Population and Demografic

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In fact, the growth of world population increasing from time to time. Development of

agricultural technology that provides continuity and availability of food sources of good

health care system has encouraged the growth of world population from time to time.

Population growth of a country plays an important role in determining the

progress or backwardness of a country. A high rate of population growth and large

population size is considered as a source of strength and wealth of the country. However

there is of the opinion that the rapid population growth can bring negative effects of the

country considered as the root cause of poverty, war, epidemic disease, hunger, lack of

food and so forth if it is not managed well.

2.0 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHY

2.1 Population

Population is a group of people represented by certain types of statistics(Muzahet, 1987). Population is the picture size, composition and distribution of the

population. Involves the study of demographic size, structure, characteristic and

distribution of population and changes that happen to them in a certain period (Joseph,

2009). Population is also a function of the three main variables, namely births, deaths and

migration. An important aspect in the study population is a component of the study

population or the factors that affect population size.

Residents are people who are in a region bound by the rules-rules that occur

together and interact with each other continuously. In the context of sociology, human

population is the group that meet specific geographic area and space. The people of a

country or region is usually defined to two, namely those who live in the area and who

legally entitled to live in the region. In other words, a person with an official letter to stay

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there. For example proof of citizenship but chose to live in other regions

(http://amalia07.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/pkn1.pdf).

Generally, population growth is the change in population size of either population

size showed an increase or decrease. According Katiman Rostam (2002), there are

several indicators that reflect population growth in the population birth rate, death rate,

fertility rate and migration. Population growth is changing the population in a specific

region at a certain time than the previous time. For example, population growth from

1995 to Indonesia in 2000 is changing the population of Indonesia from 1995 to 2000.

(http://demografi.bps.go.id/versi1/index2.php?option=com_content &do_pdf=1&id=220)

Changes in the population is very useful to describe the population in a region or

country in the future. By knowing the number of people who will come, also known

population of this policy requirement, not only in economic but also social and political

fields. In addition, knowing the situation changes in population, the government can

make early preparation to overcome any negative effects arising from lack of population

or increase the number of people who are forced to face the future.

2.2 Demography

Study population (demographic) studies is related to size, structure (composition),

characteristics and distribution of population and changes that happen to them in a certain

period of time. Demographics are also a number, density, growth or decline and human

movement in space (Walter Scheidel, 2006). Demographic transition is a change that

occurred in a population or population caused by certain factors. Process of demographic

transition shows the development of population either increases or decreases.

Demographic transition model shows the relationship of changes in the population with

the process as well as industrial and urban economic development. It explains

relationship or relationship between birth rate and death that occurred over time.

Demographic transition can be divided into four main phases, namely birth and death

rates but higher growth rates naturally low.

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This happens due to lack of family planning and usually occur in traditional

family life-1940s. The second phase is the high birth rate began to decline, but deaths that

occurred in the early independence era of the 1950s. The third phase refers to the birth

and death rates decreased. This occurs due to changes in population over the next

economic development occurred increased health and food standards. Next phase of the

fourth birth rate and low mortality. As a result the economy is stable and developed 9

Keith Orrell. 1999: 174).

2.3 Demography Characteristic

Age structure and gender are the demographic characteristics of the population

and will be applied in the form of population pyramids. Pyramid progressive form of

birth and death rates indicate that high unemployment and a high dependency ratio,

percentage of elderly and low life expectancy and low indicates low level of

development. Robust form of pyramid shows the percentage population under 15 years is

still high, while the birth rate high infant mortality rate is low, many parents still

increasing population and the ratio of adults, parents and children more balanced.

Pyramid regresif and showed intermediate ramainya adult population with a low

mortality rate and an increase in the elderly at least 2% aged 80 years and more.

2.4 Types of Demography

As a result of cultural changes that lead to human development in various fields,

five types of demographic conditions can be identified. First, the population has not

increased with a high birth rate and death rate is high. This type of demographics

available on pre-industrial society that is still not coming wave of technological

innovation. Demographic situation is the second population began to increase rapidly.

This shows a high birth rate and death rate is declining. In this situation, most of the

demographic is younger people who are able to grow rapidly is the earliest evidence of

the arrival of waves of innovation.

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The third demographic situation where people have suffered a lot with increasing

mortality and low birth rate is declining among older shows that increasing the potential

to cause low growth. Such conditions typically found in countries advanced in the

process of cultural change. Unlike countries that have been through the process of change

and achieve a mature economy with a very small number of farmers and most people

working in the tertiary sector. This situation shows the population has not increased the

rates of low birth and death. While the population with declining birth rate is lower than

the mortality rate shows one modification of economic, social and political (Paul

Ganderton, 2000: 72).

3.0 POPULATION GROWTH

Population growth is the change in a population over time, and can be quantified

as the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using "per unit

time" for measurement.

Malaysias population has more than doubled over the past three decades,

growing from 7.4 million in 1957 to an estimated 18.4 million persons counted in the

1991 census. The population growth rate, which is determined by natural increase and net

international migration has averaged around 2.5 per cent during this period. This is a

relatively high rate of population growth in comparison with many of the countries in

Europe, North America, and also East Asia, where the corresponding figure is around 1

per cent (Leete, 1996).

Malaysias population growth rate has remained high in the face of steadily

declining fertility and low mortality, largely because of the populations young age

structure which results in far more births than deaths. Moreover, throughout much of this

period there has also been substantial. Nevertheless, in the post-independence era, natural

increase has replaced international migration as the main factor in population growth at

the national level.

