Population and Urbanization Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under

Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

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Essentials ofEssentials of

SociologySociology

99thth Edition Edition

Chapter 14: Population and Chapter 14: Population and UrbanizationUrbanization


A Planet with No Space

to Enjoy Life?

Population Growth

The Development of

Cities—Urbanization

City Life: Alienation

and Community

Urban Problems and

Social Policy2

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview


Thomas Malthus, an English Economist, believed that the population will grow geometrically while the food supply grows arithmetically (Thomas Theorem)

The population will eventually outstrip the food supply

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Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus


New Malthusians – The world’s population is following an exponential growth curve

It took from the beginning of time until 1800 for the world population to reach its first billion. It then took only 130 years to add the 2nd billion and only another 30 years for the population to reach 3 billion.

Eventually, there will not be enough food to feed the rapidly growing population

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New MalthusiansNew Malthusians

Population and UrbanizationCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Figure 14.1 How Fast is the World’s Population Growing?Source: By the author. Based on Haub and Kent 2008.


Anti-Malthusians believe that Europe’s demographic transition is a more accurate picture of the future

1)Stage 1- Birth rates and death rates are balanced

2)Stage 2 – Births far outnumber deaths (population explosion

3)Stage 3 – Births drop, and births and deaths become balanced

4)Stage 4 – Deaths outnumber births (population shrinkage)

Population shrinkage is already occurring in 65 countries

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Anti-MalthusiansAnti-Malthusians


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Figure 14.3 The Demographic TransitionNote: The standard demographic transition is depicted by Stages 1–3. Stage 4 has been suggested by some Anti-Malthusians.


W

hy Do Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many

Children?

Status of Parenthood – the more children a women has her

status is increased

Community Support

Reliance on Children in Old Age – no Social Security exists so

people rely on children for physical, emotional, and financial

assistance in old age

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Population Population GrowthGrowth

Mic

roso

ft I

mag

es


Figure 14.6 Why the Poor Need ChildrenChildren are an economic asset in the Least Industrialized Nations. Based on a survey in Indonesia, this figure showsthat boys and girls can be net income earners for their families by the age of 9 or 10.Source: U.N. Fund for Population Activities.


To illustrate population dynamics, demographers use population pyramids, which depict a country’s population by age and sex.

10Figure 14.7 Three Population PyramidsSource: Population Today, 26, 9, September 1998:4, 5.

Population PyramidsPopulation Pyramids


Demographic Variables – three ways to measure population growth

1.Fertility – the number of children a women actually bears; lowest in Eastern Europe and highest in Middle Africa

2.Mortality – annual deaths per 1,000 people

3.Migration – the Net migration rate is the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

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Population Growth VariablesPopulation Growth Variables


Cities, on a large scale, first appeared about 3500 B.C., first in Iraq and Iran, then later in West Africa

The key to the origin of cities is the development of efficient agriculture

200 years ago the only city in the world that had a population of more than a million was China

The Industrial Revolution led to a big rise in city populations

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The Rise The Rise of Citiesof Cities


Urbanization refers to masses of people moving to the cities

77 % of the population in the industrialized world lives in cities

There are many “pulls” in regards to city life

Metropolis – Central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs

Megalopolis – Two metropolises and their many suburbs

Megacity – A City with 10 million residents

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The Process of UrbanizationThe Process of Urbanization


Figure 14.11 The 20 Largest Cities in the World**Includes contiguous cities. Los Angeles, for example, includes Long Beach, and New York includes Newark. The populations are projections for year 2025.Source: By the author. Based on United Nations 2008:Table 3.


From Country to City – In 1790 only 5 % of Americans lived in cities; today it is 79 %

From City to City – six of the fastest growing cities are in the West and 4 are in the South

Between Cities – Edge Cities: clusters of buildings and services near the intersections of major highways

Within the City – Gentrification: middle class people moving to rundown areas of a city

From City to Suburb – Suburbanization – Today, over 50 % of Americans live in Suburbs– why?

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U.S. Urban U.S. Urban PatternsPatterns



Figure 14.12 How Urban is Your State? The Rural–Urban Makeup of the United StatesNote: The most rural state is Vermont (38% urban). The most urban states are California and New Jersey (94% urban).Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 28.


D

esire to Retreat to Safe Haven

U

rban Crime and Violence is “Push”

C

ost of Living and Space is “Pull”

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Rural ReboundRural Rebound


The Concentric Zone Model – Ernest Burgess – cities expand outward from its center – 5 zones

The Sector Model – Homer Hoyt – a concentric zone can contain several sectors

The Multiple-Nuclei Model – Harris and Ullman – some cities have several centers (i.e. fast food restaurants and clothing stores)

The Peripheral Model – Chauncey Harris – impact of highways on the movement of people away from the cities

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Models of Models of Urban GrowthUrban Growth


Who Lives in the City? – Herbert Gans did participant observation in the West End of Boston and determined 5 different types of people live in the cities:

The Cosmopolites The Singles The Ethnic Villagers The Deprived The Trapped

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City LifeCity Life


U

rban Sentiment: Finding a Familiar World City Divided into Little Worlds

People Create Intimacy by Personalizing Shopping

Spectator Sports Provide VenueN

orm of Noninvolvement

Diffusion of Responsibility

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City LifeCity Life


Many people are leaving the cities and businesses are following

Causes the cities tax base to shrink

Many people were left behind in this transition and transformed inner cities

Many are fleeing to the suburbs and now many suburbs are facing the same problems that cities have

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Urban Problems and Urban Problems and Social PolicySocial Policy


Figure 14.14 Urban Growth and Urban Flight


As cities tax base shrank and building deteriorated, many banks began Redlining (refusing to give loans to housing and business developments in problem areas).

This has led to further disinvestment

Another urban problem has been many factories moving to other countries where the labor is cheaper which is referred to as Deindustrialization

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Urban Problems and Urban Problems and Social PolicySocial Policy


There have been various policies enacted which have attempted to resolve urban problems.

Urban renewal: Tearing down an area and rebuilding, which can revitalize the area but often times does not benefit its inhabitants

Enterprise Zones: A designated area of a city that offers incentives to businesses, such as reduced taxes, to move into the area

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Urban RevitalizationUrban Revitalization


Sociologists can apply sociological principles to build communities.

According to Sociologist William Flanagan (1990) there are three guiding principles

1) Scale-regional and national planning is necessary

2) Livability-cities must be appealing and meet human needs

3) Social Justice-social policy must be evaluated by how it affects people

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Public SociologyPublic Sociology

Documents

Population and Urbanization Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under