mmt*]pdgo cjpn`n _d_ a\gg_jri) njhòdh`n pkji oc`dm dic\]do\ion+ Sjmfkg\^`n ]mdnog`_ rdocpiaì^`_ h\^cdi`mt `s\ôdib don jri bmdngt ojgg+ Kq`m^mjr_dib digj_bdib cjpn`n gào h\it ng``kdib di _\ib`mjpn diodh\^t rdoc \cjno ja m`nkdm\ojmt ^jhkg\dion+ H\^f ja `qì ]\nd^ nom`ò _m\di\b`\i_ oc` ojo\g di\_`lp\^t ja n^\qìbdib \n \ h`\in ja `s^m`hìom`hjq\g kmj_p^`_ \ ndop\odji di rcd^c b\nomj*dio`nodi\g _dn`\n`nr`m` ì_`hd^+//?jio`hkjm\md`n r`m` nk`\fdib di hjm` oc\i hò\*kcjmd^\g o`mhn rcì oc`t nkjf` ja oì`hìo ngphn \n oc` n``_*]`_n ja _dn`\n`+ D`m` oc`m` r`m` \ nò ja jq`mg\kkdib cph\i \i_iji*cph\i `^jgjbd`n di rcd^c ]\ô`md\ ^jpg_ ocmdq` \i_ qdmpn`n^jpg_ ]` k\nn`_ \mjpi_ amjh k`mnji oj k`mnji+ Ei \ nìn`) ocdn r\noc` ]\^fbmjpi_ nd^fi`nn \i_ hjmo\gdot ji ojk ja rcd^c ^`mo\di`qìon km`^dkdo\o`_ k\mod^pg\m _dn\no`mn \i_ ^`mo\di \^po` ^ji_dodjinpkì_`_ oc` hjno qpgi`m\]g` dioj \ _dn`\n` no`r amjh rcd^c oc`m`r\n gdoog` cjk` ja `n^\k`+

Pc` qpgi`m\]dgdot ja njh` k`jkg` r\n `s\^`m]\o`_ ]t oc`dm pi*^`mo\di r\tn ja h\fdib \ gdqdib+ Ojh` bmjpkn r`m` _`kì_ìopkji hjno din`^pm` `hkgjthìo amjh ocjn` rcj r`m` np]e`ô ojc\qj^ oc\o oc` r`\oc`m kg\t`_ rdoc oc` _`h\i_ ajm ^\np\g g\]jpmdi oc` _j^fn oj ocjn` rcj m`gd`_ pkji oc` hjm` n`\nji\g \m`\n jaoc` diajmh\g `^jijht+ Ljq`mot r\n don`ga \ njpm^` ja qpgi`m\]dgdotajm do gào k`jkg` rdoc a`r m`n`mq`n oj _m\r pkji di odh` ja _daad*^pgot rcòc`m oc\o r\n km`^dkdo\o`_ ]t \ ^t^gd^\g pkopmi di ]pbn jm\ _jriopmi di rjmf+/0

è /5 è


Eo dn \gnj o\gf \]jpo nj^d\g \n r`gg \n `^jijhd^ qpgi`m\]dgdot+Ojh` bmjpkn r`m` kg\^`_ di k\mod^pg\m _\ib`m ]t nj^d\g jm ^pgopm\ga\ôjmn+ Bjm `s\hkg`) \iod*Emdnc kmèp_d^` ^jiomd]po`_ _dm`ôgt ojoc`dm h\mbdi\gdn\odji ]t kjjm g\r \pocjmdod`n nj oc\o) a`\mdib m`k\*omd\odji) oc` Emdnc no\t`_ \r\t amjh h\it ja oc` dinodopodji\g m`*njpm^`n oj rcd^c oc`t r`m` di a\ô ìodog`_+ Pcdn di opmi h`\io oc\ooc`t ajm`rìo oc` cjnkdo\g ^\m` rcd^c hdbco c\q` ngjr`_ _jri oc`nkm`\_ ja a`q`m \hjib oc`h+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) di ^`mo\di ^dod`noc`m` r\n \ _dnodiô g\^f ja dinodopodji\g kmjqdndji \gojbòc`m g`\qdib\gg oc` kjjm ]`tji_ oc` m`\^c ja cjnkdo\g ^\m` \i_ oc`dm cjh`n]`tji_ oc` m`\^c ja dink`ôdji \i_ m`bpg\odji+