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Malaysia's population comprises many ethnic groups, with the politically

dominant Malays comprising a plurality. By Constitutional definition, all Malays are

Muslim. More than a quarter of the population is Chinese. They have historically played

an important role in trade and business. Malaysians of Indian descent comprise about 7%

of the population and include Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and Christians. About 85% of

the Indian community is Tamil.

(http://www.historycentral.com/nationbynation/Malaysia/Population.html)

Non-Malay indigenous groups make up more than half of Sarawak's population

and about 66% of Sabah's. They are divided into dozens of ethnic groups but they share

some general patterns of living and culture. Until the 20th century, most practiced

traditional beliefs, but many have become Christian or Muslim.

The "other" category includes Malaysians of, inter alia, European and Middle Eastern

descent.(http://www.historycentral.com/nationbynation/Malaysia/Population.html)

3.1 Size, Growth and Distribution of the population in Malaysia

The total population of Malaysia is projected to grow from an estimated 18.4 million

persons in 1991 to 22.9 million in 2001, and to 32.5 million by the year 2021. the annual

rate of growth of the population is expected to decline steadily from 2.5 per cent in the

period 1991-6 to about 1.5 per cent in the last decade of the projection period. These

overall figures, are of course, dominated by the projected trends for Malaysian citizens.

For non-Malaysian citizens, there is a surge in numbers in the period 1991-6,

which results from the assumed 8 per cent annual growth in the economy, after which the

numbers drop back on account of the economic factors outlined above, coupled with the

increasing supply of our local workforce. While population growth is projected to slow

throughout Malaysia in the period to 2021, it will continue to be higher in Sabah

compared with peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.

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However, it needs to be borne in mind that the projected population trends for

Sabah are rather conservatives compared with actual trends over the past three decades or

so. The lower growth that might be expected results from the method used here for

allocating non-Malaysian citizens to the states, that is, the assumption that the

proportionate distribution will remain the same as in long-term trend for Sabah to have an

increasing share of Malaysias population will continue.

3.2 Malaysia Population Clock

The Population Clock covers all usual residents in Malaysia. This projection

excludes Malaysians residing outside of Malaysia (example: students, workers,

ambassadors, commissioners etc) and is based on data from the 2000 Population and

Housing Census carried out on 5 July 2000. These census data had been adjusted for

under enumeration as well as mid year.

This Population Clock subsequently, the population count is updated by adding

births, subtracting deaths, and also adding net migration (international). Estimates of birth

and death components are available from records received from the National Registration

Department of Malaysia. Meanwhile, estimates and assumptions of migration are

obtained from the Economic Planning Unit. This projection does not take into

consideration factors such as natural disasters or epidemics which can significantly effect

death estimates. The estimates used are assumed to be constant for a period of three

months (every quarter) before the estimates are updated. The population increase may be

subjected to small discrepancies caused by rounding.

The assumption used in the population projection are as follows:

one birth for every 58 seconds

one death for every 4 minutes and 36 seconds

one gain on net migration (International) for every 5 minutes and 15 seconds

overall increase in population, one person for every 56 seconds

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(Source: http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=162%3Amalaysia-population-

clock&catid=76%3Apopulation-clock&Itemid=1&lang=en )

3.3 World Population Clock

Notes on World Population Clock and World Vital Events

Note: Date of data updated.

The populations displayed on the World Population Clock are not intended to

imply that the population of the world is known to the last person. The World Population

Clock is only an estimate of the world population and an indication of how fast it is

growing. According to the current estimates, the world population reached 6 billion on 21

June 1999 at about 4.25 PM GMT (June 21 at 12.25 PM EDT). Given the uncertainties of

the estimates and the fact that estimates are constantly updated, it is possible that the

estimate of when the 6 billion was hit could change. The United Nations, whose

population estimates differ somewhat from our figures, celebrated the "Day of 6 Billion

on 12 October 1999.

The estimates and projection of the world population used to produce these

figures were developed by the International Program Center (U.S. Bureau of the Census,

Population Division)1 based on analysis of available data on population, fertility,

mortality and migration. The analysis is performed separately for the 227 countries or

areas of the world with a population of 5,000 or more based on information from census,

survey and administrative records. For most countries and especially less developed

countries, adjustment of the data is necessary to correct errors, omissions and

inconsistencies in the data. Since the most recent data for each country is at least two

years old (for most countries they are even older), the populations used are projections

from these estimates based on assumed trends in fertility, mortality and migration. As

new data become available, all data are reevaluated and some data changes may be made.

These estimates and projections are contained in the International Data Base.

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The World midyear population and vital event estimates result from an

aggregation of the figures for the individual countries and areas. The intermediate

population estimates are based on a linear interpolation between successive midyear

population figures. World vital events for different units of time are computed based on

the number of months, days, hours, minutes or seconds in the given year. Figures may not

add to totals due to rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division International Programs Center.

U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base.

(http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=637%3Afree-download-basic-population-

characteristics-by-administrative-districts&catid=58%3Apublications&lang=en).

3.4 Measuring Population

An existing population fluctuates because of births, deaths and migrations. When

determining the size of any population demographers consider the number born, or the

crude fertility rate of an existing population and they subtract the number dying, or the

crude mortality rate, to arrive at what is called the natural increase per year of any

existing population. In addition to the rate of natural increase, net migration must be

calculated to accurately reflect the population. The net migrants are then accounted for by

subtracting the number of emigrants--or people leaving an area-- from the number of

immigrants--or the people coming into an area. That net migration figure is then added to

or subtracted from the resident population to estimate the aggregate number of

inhabitants in any place at a given time.

