Population Population Around the Around the

WorldWorld

Population Population Around the Around the

WorldWorld

What is population distribution?

“Population distributions are descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups live.”

“Population distributions are descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups live.”

What factors influence What factors influence Population Distribution?Population Distribution?

Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors-- What type of natural What type of natural resourcesresources are are

in the area? Does it have oil, or in the area? Does it have oil, or arablearable land or access to land or access to waterwater??What is the What is the climateclimate like? like?Does it have capital resources Does it have capital resources such as such as transportationtransportation and and technology?technology?

Economic factorsEconomic factors--What is the economic What is the economic developmentdevelopment like? like?

What are the resources like?What are the resources like?Political factorsPolitical factors--

What is the What is the governmentgovernment policy?policy?

Are there many conflicts?Are there many conflicts?Is it a Is it a ruralrural/urban area?/urban area?

Two-thirds of the World’s Population is concentrated in four specific areas.Two-thirds of the World’s Population is concentrated in four specific areas.

East AsiaEast Asia

South AsiaSouth Asia

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

EuropeEurope

POPULATION POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION

Almost Almost 90%90% of the world’s of the world’s population lives in the population lives in the Northern Northern Hemisphere Hemisphere

About About 66%66% live between live between 2020°°NN & & 6060°N°N latitude because of the latitude because of the suitable climate and suitable climate and vegetationvegetation

How do you measure population?

“Population Density is the number of people occupying

an area of land.”

“Population Density is the number of people occupying

an area of land.”

POPULATIONPOPULATION Until 2003 more than Until 2003 more than 50%50% of of

the world’s population lived in the world’s population lived in rural areas, but by rural areas, but by May 2007May 2007 that number changedthat number changed

United Nations estimates predict the United Nations estimates predict the world will be world will be 53% urban53% urban by 2015; by 2015; 60% urban by 203060% urban by 2030

U.S. is about 82% U.S. is about 82% urbanurban (Changed in (Changed in late 1910’s)late 1910’s)

POPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION DENSITY

US population density, according US population density, according to 2011 census estimates, was to 2011 census estimates, was 8888 people per square mile people per square mile

Alaska was lowest with Alaska was lowest with 1.31.3 people per square milepeople per square mile

New Jersey was largest with New Jersey was largest with 11891189 people per square mile people per square mile

POPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION DENSITY

Asia is the continent with Asia is the continent with the greatest population the greatest population density (density (203/sq.mile203/sq.mile); ); North America North America 3232; Australia ; Australia 6.46.4

World population density is World population density is 115115 people per sq. mile people per sq. mile

What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of human populations?human populations?

Birth and Death ratesBirth and Death rates--How many people per 1000 How many people per 1000 are are born or dieborn or die in a year? in a year?

Age DistributionAge Distribution----How many people are in How many people are in each each ageage category? category?

Male/Female distributionMale/Female distribution----Are there more males or more Are there more males or more femalesfemales? Why?? Why?

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy----How old can you How old can you expect to expect to livelive??

Infant MortalityInfant Mortality----How many children die before How many children die before their their firstfirst birthday? birthday?

Urban /RuralUrban /Rural----Where do most people live? In Where do most people live? In the city/country?the city/country?

GDPGDP---- Is the country’s GDP high or Is the country’s GDP high or low?low?

EthnicityEthnicity----Does the population have one Does the population have one dominate ethnicity or many dominate ethnicity or many and do they get along?and do they get along?

LanguageLanguage-- -- Do the people Do the people speak one language or do speak one language or do they have they have multiplemultiple languages?languages?

ReligionReligion-- -- Do the people share Do the people share the the samesame religion or do they religion or do they have multiple ones?have multiple ones?

EducationEducation-- -- Are the people Are the people highly educated? Can they highly educated? Can they readread & write & write

What factors influence What factors influence population growth rates?population growth rates?

Does the country have modern Does the country have modern medicine and hygiene practices?medicine and hygiene practices?

What is the level of the average What is the level of the average education?education?