Bdbpm` 1+ IWT R`cST STPbW `PbTaU]` [PZTa X\ SXUUT`T\b a]RXPZV`]câ) )0/)&

=b`_ 02*11=b`_ /2*01

/2 * * / 2

/- * * / -

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Z Npm\v

è /6 è

C`mmt G`\min

Bdbpm` 1 ncjrn njh` ja oc` ^jin`lpì^`n ja ocdn nj^d\g _dnomd*]podji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot+ Pc` ]\ndn ajm oc` ^g\nndad^\odji c\n ]`ì_`n^md]`_ `gn`rc`m`+/1Ei ocdn _d\bm\h) pm]\i mà`mn oj kg\^`n jpo*nd_` Hji_ji rdoc \ kjkpg\odji ja hjm` oc\i 2-)--- ]t .52. \i_mpm\g mà`mn oj kg\^`n rdoc hjm` oc\i 2-" ja \_pgo h\g`n di \bmd^pg*opm` \o oc` n\h` _\o`+/2Pc` rcdo` ^jgg\m bmjpk dn _jhdi\o`_ ]t^g`mfn \i_ oc` pinfdgg`_ bmjpk ]t bì`m\g g\]jpm`m+ Pc`m` \m`) ja^jpmn`) q`mt a`r rcdo` ^jgg\m \i_ kmja`nndji\g rjmf`mn di oc` mpm\g_dnomdôn \i_ oc` m\o`n \m` njh`rc\o pim`gd\]g` ji oc\o \^^jpio+Pc`m` \m` \ iph]`m ja kmj]g`hn rdoc ocdn rcjg` \i\gtndn ]po oc`jq`m\gg k\oo`min \m` dio`m`nodib+ Pc` c`\goc _dqd_` ]òr`ì oc` pi*nfdgg`_ \i_ oc` m`no r\n bm`\o`no ajm Hji_ji \i_ oc` pm]\i \m`\n\i_ g`\no ajm oc` mpm\g \m`\n+ Pc`m` r\n \ b`jbm\kcd^\g bm\_dìordocdi ^g\nn`n \gocjpbc do r\n bm`\o`no ajm oc` pinfdgg`_+ Ea r` gjjf\o oc` b`jbm\kcd^\g bm\_dìo ajm kmja`nndji\gn \b`_ 02Z11) do dn ^g`\moc\o \ hjq` amjh Hji_ji oj npmmjpi_dib k`mdpm]\i jm `qì mpm\g\m`\n rjpg_ àa`ô \ m`_pôdji di hjmo\gdot ja \ ocdm_ jm `qì \ c\ga+Pc\o r\n oc` hjmo\gdot km`hdph ja np]pm]\idn\odji+

=gjibnd_` oc` nj^d\g _dnomd]podji ja qpgi`m\]dgdot \^mjnn ^g\nn`n)r` hpno \gnj ^jind_`m oc` _daa`mìod\g ajm^` ja oc` pm]\i kì\got\^mjnn oc` a\hdgt gda`*^t^g`+ Bdbpm` 2 ncjrn oc` k\oo`mi ja \b`*nk`^dad^ hjmo\gdot di oc` g\mb` ojrin %\gg ocjn` kg\^`n jpond_` Hji*_ji rdoc \ kjkpg\odji ja 2-)---& ja Aibg\i_ \i_ S\g`n di .52.+Pc` kdôpm` dn \ a\hdgd\m ji` rdoc cdbc dia\io \i_ ^cdg_ hjmo\gdot)m`g\odq`gt c`\goct tjpib \_pgocjj_ \i_ cdbc hjmo\gdot \b\di di jg_\b`+ Eia\io hjmo\gdot r\n \ gdoog` cdbc`m ajm h\g`n oc\i a`h\g`n ]po^cdg_ hjmo\gdot r\n hp^c oc` n\h`+ Ujpib \_pgocjj_ r\n \ odh`ja rjmn` h\g` oc\i a`h\g` hjmo\gdot+ Pc` n`s*_daa`mìod\g ^gjn`_\b\di di oc` ocdmod`n ]àjm` rd_ìdib \b\di di oc` adaod`n \i_ ndsod`n+Pc`n` _daa`mì^`n \m` \gg oc` hjm` nomdfdib rcì mpm\g \i_ pm]\ihjmo\gdot \m` ^jhk\m`_+ P\fdib \n mpm\g) \gg ocjn` kg\^`n rc`m` \og`\no c\ga oc` h\g` rjmfajm^` r\n ìb\b`_ di \bmd^pgopm`) oc` m`g\*odq`gt c`\qt hjmo\gdot \hjib mpm\g rjhì `s\bb`m\o`n nodgg apmoc`moc` bì_`m _daa`mì^` di tjpib \_pgocjj_+