Formula:

A. Crude rate of = (No. of live births No. of deaths) in year x 1,000

natural increase Mid year population in year

B. Crude births rate = No. of live births in year x 1,000

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Mid year population in year

C. Crude death rate = No. of deaths in year x 1,000

Mid year population in year

D. Infant mortality rate = No. of deaths under 1 year of age in year x 1,000

No. of births in year

(source: Population and Vital statistics. PDF)

3.5 Fertility

The number of births per one thousand people per year is called the annual crude

birth rate and it is one of several measures of fertility in any population. Fertility rates in

nations vary but crude birth rates of 48 in Chad or 49 per thousand in Angola are

considered high rates, while 8 per thousand in Germany or Hong Kong are considered

low. The world average for the crude fertility rate is 11 per one thousand, but when less

developed nations are averaged the figure is 27 per one thousand.

(http://www.eoearth.org/article/Population)

3.6 Mortality

The number of deaths per one thousand people per year is called the annual crude

death rate, or mortality. The relation between the age structure and the mortality rates in

most populations coincide; the older the population, the higher the crude death rates. For

example, 16 per thousand in Russia coincides with an aging population, as do 17 in the

Ukraine. There are exceptions to this correlation of the crude death rates in an aging

population. In the cases of Afghanistan and nations in Africa both war and infant

mortality contribute to higher crude death rates among relatively younger populations. In

Afghanistan, war has raised the death rate to a high of 22 and 23 in Sierra Leone.

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In other parts of Africa the HIV infection rate has had an effect on the mortality

rates. In Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and South Africa where infection rates are high with one

third to one fifth of the population estimated to have HIV, crude death rates are as

follows: for Zimbabwe it is 23 per one thousand, South Africa 18 and Swaziland 28 per

one thousand.

Experts and aid agency specialists have noted that poverty exacerbates the access

to health care, adequate nutrition and clean water. In those poor nations the crude death

rate is also higher than the world average which is 10 per one thousand of the population.

For instance, in Africa where 66 percent of the population lives on less than $2 per day

(equivalent in American dollars), the crude death rate averages 15 per one thousand. In

Canada it is less that half that rate or 7 per thousand while in the United States rate rises

to 8 and in Western Europe 9 per one thousand of the population.

(http://www.eoearth.org/article/Population).

3.7 Migration

The movement of people from one place to another is a fundamental characteristic

of human and many herd animal populations. Those people leaving an area are called

emigrants from the nation or place they leave and referred to as immigrants in the places

they come to or in which they arrive. Net migration rates annually per one thousand vary

widely from a high of 13 in Ireland to negative numbers in Poland, South Korea,

Lithuania and the Netherlands. Lithuania has the fewest net migrant rate at a negative 2.6

in 2005. International migrants, it is estimated, comprise three percent of the world's

population in any given period. (http://www.eoearth.org/article/Population)

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

Demography is the study of population characteristics (in terms of size, size,

density, distribution, birth, death, etc.) within a certain time, (Dictionary, 2009).

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Dictionary of Statistics, 2008 states that a study of demographic characteristics of

population includes birth, marriage, death, employment, migration, health and others.

While Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, (1994-2010) explains that the study is

demographic statistics about the population, especially related to size and density,

distribution and birth and death statistics. At present more appropriate demographic is

defined as the global birth rate, relation between economic development and population,

and the effects of birth planning, migration, immigration and labor statistics of various

deductions. Student Dictionary Second Edition also defines the demographic as all the

things about the place. While in the dictionary (Kamus Dewan Edisi) Four state

(demographic) is the study of population growth characteristics (terms of size, density,

distribution, birth, death, etc.) in a certain period of time.

According to the definition of various demographic, here concluded that generally occur

due to several demographic factors, namely socio-economic, socio-cultural and socio-

demographic. Population is an important factor in the process of socio-economic

development of the country. "Rapid progress of technology, migration from rural to

urban and economic progress have contributed to the transformation and changes in

lifestyle of individuals and families. These factors have also changed the structure of the

population. Malaysia's population has increased rapidly since we achieved independence.

Malaysia's population is now estimated 26.1 million increase from 23.5 million in 2000

with an average growth rate of 2.1 per cent a year "( Speech. .., July 22, 2005).

4.1 Demography Theory

Disclaimer Theory Demography Society can manage the process of setting population

and this happens with several factors according to certain patterns. Demographic theory

presented to explain that all people capable of managing people and their arrangement is

a result of customary social and economic conditions. Demographic transition theory is

also an attempt at describing the situation where, in the long run, changes can occur in

birth rate and high mortality and low down into how these changes occur.

(http://members.multimania .co.uk/nabirz/soc5.htm).

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Bogue define theory as the Demographic Rule:

"Each community tends to maintain the importance of the balanced

situation where people will replace the birth and death increased to

limits deemed necessary by their general habits. Habits are flexible and

can be adjusted quickly to changes in ability to bear the economic

population ".

This adaptation occurs in two forms, namely to reduce mortality as much

as possible. Determine the birth rate with such a balance or how to increase the desired

rate can be achieved. The people who have a high mortality rate arrangement does not

require a high birth because the birth is needed to replace a high mortality. Demographic

transition theory, if people studied the history of statistics, each country shows that the

situation has been experienced and are experiencing population limits respectively.

Genesis is known as the people managing the process of demographic transition or the

transition of an important transition that occurred in the long run where a condition of

mortality and high birth converted to a condition of mortality and low birth.

(http://members.multimania.co.uk/nabirz/soc5.htm)

In the discussion of this demographic transition, the word 'level' is often used.