Is the country industrialized and Is the country industrialized and do the people live in urban do the people live in urban areas?areas?

What is the level of economic What is the level of economic development? Does the country development? Does the country have a primary, secondary, or have a primary, secondary, or tertiary economy?tertiary economy?

What is the government’s policy What is the government’s policy toward growth? Are there any toward growth? Are there any restrictions?restrictions?

What role do women play in the What role do women play in the society?society?

How do you measure population change?

“You can measure population change through the Birth Rate, the Death Rate, the Fertility

Rate, Infant Mortality rate and Life Expectancy.”

“You can measure population change through the Birth Rate, the Death Rate, the Fertility

Rate, Infant Mortality rate and Life Expectancy.”

The Birth Rate is the total number of live births a year for every 1,000

people alive in the society.

The Birth Rate is the total number of live births a year for every 1,000

people alive in the society.

The Death Rate is the total number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people

alive in the society.

The Death Rate is the total number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people

alive in the society.

BIRTH AND DEATH RATESBIRTH AND DEATH RATES World average birthrate is World average birthrate is

19.219.2 per thousand per thousand Highest birthrate is in Niger Highest birthrate is in Niger

with about with about 4848 per thousand per thousand Lowest birthrate is in Monaco Lowest birthrate is in Monaco

with with 6.856.85 per thousand per thousand

The Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman will have

during her childbearing years.

The Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman will have

during her childbearing years.

FERTILITY RATESFERTILITY RATES

A fertility rate of A fertility rate of 2.12.1 is is necessary just to replace the necessary just to replace the current populationcurrent population

Worldwide average fertility Worldwide average fertility

rate is about 2.56rate is about 2.56

The Infant Mortality Rate is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year

compared with total live births.

The Infant Mortality Rate is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year

compared with total live births.

Life Expectancy measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to

live at current morbidity levels.

Life Expectancy measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to

live at current morbidity levels.

POPULATIONPOPULATION

By 1999 the world’s population hit By 1999 the world’s population hit 66 Billion people (Billion people (1 billion in1 billion in early 1800’searly 1800’s))

World hit World hit 7 Billion in October 20117 Billion in October 2011 World population is increasing at a rapid World population is increasing at a rapid

raterate As the world As the world industrializedindustrialized, more & , more &

better better foodfood and improved and improved sanitationsanitation methods caused population to soarmethods caused population to soar

POPULATIONPOPULATION

Geographers use a Geographers use a Population Pyramid Population Pyramid to to examine how events in examine how events in society (wars, epidemics, society (wars, epidemics, famines) affect the population famines) affect the population of a country or regionof a country or region

What is a population pyramid?

“A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the

distribution of various age groups as well as the sex ratio, the number of males per hundred females and the dependency ratio, the number of people who are too old or too

young to work.

“A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the

distribution of various age groups as well as the sex ratio, the number of males per hundred females and the dependency ratio, the number of people who are too old or too

young to work.

What is a population What is a population pyramid?pyramid?

Vertical Axis - Age Groups

Horizontal Axis – Percentage / number

Young dependents

Working population

Elderly dependents

How to read a population How to read a population pyramid?pyramid?

Read the Read the titletitle e.g. country or city or e.g. country or city or racial groupracial group

Comment on generalComment on general shape shape of the of the pyramidpyramid

Note the Note the proportion proportion of people in various of people in various age groups age groups

Note the Note the sex ratiosex ratio InterpretInterpret the data the data

Types of Population Types of Population PyramidPyramid

1. Triangular-shaped1. Triangular-shaped

2. Beehive-shaped Pyramid2. Beehive-shaped Pyramid

3. Rectangular-shaped Pyramid 3. Rectangular-shaped Pyramid

Shape of pyramids is controlled byShape of pyramids is controlled by births,births, deaths, &deaths, & migrations.migrations.