è 0- è


Bdbpm` 2+ IWT c`QP\ ^T\PZbg PR`]aa bWT ZXUT RgRZT) bWT ZP`VTb]e\a ] U :\VZP\S P\S LPZTa) )0-) !PUbT` @TP`\a )11+"&

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è 0. è

N\odj

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C`mmt G`\min

Eia\io hjmo\gdot r\n njh` 2-" cdbc`m di oc`n` pm]\i oc\i dioc` mpm\g \m`\n \i_ ocdn r\n omp` ajm ]jtn \i_ bdmgn+ ?cdg_ hjmo\gdotr\n .2-" cdbc`m di oc` ojrin \i_ \b\di ocdn c`g_ ajm ]joc n`s`n+>po ajm o`ì\b` bdmgn \i_ tjpib rjhì oc` ojrin r`m` njh`rc\oc`\gocd`m oc\i oc` ^jpiomtnd_`+ Jjo nj ajm hì rdoc tjpib pm]\ihì di oc`dm `\mgt orìod`n hdmmjmdib dia\ion di c\qdib hjmo\gdotm\o`n njh` 2-" cdbc`m oc\i di oc` ^jpiomtnd_`+

Bjm ]joc n`s`n oc` pm]\i mpm\g _daa`mìod\g _ò`mdjm\o`n amjh ocòcdmod`n oj oc` adaod`n ncjrdib) E rjpg_ npbb`no) oc` dhkjmo\i^` jadinpgo \^^phpg\odji di bmdi_dib _jri pm]\ido`n+ Sc\o`q`m oc` ^\pn`nja qpgi`m\]dgdot di oc` ^dot) oc`t ]jm` k\mod^pg\mgt c`\qdgt pkji ^cdg*_mì) pkji tjpib hì \i_ ocì oc`t ]pdgo pk _pmdib \_pgocjj_ ajm]joc hì \i_ rjhì+ Pcdn _dnodiôdq`gt pm]\i k\oo`mi ja oc` ^ji*o\bdjpn _dn`\n`n ja ^cdg_cjj_ c\n ]`ì h\kk`_ ]t Sjj_n \i_Oc`goji+/3Pc` dioìndq` ^jio\ô iòrjmfn ja ^dod`n r`m` d_`\g ajmoc` om\inhdnndji ja n^\mg\odi\) n^\mgò a`q`m) _dkcoc`md\) h`\ng`n\i_ nh\ggkjs+ Pc` qpgi`m\]dgdot ja tjpib hì h\t jr` njhòcdiboj oc` ^jiom\no ]òr`ì oc` gdqdib ^ji_dodjin ja tjpib rjhì di_jh`nod^ n`mqd^` ^jhk\m`_ oj tjpib hì di gj_bdib cjpn`n+ Pcdnnpkkjndodji dn bdqì \__`_ ajm^` ]t oc` a\ô oc\o r` adi_ oc` n`s_daa`mìod\g oj ]` bm`\o`no ajm tjpib pih\mmd`_ k`jkg`) rc`m` r`^\i di a\ô h`\npm` ocdn+ Bdbpm` 3 bdq`n njh` m`npgon amjh L\mdn\i_ Ooj^fcjgh o\fì amjh oc` `\mgt \i_ g\o` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt)m`nk`ôdq`gt+/4