This is to show the situation of the balance of birth and death rates before, during and

after the transition. Early stages of this process is initiated with the decline of mortality

caused by medical and public health services improved follow with little or no change for

the reduction of birth rates for births involving more particularly the attitude of social

change takes a long time that changed. Consequently, the fast increase in the rate of

population increase. Then began the birth rate down (partly due to education,urbanization and industrial) and eventually be more or less equal rates of death.

Generally, this transition process almost ends in developed countries.

Pre-transition of the population has a high birth rate and death rate is high and

variable. Overall rate of population increase varies from year to year but averaged nearly

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zero. Some small countries are still in this stage that among the most backward country in

the world. First Transit which began to decrease mortality, but birth rate remains high or

may rise as a result of women's health within the fertile improved. Most countries have

either population behavior over time and between countries at the same time. By the

demographic transition process that only becomes a public trust where the objectives of

each population must be brought death and birth rates balanced and if this does not

happen voluntarily, it must be done through the pressures from outside.

Although there is evidence to support this belief, still do not have a complete

theory that can be done at a specific time or place or predict the speed limit and how it

can be done. Therefore, this theory has a limited use. It is used for certain cases and only

as a theory of history and theory of general population.

4.2 Malaysia Population Growth Trends and Changes

Phenomenon and pattern of natural population growth in Malaysia has been

changed due to migration around the year 1911 and 1931 the natural increase caused by

the difference between fertility and mortality around 1931 until around 1989 (Hairi

Abdullah, 1989).

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Graph 1 shows the trends change and population growth in Malaysia for the

period 1980 to 2005. Overall, information from these tables clearly shows an increase

occurred in terms of population size in the three regions in Malaysia in the period. The

graph also shows the annual increase in population 3, which clearly for all three of the

region. For example, an increase occurs approximately double the population in

Peninsular Malaysia while in Sabah and Sarawak are increasing for more than three times

the period 1980 to 2005.

Refer to graph 2, the average annual population growth rate for the three regions

is a clear trend showing a decrease. Overall, the decrease in growth rate is relatively slow

for Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak to take 25 years to reduce the average annual

growth rate. For Sabah, the decline in growth rates only began to occur by the 1990s and

only began to show a fairly significant trend decline to 3.8 percent in 1991-2000. Trends

will continue to occur with a decrease to the growth rate for Peninsular Malaysia and

Sarawak in the early 21 st century when Sabah recorded the lowest average annual

growth rate.

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This factor influenced by the relatively high natural increase but also driven by

factors in international migration among foreigners to the country. However, by 1990,

following an effort by law enforcement of immigration to the strict entry of foreign

immigrants to the region, accompanied by various efforts to bring social and economic

development while creating a social and cultural transformation of the local community,

then the rate of population growth Sabah has slowed to approach the national figures by

the year 2005.

Besides referring to the size of population numbers and population growth rates,

these trends show a decrease fertility of the three areas concerned and thus the factors

that contribute to the reduction trends discussed. Table 1 shows the min child born has

declined consistently in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak since 1980 until 2004. While

in the case of Sabah, a change in the min child was born still not clear. In fact, children

born to residents min Sabah noted with higher levels decline more slowly than the trend

that occurred in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak.

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4.3 Factors Affecting Population Change

4.4.1 Socio-cultural

Means the relationship between socio-cultural community with a culture (way of

life, customs, etc.), (Kamus Dewan Edisi Four). The influence of socio-cultural

factors refer to changes in family and fertility trends among people. Concentration is

given to the following aspects: changes in the value of children, changes in attitudes

towards ideal family size (superior), lifestyle changes due to urbanization, and

changes in family support system (B. Sayed Abdul Razak Syed Mahadi)

4.4.2 Socio-demographic

Socio-demographic is part of the socio-cultural. This factor will discuss about the

population of the community in terms of birth, marriage, death, employment,

migration, health and others. These terms will indicate to us how these aspects help

the population and population changes. For example, if viewed in terms of birth rate

and death rate, of course, the health benchmark. Marriage will show the status of our

age is the option to marry, especially among women related to education level. In

terms of migration, the discussion will touch on internal migration and international

migration. Migration is defined in the Dictionary of Geography, 2004 as people move

from one place to another.

4.4.3 Socio- Economic

There are two main factors that can be linked to the influence of formal education

and participation of women in employment. The influence of education plays an

important role over the life of a man. In addition to the one channel to achieve

vertical social mobility, education also serves to change the way people think and

manage themselves and surrounding nature, including related family life. In this

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context, educational visits related to the practice of delayed marriage and birth control

number.

Action to further their studies to a higher level cause many women and men have

suspended dealings to marriage or getting married at later ages. Such action has

resulted in a balance of reproductive age women has decreased, due to lead to a

reduction in the number of children born able to respect women when married soon.

Experience in Australia shows there seems to exist a negative correlation between

education and child birth.

Every year we observe the population identified informal get educated in all three

areas have been increased. This increase was clearly quite balanced between male and

female population both in Peninsular Malaysia, both Sabah and Sarawak. Overall, the

trend of increasing percentage of educated women in formal higher in the three

regions of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak have a certain impact on the level

fertiliti in this country. Increased opportunities to gain knowledge and skills to a level

higher among women has led to many opportunities to venture into areas of greater

employment, thus have to defer their marriage to later ages. According to Swartz in

Lamanna and Riedmann (2005),

Simultaneously, expanded educational and career options for women and,

consequently, their growing commitment to paid work have given women

increased economic independence. One result is that more women are voluntarily

choosing singlehood and like it.

Such actions have led to worship childbirth at the age of the population younger than

a few decades earlier. In fact, the changes that occurred over the family institution has

also led to changes in how couples manage their reproductive behavior.