Triangular-shaped Triangular-shaped PyramidPyramid

(Broad-based (Broad-based Pyramid)Pyramid)

Broad-based PyramidBroad-based PyramidTitle: India, 2000Shape: Broad Base - high birth rates Narrow Top - small elderly pop

- high death rateProportion: - Large proportion of young

- high young dependency ratio

Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance sex ratio

Indonesia2000

Malaysia2000

Beehive-shaped Beehive-shaped PyramidPyramid

Beehive-shaped Beehive-shaped PyramidPyramid

Title: Singapore, 2000Shape: Rocket-shaped / Narrow Base

– Low Birth Rates, Slow pop growthProportion: Large proportion of working

population, 15-59 yr old - large group of economically active pop

Sex Ratio: Balanced pyramid

Hong Kong2000

Taiwan2000

Rectangular-shaped Rectangular-shaped PyramidPyramid

Rectangular PyramidRectangular PyramidTitle: Netherlands, 2000Shape: Rectangular-shaped - Zero Pop Growth Narrow Base - Low Birth Rates

- Life-expectancy is high e.g. 80+ - Low death rates

Proportion: Bars of equal length - Balance ProportionSex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance Sex Ratio

UK 2000

Netherlands2000

Population Pyramids in Transition

Each pyramid tells a story Each pyramid tells a story about the about the

pastpast, , presentpresent & & futurefuture of a country & its people.of a country & its people.

Importance of Population Importance of Population PyramidsPyramids

Policy Planning Policy Planning

~ future housing estates~ future housing estates

~ future schools~ future schools

~ future jobs~ future jobs Comparison with other countriesComparison with other countries

~ developed (US) vs developing ~ developed (US) vs developing (India)(India)

Demographic Transition Demographic Transition Model Population Growth Model Population Growth

StagesStages Stage 1> pre-industrial societyStage 1> pre-industrial society

Stage 2> developing countryStage 2> developing country

Stage 3> urbanizationStage 3> urbanization

Stage 4> Stability Stage 4> Stability

Stage 1 – Pre-industrial Stage 1 – Pre-industrial societysociety Birth and death rates - Birth and death rates - very high very high

Population Growth - Population Growth - very slow very slow

All human population is All human population is believed to have been believed to have been in this stage until the in this stage until the Industrial Revolution in Industrial Revolution in the late 18the late 18thth century century

Birth Rate

Death Rate

Population

Stage 2Stage 2 Death rates - drop Death rates - drop

rapidlyrapidly improvements in improvements in

food supply & food supply & sanitation, increases sanitation, increases life spans and reduce life spans and reduce disease. disease.

Birth rates - stays Birth rates - stays very highvery high

Population Growth – Population Growth – Large, rapid Large, rapid increaseincrease

Population

Death Rate

Stage 3Stage 3 Birth rates - fall Birth rates - fall

due to access to due to access to contraception, increases contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase agriculture, an increase in the status and in the status and education of women, a education of women, a reduction in the value of reduction in the value of children's work, an children's work, an increase in parental increase in parental investment in the investment in the education of children education of children and other social and other social changes.changes.

Death rates - begin to Death rates - begin to dropdrop

Population growth - Population growth - begins to level off. begins to level off.

Population

Stage 4Stage 4

Birth rates & death rates – lowBirth rates & death rates – low Birth rates may drop to well below Birth rates may drop to well below

replacement level leading to a shrinking replacement level leading to a shrinking population.population.

Population Growth – level Population Growth – level By the late 20th century, birth rates and By the late 20th century, birth rates and

death rates in developed countries death rates in developed countries leveled off at lower rates & some are leveled off at lower rates & some are decreasing decreasing

Population Growth StagesPopulation Growth Stages Stage 1Stage 1- birthrates and death rates are - birthrates and death rates are

high, but equal, so little population high, but equal, so little population growthgrowth

Stage 2Stage 2- decrease in death rate but - decrease in death rate but birth rate remains high, so rapid birth rate remains high, so rapid population growthpopulation growth

Stage 3Stage 3- birthrates and death rates are birthrates and death rates are equal, but low, so population grows equal, but low, so population grows slowlyslowly

Stage 4-Stage 4- birthrates and death rates birthrates and death rates drop to very low level and population is drop to very low level and population is high and stablehigh and stable