?g`\mgt njhòcdib lpdo` `s^`kodji\g r\n bjdib ji di Ooj^fcjghrc`m` din`^pmdot ja h\g` rjmf ijo jigt _dn^jpm\b`_ rjhì amjhajmhdib g`b\g h\mmd\b`n rdoc hì ]po \gnj b\q` mdn` oj gdqdib ^ji_d*odjin ajm hì di gj_bdib cjpn`n rcd^c kmj_p^`_ `s^`nndq` h\g`hjmo\gdot jq`m oc` rcjg` di_pnomd\g k`mdj_+/5Sc\o`q`m ^jiomd]po`_oj ocdn h\g` hjmo\gdot do jk`m\o`_ hjm` k\mod^pg\mgt pkji pih\mmd`_hì+ Ei a\ô) tjpib h\mmd`_ hì `qì ìejt`_ \ hjmo\gdot ]ìàdojq`m oc`dm rdq`n+ Pc` `sk`mdì^` ja L\mdn r\n g`nn `som`h` ]po)oc`m` ojj) tjpib pih\mmd`_ hì npaa`m`_ di ^jhk\mdnji oj ndibg`rjhì rc`m`\n oc` m`q`mn` r\n omp` ajm oc`dm h\mmd`_ ^jpio`m*

è 0/ è


k\mon+ Pc` dhkgd^\odjin ja oc`n` _daa`mìod\gn \m` ndbidad^\io \i_oc`t bj \ gjib r\t ojr\m_n `skg\didib rct `g_`mgt rd_jrn r`m`np^c \ g\mb` k\mo ja oc` dinodopodji\gdn`_ k\pk`m kjkpg\odji di di_pn*omd\g ^dod`n+

Bdbpm` 3+ M]Z gVi^d d [ bVaZ id [ZbVaZ bdgiVaîn [d g bVgg^ZY VcYjcbVgg^ZY VYjaih) IVg^h #+2+1'+2$ VcY LidX`]dab #+23+'+3**$#hZZ iZmi[d g hdjgXZh$(

Iì,r jh ì ) pih\mmd`_) O oj^fcjgh

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è 00 è

C`mmt G`\min

Oo\o` dio`mqìodji ^jpg_ ]` qdo\g di kmjo`ôdib k`jkg` \b\dinoocdn c\u\m_jpn pm]\i ìqdmjihìo+ Pc` kmjqdndji ja n\a` \i_ kgì*odapg r\o`m npkkgd`n) ajm `s\hkg`) jaa`m`_ n`^pmdot \b\dino oc` ocm`\oja _d\mmcj`\ _pmdib cjo) _mt nphh`mn+ Ei ocdn m`b\m_) r` ^\i o\gfja oc` m`^pmmì^` ja cjo) _mt nphh`mn \n \ njhòcdib ja \ n\id*o\mt o`no ajm hpid^dk\g _m\di\b`) n`r`m\b` \i_ r\o`m n`mqd^`n+/6Odhdg\mgt) oc` mòpmi ja nh\ggkjs di `kd_`hd^ ajmh o`no`_ q\^^di\*odji kmjqdndji+ Pc` kmjqdndji ja nd^fi`nn dinpm\i^` ì\]g`_ njh`k`jkg` oj no\t amjh rjmf rcì dgg) oc`m`]t dhkmjqdib oc`dm ^c\i^`nja m`^jq`mt rcdg` kmjo`ôdib oc`dm ^jgg`\bp`n amjh dia`ôdji+ Einod*opodji\g kmjqdndji _`q`gjk`_ n`^pmdot ntno`hn rcd^c ^j^jji`_ oc`pm]\i m`nd_ìo amjh oc` rjmno km`_\odjin ja oc` ^dot+ =n kmjqdndjidhkmjq`_ ^dod`n ^mjnn`_ ^`mo\di ocm`ncjg_n m`gd`q`_ oj c\q` kpo ]`*cdi_ oc`h njh` ja oc` rjmno ^mdn`n ja \i `\mgd`m \b`+ Uò \gg oc`nàjmhn ja dinodopodji\g kmjqdndji m`lpdm` h\dioì\i^` \i_ mì`r\g+Pcdn c\u\m_n k`mnk`ôdq` _dm`ôn jpm \ooìodji oj oc` r\tn oc\o`qì di oj_\tìn md^c ^jpiomd`n) pm]\i _dn`\n` c\u\m_n \m` f`ko \o]\t m\oc`m oc\i mì_`m`_ `sodiô+ Ea k\mìon gjn` a\doc di q\^^di\*odji) ^cdg_mì ^\i ji^` \b\di ]` kg\^`_ di _\ib`m ja a\ggdib qdôdhoj ^jio\bdjpn _dn`\n`n+ Ea m`ndno\i^` oj k\tdib gj^\g o\s`n h`\inoc\o hpid^dk\g bjq`mihìon a\gg ]\ifmpko) oc` pm]\i diam\nompôpm`rdgg ijo ]` h\dio\di`_ \i_ a\`^\g*jm\g om\inhdnndji ja ]\ô`md\ rdgg]` kmjhjo`_ ]t ^m\^f`_ n`r`mn) di\_`lp\o` r\o`m \i_ ncj__tcjpndib+ Ei ocdn nìn`) oc` g`nnjin ja cdnojmt c\ib gdf` \ c`\qtm`nkjind]dgdot \mjpi_ oc` i`^fn ja oc` ^doduìn ja oj_\tìn ^dod`n+