If seen from the factor of women's participation in employment nor is the

percentage of women's participation in the employment market has increased in the

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peninsula and Sabah. Instead of Sarawak, the percentage participation of women in

the job market has shown a decrease direction. This decrease is not meant in terms of

actual number of working women has decreased. Instead, this reduction is related to

more and more women Sarawak has now migrated to Peninsular Malaysia to work

there.

Changes in participation rates of women in the job market is once again showing

the inverse relationship with the trend decline fertility population in this country.

According to Rosen and Simmons in Arshat Abdul Hamid (1987) fall fertility in

developed countries is influenced by strong women's participation in the workforce

but fall fertility for developing countries more strongly influenced by factors such as

age of first time marriages, education level and social mobility among women.

According to the findings Fawcett (1974) found that increasing the number of

children owned by women involved in the informal sector, especially agro-over

caused by psychological and social factors than economic factors. Most of the

respondents do not burden their children (Mueller , 1976).

5.0 MALAYSIA POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Malaysia is a developing country. Development is slightly influenced by changes

in the composition of the population of Malaysia in terms of birth rate, age and sex

structure, mortality and migration. Although the size of Malaysia's population is

increasing, the formation of family size is more moderate and small due to fertility

decline and death increasingly accepted in society, especially in urban areas. Increased

standard of living people, especially in the field of education have a large impact on

population dynamics of Malaysia in the future.

According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia 1972, states in Peninsular

Malaysia has been experiencing a high rate of population growth. Based on 1957

population census, the population of Peninsular Malaysia is 6:27 million with an annual

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population growth rate of 3.0 per year. Based on Table 1 (refer to attachment), an average

annual population growth rate is high, namely 2.3 per cent in 1970-1980, 2.6 per cent in

1990-1991 and 2.6 percent in 1991-2000. This situation shows that the rate of population

growth is high and the total population of Malaysia is expected to double within 23 years.

(Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, 1972).

Increasing population in the country causing a lot of population issues and

problems. This requires a systematic and comprehensive planning, especially in the field

of socio-economic, political and environmental benefits of a comprehensive and comfort

for all parties. Therefore, the census population in 1970 was undertaken to obtain

information and data on population for planning projects socio-economic development of

people. All data and information collected through the population census is aimed at

assessing progress and changes in the population of a country or region, especially those

related to population distribution, age and sex structure, migration, education,

employment and urban.

Pattern change is very important to determine changes in population trends in the

future where these changes associated with the direction of development and progress in

specific areas, especially in the areas of industrial, manufacturing, agriculture and

urbanization throughout the country. Normally, the state has developed a high population

density such as the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Penang. Instead of Sabah,

Sarawak and Pahang has a low population density.

5.1 Age Structure Changes

Population age structure in a country is a valuable asset in terms of quantity and

quality of stock classify people based on the highest education, marriage, urban, rural,

work, children, parents and others. One important group of people who are children aged

10-14 years. Based on the census in 1970, the population of 0-14 years is 45.0 percent

decrease further to 40. 0 percent in 1980, followed by 37.0 percent in 1991 and 33.3

percent in 2000 (source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 1985; 1995 and 2005).

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Analysis of population data shows the total population 0-14 years in Malaysia has

been reduced from 4,684,500 million in 1970 to 3,762,100 million in 2000. However, in

1970 to 1980, the population 0-14 years was actually increased to 5,195,900. However, in

1991 and 2000, the total census population has decreased. This can result in dependency

ratio also decreased from 92 to 62 people in 2000 (source: Department of Statistics, 1983:

2005).

In other words, the burden is borne by the working population ages 15 to 64 years

and above, young people ages 0 to 14 years and older and elders 65 years and above has

decreased by 32.6 percent from 92 to 62 people. This situation shows that the reduction

dependency of the children but for the elderly dependency ratio is expected to increase in

the future.

Although the overall population in the age group 0-14 years is decreasing but the

responsibility of government to ensure that these groups receive education is the perfect

weight. Spending a larger country had provided for the purpose of providing basic

amenities in the area of education, health, housing and welfare and others. A high rate of

population growth led to the government assistance that is difficult to give justice to all

people in every district want even villages.

However, development problems faced by each region or country should be

resolved by wise and provide benefits or assistance to all people involved. Problems in

human resource development must also preferred because of the failure in creating

quality human capital and skills will create many social problems. Problems that arise

due to dropout from school, poor educational performance, parents are less educated,

poverty, illiteracy, etc. affect human capital development.

5.2 Fertility Changes

Fertility means the number of children born to a woman in the age group 15 to 49

years. In Malaysia only the data of birth in the states of Peninsular Malaysia alone is

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considered by the United Nations as a complete registration of all births by region and

ethnicity. However the Department of Statistics has published data took initiatives birth

and death for India as a whole since 1963.

Based on the Time Series Report 1963-1998 Vital Statistics Malaysia showed that

the gross birth rate in Malaysia has declined from 38.1 in 1963 to 24.4 per 1,000 live

births in 1998 (source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2001: 65-66). During this

period, the birth rate has declined by 36.9 percent. For the Malays, the gross birth rate

decreased from 39.0 to 28.4 per 1,000 live births. Decline of 27.2 percent. As for the

Chinese, the birth rate decreased from 36.6 to 17.6 per 1,000 live births, ie a significant

reduction of 51.9 percent. Chinese fertility trends that are caused by declining standard of

living has increased and the desire of the small size of families received the Chinese

community especially for those living in urban areas.

According Heah Sim Hai (2007) state that the latest research on fertility among

the Chinese in Penang showed that the average family size for married women in the

state in the age group 15-49 years is 2.1 per cent of birth for each woman. Fertility

decline for the Chinese will give a strong impact of changes in age structure where the

total population for the elderly will increase compared to the total population 0-14 years

of declining.

Report based on 2003 Vital Statistics Malaysia showed that the birth rate in

Malaysia in 1999 was 23.9 per cent and 22.6 per 1,000 population in 2000 (source: Vital

Statistics Time Series Malaysia). In the same period, gross birth rate for ethnic Malay is

27.6 percent and 25.3 per 1,000 population. While the Chinese were of 17.0 per cent and

19.7 per 1,000 population. For the Indians, the birth rate of 21.7 per cent and 20.8 per

1,000 population. Bumiputera other is by 27.0 per cent and 23.0 per 1,000 population.

Can be seen that the overall level of fertility in Malaysia in general is still high especially

among the Malay and other Bumiputera (source: Vital Statistics Malaysia 2003). This

situation has great impact on the momentum of population in Malaysia is expected to

occur within 40 years to come. This situation gives a clear indication that the growth of

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people in Malaysia will continue despite the fertility rate decreased due to the influence

of socio-economic growing.

5.3 Migration Changes

Migration is a demographic process that involves migration from one region to

the another area . This population movement is a process that is sensitive to socio-

economic development of an area. In recent years, changes in migration increasingly

important in the modern world, especially viewed against the contribution of urbanization

and industrialization. For example, Kuala Lumpur is a city that received large migrant

people from around the state. Changes that occur on migration trends in Malaysia are

based on population migration from rural to urban and city to city. Changes of flow

movement Malaysian population growth has caused major cities grew more rapidly.

Overall, the total urban population in Malaysia has increased from 28.4 percent in 1970

to 61.8 percent in 2000 (source: Vital Statistics Time Series Malaysia). Total urban

population increased from 2.96 million to 13.72 million during the period.

In 1980, analysis of data migration population in Malaysia has shown

improvement, especially in urban areas to urban areas. Table 2 shows the increase in

1980 of 21.0 percent to 63.2 percent in 2000. Otherwise the situation happens to rural

migration to cities that experienced a decrease of 45.0 percent to 10.0 percent during the

period. Changes in migration patterns provides a clear indication of the tendency of

governments in 'global' aims to promote economic growth that gave important

implications of migration and population distribution. In addition, there are also foreign

investors who compete to determine their investments and decisions made in choosing

investment locations affect internal and international migration. However, the location

selection occurs at this time is determined by the 'competitive advantages' of different

locations.

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Table 2 : Urban Rural Migration, Malaysia1980, 1986-1991 dan 2000

(Source : Department of Statistic Malaysia, 1983; 1995 & 2004)

Location selection process that gave effect to such imbalances between regionsand population distribution. Based on data migration in 2000, Kuala Lumpur Federal

Territory, Selangor and Penang recorded the flow of migration to the city City high

compared with other states. Based on Statistics, Malaysia 2004, the three states that

experienced migration to urban areas, namely by 95.4, 88.6 and 78.9 per cent. While the

low migration flows experienced by 36.7 per cent of Perlis, Kelantan and Kedah as much

as 38.0 percent of 46.0 percent. Statistics shows three state record field of migration to

urban areas the most public. The three states is the main industrial areas in Malaysia in

terms of entry of foreign investment and the total labor force.

As a result of industrial development which is developed in Selangor, the country

managed to attract so many migrant recorded a high rate of population growth. The

population growth rate increased from 3.73 per cent for the period 1970-1980 to 4:33 per

cent in 1980-1991 and 6:02 per cent in 1991-2000. The effect of the high rate of

population growth is causing the distribution of the population living in Selangor

Malaysia has increased from 13.1 percent in 1991 to 17.8 percent in 2000 (Department of

Statistic Malaysia 2001). This is beneficial in terms of Selangor state " compative

advantages" as a best able to attract foreign investors to provide all infrastructure

facilities such as banking, technical and human resources management. Facilities

provided to ensure Singapore became the leading industrial areas in Malaysia and Asia.

Bil Jenis Aliran 1980 1986-1991 2000

1. Bandar-Bandar 21.0 50.1 63.2

2. Bandar-Luar Bandar 18.0 20.7 9.2

3. Luar Bandar-Bandar 16.0 17.1 17.6

4. Luar Bandar-Luar Bandar 45.0 12.1 10.0

Jumlah 100 100 100

Bilangan Migran 954200 1024500 3328485

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6.0 AFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH

6.1 Economy

6.1.1 Poverty

Increase in population faster than the rate of economic growth will lead to a

retrogression in the country through pressure on economic factors (source: Colin Clark,

1953). General problem of poverty can be associated with products which lower.

According to the report of the United Nations Organization, approximately 85 percent

absolute poverty occurs in rural areas. In Malaysia, for example, 46 percent of monthly

income for farmers in the agriculture sector under the poverty line is estimated at U.S. $

150, while in Indonesia the amount of approximately 75 percent.

The rapid increase in population led to space congestion and breaking agricultural

land mainly due to traditional division of inheritance, as happened in Malaysia. This

means more people working in agricultural areas, the more narrow the income is lower

and this causes a very significant unemployment. Between 1965 to 1975, the area of

agricultural land in Africa declined from 0.82 hectares to 0.72 hectares per farmer. In

East Asia, it declined from 0:36 to 0:31 hectares. This situation led to reduced income

farmers and farmers had insufficient cause debt. Failure to clarify the debt causing

farmers forced to pawn or sell their land and this had resulted in their rent with the

owner-landlord to carry out agricultural activities on other land (source: Katiman Rostam,

2002). This adds to the pressure of their income sources.