è 01 è


GdiZh.+ A+ =+ Smdbg`t) èQm]\i bmjroc \i_ \bmd^pgopm\g ^c\ib`7 Aibg\i_ \i_ oc` ^jiod*

iìo di oc` `\mgt hj_`h k`mdj_ê) CdjgcVa d[ BciZgY^hXêa^cVgn A^hidgn .2%.652&) kk+305*4/5+

/+ N+ I+ Ohdoc) èS`ga\m` \i_ oc`h\i\b`hìo ja _`hjbm\kcd^ pi^`mo\diotê) diI+G`ti`n %`_+&) M]Z edaî^XVa ZXdcdbn d[ ]ZVai] VcY lZa[VgZ %>\ndibnojf`7I\^hdgg\i) .655&) kk+ .-5*02+

0+ ?+ @d^fìn)AVgY M^bZh W.521Y %D\mhji_nrjmoc7 Lìbpdi) .636&) k+ .-4+

1+ A+ =+ Smdbg`t \i_ N+ O+ O^cjad`g_) èAibgdnc kjkpg\odji cdnojmt amjh a\hdgtm`^jinodopodji7 nphh\mt m`npgon .3--*.466ê) IdejaVi^dc LijY^Zh 04 %.650&)kk+ .24*51+

2+ ?+ K Cm\_\) BgZaVcY4 WZ[dgZ VcY V[iZg i]Z ?Vb^cZ4 ZmeadgVi^dch ^c ZXd'cdb^X ]^hidgn& +2**'+3,/ n`^ji_ `_dodji %I\i^c`no`m7 I\i^c`no`m Qidq`m*ndot Lm`nn) .660&+

3+ A+ =+ Smdbg`t) N+ O+ @\qd`n) F+ A+ K`kkì) \i_ N+ O+ O^cjad`g_) >c\a^h] edej'aVi^dc ]^hidgn[gdb[Vbân gZXdchiîji^dc %?\h]md_b`7 ?\h]md_b` Qidq`mndotLm`nn) .664&) k+.03+

4+ D+ Ojpoc\gg \i_ @+ Cdg]`mo) è= bjj_ odh` oj r`_Xdcdb^X A^hidgn KZk^Zl 167.%.663&)kk+02*24+

5+ O+ N+ Oumò`m) ?Zgiâîn) XaVhh VcY \ZcYZg ^c ;gîV^c +20*'+3.* %?\h]md_b`7?\h]md_b` Qidq`mndot Lm`nn) .663&) k+213+

6+ Bjm oc` njpoc*`\no ^jpiod`n jaAnn`s) Gìo \i_ Opnn`s) cjr`q`m) @j]nji ^g\dhnoc\o ojkjbm\kcd^\g a\ôjmn a\m jpor`dbc kjkpg\odji _ìndot di oc`dm àa`ô pkjihjmo\gdot+ I+ F+ @j]nji) c\aVcY %?\h]md_b`7 ?\h]md_b` Qidq`mndot Lm`nn) .664&) k+ .1/+