6.1.2 Jobless

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Population in a region or country will only impact negatively and cause an

increase in total unemployment. This is because the population is not followed by

increasing employment opportunities adequate simultaneously will cause the majority of

the unemployed population in the country (source: Jacob Viner, 1963). In addition, lack

of land to carry out economic activities such as agriculture will worsen the situation.

6.1.3 Migration From Rural to Urban

Migration, especially from rural to urban areas occurred as a result of living in

rural poverty, lack of agricultural land, unemployment, lack of infrastructure, rural

population density, etc. (source: Xubei Nong Zhu and Lou, 2008). Rural to urban

migration will cause the increase of population in urban areas involved. For example, in

Dongguan City, Guangdong Province in China, due to population migration to rural areas

involved causing population growth rates increased by 20 percent annually from 1990

until 1997 (source: World Bank, 1997). The major problem arising from the migration

problem is housing. According to reports ECAFE in 1970, between 60 to 70 percent of

urban population in Asia has its own place of residence because of the low-income and

higher land prices. Therefore, people build houses in squatter areas. Squatter problems

are often associated with various symptoms of social and economic problems such as

moral problems, health due to the spread of disease, etc. (source: Katiman Rostam, 2002).

In addition, migration in either migration or international migration will cause the

left is the lack of a productive workforce (18 to 35 years) to carry out economic activities

such as agriculture and the area will continue to cause backward and less developed due

to lack of workforce productive. In addition, some migrant groups are the lower educated,

less knowledgeable and do not have enough experience about the city or the country's

economic. This situation has caused them to not get a job that can provide sufficient

income. Most of them involved the industrial sector and service of low power production.

In fact, increasing employment opportunities in this sector is also slow, which is only

three to four percent per annum, while the labor force increased between four to five

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percent. This can lead to unemployment and other problems sisoal (source: Katiman

Rostam, 2002).

6.2 Social

6.2.1 Lack of Basic Facilities

The increasing population led to basic facilities such as schools, hospitals,

electricity, roads, water supply and so can not be properly prepared with good and

thorough. This is because the government can not meet all the needs of the people is

increasing because of financial problems (source:

http://www.sabah.net.my/juipri/penduduk.html). For example, in rural areas of India,

Bangladesh and China, which countries with high population growth, many people who

still do not have adequate basic facilities and the situation worse when compared to areas

in Africa.

6.2.2 Low Levels of Education and the Illiteracy Rate is High

Population in a country that invites many problems in the education system of the

country. When population increases, so the government had allocated a large budget to

improve the education of the population increase as schools, library facilities, equipment

and other school equipment. However, not all this effort is successful. This is because not

all governments that have a surplus population could provide better education for all

people. Therefore, competition existed for the rapid education so limited among the

population.

For the fortunate, they can provide these to their children and things that

otherwise occur to the lower income group. This situation will cause some people only

get the proper education and this will indirectly increase the rate of illiteracy particularly

in rural areas and the interior has less infrastructure better and complete compared to

urban areas. In addition, school fees and school equipment is expensive goods such as

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books cause some people forget their desire to send their children to school because of

financial problems. This situation has led many people in the surplus population has a

high illiteracy rate (source: Katiman Rostam, 2002).

6.2.3 Social Problems

Rapid population growth in the area caused a few people in the area migrated to

other places to find employment. Most of the migrants are poor and unemployed. As the

pressure of life and inability to meet the objective requirements of life caused this group

involved in criminal activities (source: Katiman, 1988).

In addition, areas that have many people who will cause the existence of

unemployment and poverty among the population in the area. This situation causes the

existence of social problems such as crime, steal, rob and prostitution because of extreme

financial pressure and pressure to meet the needs of life (source:

http://www.sabah.net.my/juipri/penduduk.html).

6.3 Decline of Environmental Quality

Increasing world population increasing from time to time can give a large impact

on the environment and create more pollution not controlled. Increase in population

causes an increase in economic activities such as industrial, agricultural, livestock,

vehicle use, logging and so forth. Each of these activities will be invited to the natural

decline of quality in general.

6.3.1 Decline of Water Quality

Increase in population causes an increase in squatter settlements and settlements

of this nature can cause problems because most of the squatters had no system of garbage

disposal and sewage system as a good squatter areas built on the outskirts of the Klang

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River caused the river water quality has a very low (source: http : www.jas_kualiti

air.gov.my).

Cutting of vast areas of forest has been causing changes of natural environment.

Logging and cutting of forests also threatens the security environment (source: Murali,

KS & Hedge, R., 1997). When the trees cut down, the rate of runoff into surface water

due to the lack of rapid tree roots to hold the mole-mole land will bring with mud,

rubbish and solid materials in quantity to cause the river water quality is declining.

Increasing agricultural activities and livestock to provide adequate food source for

humans also pollute water. According to Ooi Jin Bee (1955), agricultural activities are

done with the resulting widespread pollution of rivers. To cultivate land, farmers use

herbicides and fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus, DDT, Endolsulfan, Malation and

Fention (source: Ismail Sahid, 1985).

When fertilizer use exceeds the capacity of which should be, the excess is

channeled into rivers and cause water is contaminated. In India, agricultural activities

causing pollution in the river Krishna, Godawari River and River Caudery (source: http://

www. Oxfordfajar.com.my / staging / com / index.asp? Studentscorner.viewattachment

fuseaction = & id = 70).

Meanwhile, farming activities produce organic materials such as animal

droppings and animal waste results from the farms that will flow according to the flow of

water running into the catchment area when rain struck and pollute the environment.

Breeding pigs carried out at the river bank due to polluted water channeling animal

droppings into the river (source: Abdullah Mohd Said, 1999).

Generally, many industries that contribute to water quality changes is industry-

based raw materials such as rubber and oil palm. Industries such as rubber, waste

produced approximately 116 000m3/hari burden of pollution and produce about 208

tonnes per day with BOD values is 307-3575ppm. In addition, disposal of chemicals and

toxic wastes from industrial manufacturing and processing such as Kuala Lumpur and

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Penang cause water sources in the area contaminated. Removal of heavy industrial steel

processing plant that uses diesel fuel contributes to pollution.

6.3.2 Decline of Air Quality

Population density is indeed to bring the various implications of the physical

environment, especially in the cities. Population invited to increase the use of vehicles in

the world. Use of motor vehicles that use gasoline will release carbon dioxide gas,

hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen to the atmosphere. This activity will result in deterioration

of air quality by pollutants such (source: I. Mohan, 2002).

In addition, emissions and toxic gases (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide

and nitrogen oxides) by industry sector lead air to air polluted and hazy. Activities in the

cement factories, sawmills and factories breaking stone dust production caused a lot of air

and pollute the air. Meanwhile, activities at the factory rubber and palm oil will produce

odor and odor causing contaminants. Use of machinery and vehicles in factories that use

gasoline also caused the deterioration of air quality. In addition, disposal of garbage is

causing widespread stench and pollution of soil (source: http://www.geocities.com/

sarinaz2/perindustrian.htm).

Meanwhile, forest clearing large-scale land temperature increase caused by his

lack of green plants to absorb carbon dioxide. In Malaysia, the average annual

temperature is estimated to increase about 3 to 4 C. In Indonesia, the expected increase

in the average annual temperature of 3 C. In Thailand, the average annual temperature is

expected to increase 3 to 6 C (source: Wan Ruslan Ismail, 1994).

6.3.3 Destruction of forest area and extinction of Mineral Resources

Surplus population or high density in urban areas will result in forest green or

open areas and exploited for the construction of settlements, trade and business.

Meanwhile, high-density in rural areas also saw forests exploited to cause forest

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resources in agriculture is decreasing. In Africa, shrinking forests and desert areas due to

the large population that explore nature without control. In Asia however, many forests

have been cleared and explored or developed to meet the high demand of these natural

resources. In South America, the Amazon region has many being intruded and destroyed.

In developed countries also, many forests have been destroyed or developed to meet the

needs of the population either settlement or to provide job opportunities (source:

http://staf. Uum.edu.my/razani/EPtopik10.pdf)

High population density can cause minerals exploited actively in the efforts to

provide job opportunities as possible and improve the standard of living of the

population. This situation will cause the mineral resources in the area will quickly once

finished (source: http://rakangeografi.blogspot. Com/2008/12/kesan-pertumbuhan-

penduduk.html). In addition, the high population pressure in poor agricultural areas will

accelerate the rate of loss of fertility and productivity of land resources. Done without the

rest of land and fertilizer are not due to lack of financial resources occurred in the Deccan

Plateau, South Rajasthan (the border between Pakistan and India) and the Upper Ganges

Valley in India (source: http://www.oxfordfajar.com. my / staging / com / index.asp?

studentscorner.viewattachment fuseaction = & id = 70).

The world's population could increase pressure on reserves of natural resources,

food resources, resulting in congestion, improve the production of pollutants and affect

the quality of human life in general. Lack of resources into the key issues in recent years.

Population caused changes in the value of community development and technology

accelerate the rate of utilization of resources. In addition, waste resources that are not

based on need, resources are not distributed evenly, is not concerned resource recovery

and re-use and production of goods that harm the environment make the narrow issue of

lack of resources increases.

Pressure on food resources. Number of population that is too many in khuatiri not

balanced with the rate of food production, especially in developed countries. In addition,

although we increase the input in other agricultural activities, it will not increase

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production to meet the needs of the population increases. Opening of new agricultural

areas found too slow and the quality of land acquired land is not immediately available. If

the rate of increase in population is not in control, food supply will not be sufficient and

pose problems of hunger and epidemic diseases.

In addition, increasing population will also cause congestion. Population in a

country can lead to congestion, particularly in the placement and density of vehicles is

increasing causing traffic problems. In fact, population density has contributed to the

creation of squatter housing who are not comfortable and always vulnerable to

contamination. In addition, increasing vehicle will cause traffic congestion and contribute

to environmental pollution and accident. Population increase production of pollutants,

namely the use of high-risk and dangerous technology that will affect the environment

and destroying ecosystems and encourage waste. Luxury lifestyle can lead to excessive

use of resources and increase the rate of consumption of goods difficult and disposed of

hazardous environment.

7.0 CONCLUSION

In essence, population growth is something subjective to be defined because it is

expressed in various fields, either in the field of economic, political, social and others.

Growth of population growth either positively or negatively the growth occurred due to

several factors such as technological advancement of agriculture, the medical advances,

increasing the standard of education, etc.

Generally, population growth is increasingly fierce, but not followed by a

balanced development, provision of adequate employment opportunities and basic

amenities which are perfect between growth can cause various negative effects of either

the economic, social, political and environmental. In addition, population growth is not

controlled can cause problems to the physical environment such as the occurrence of

deterioration of environmental quality, extinction of natural resources and so on.

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Therefore, all parties must cooperate in overcoming the negative effects arising

from population growth is so robust that the problem is not prolonged. However, not all

population growth will bring negative effects, also have a positive impact from the

existing process. In conclusion, the excessive population growth may give problems to

the government in particular. However, if this case was dealt with promptly and wisely

addressed the effects can be overcome and can bring benefits to the country.

Documents

Population and Demografic