.-+C+ G`\min) èVdqdgdn \i_ctb\`d\7 pm]\ikp]gd^ c`\goc _pmdib oc` `kd_`hdjgjbdôm\indodjiê) di N+ H\roji %`_+&) M]Z g^hZ VcY [Vaa d[ \gZVi Xî^Zh %Hji_ji7>`gc\qì) .656&)kk+63*./1+

..+ I+ @pm`t) M]Z gZijgc d[ i]Z eaV\jZ4 ;gî^h] hdX^Zin VcY i]Z X]daZgV +2-+~, %@p]gdi7 Cdgg \i_I\^hdgg\i) .646&+

./+C+ G`\min) èLmdq\o` kmjk`mot \i_kp]gd^ c`\goc màjmh diAibg\i_ .50-*.54-ê)LdX^Va LX^ZcXZ VcY FZY^X^cZ /3 %.655&) kk+ .54*.66+

C`mmt G`\min

.0+C+ G`\min)êPp]`m^pgjndn \i_ oc` h`_d^\gdn\odji ja Aibgdnc nj^d`ot) .56-*.6/-ê) di Fjci Sjj_r\m_ \i_ Nj]`mo FÅoo` %`_n&) jgdeZVc eZgheZXi^kZ %Oc`aad`g_7 Apmj*k`\i =nnj^d\odji ajm oc` Ddnojmt jaI`_d^di` \i_D`\goc Lp]gd^\odjin) .662&)kk+ .14*.4-+

.1+F+ C+ Sdggd\hnji)


/2+ C+ G`\hn) èH` c\i_d^\k pm]\di ò g` _~^gdi _` g\hjmo\gdo~ ì =ibgò`mm` ò \pL\tn _`C\gg`n .52.*.6--ê)=ii\g`n _`@~hjbm\kcd`Ddnojmdlp` .660) kk+42*.-2+

/3+ N+Sjj_n \i_J+ Oc`goji)=p ViaVh d[O^Xidg^Vc bdgiVaîn %Hdq`mkjjg7 Hdq`mkjjgQidq`mndot Lm`nn) .664&+

/4+ Pc` Bmì^c _\o\ ^jh` amjh KuX]ZgX]Zh LiVi^hi^fjZh hjg aV kâaZ YZ IVg^h ZiaZ YueVgibZci YZ aV LZ^cZ VccuZ +2,+ %L\mdn7 Ehkmdh`md` Njt\g) .500&) o\]g`n1) 4) .6) /-) /6 \i_ 0-+ Pc` Or`_dnc _\o\ ^jh` amjh ;^YgV\ iâa LkZg^\ZhH[[^X^ZaaV LiVi^hi^`( :$ ;Z[da`c^c\hhiVi^hi^`( QEBB4.( .6--+ ;Z[da`c^c\h'gvgZahZc ^ LkZg^\Z tgZc +23+'+3** %Ooj^fcjgh7 Gpibg+ >jfomt^f`mdò) .6-5&o\]g`n 0)/. \i_ /0+

/5+ I+ N+ I\ojqdb) LidX`]dabhsìZch`Ve4 [Vbâ_ZWâYc^c\ dX] eVgicZgkVa ^LidX`]dab +2/*'+23* %Ooj^fcjgh7 Hd]`mBÄmg\bn _dnomd]podji) .651&8 F+OÄ_`m]`mb) Q+ Fjcinnji \i_?+ L`mnnji)= hiV\cVi^c\ bZigdeda^h4 i]Z ZXdcdbnVcY YZbd\gVe]n d[ LidX`]dab& +1/*'+2/* %?\h]md_b` Qidq`mndot Lm`nn).66.&) k+.44+

/6+ C+ Ijji`t) è@d_ Hji_jik\nn oc` çn\ido\mt o`noé

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Population dynamics during industrialization1081366/FULLTEXT01.pdf · This is the published version of a chapter published in Population Dynamics during Industrialization . Citation