Popular Science - December 2014 USA

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A new app from Popular Science. What did you look like as a Neanderthal?See for yourself the evolutionary steps that led from the early hominids through to modern Homo sapiens by mapping your own face onto ancient skulls discovered around the world.

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POPULAR SCIENCE / 005

A Bit About Us

DECEMBER 2014 / F E E D

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Chairman Jonas BonnierChief Executive Of cer Dave FreygangExecutive Vice President Eric ZinczenkoChief Content Officer David RitchieChief Financial Officer Nancy CoalterChief Operating Officer Lisa EarlywineChief Marketing Officer Elizabeth Burnham MurphyChief Human Resources Officer Leslie GlennChief Brand Development Officer Sean Holzman Vice President, Integrated Sales John GraneyVice President, Consumer Marketing John ReeseVice President, Public Relations Perri DorsetGeneral Counsel Jeremy Thompson

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CHOOSING THE BESTOF WHAT'S NEW

Picking the 100 best innovations of the year

is no small task. Over several months, 10

researchers and 8 editors weighed 739 serious

candidates , pulled from a f ield of more than

a thousand. Each of those contenders is

represented at left as a dot , arranged by category.

The gold dots at the center are the winners.

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Q :

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IMPORTANT

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THIS YEAR?E D I T O R I A L

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1. Math. It empowers us to

decipher the universe.

2. Toilet paper. Its a daily

reminder to those fortu-

nate enough to have it

that our lives are good.

3. The Leatherman multi-

tool has salvaged many a

picnic and DIY project.

4. Vaccination. Not sure

how many diseases its

saving me from, but I

appreciate their absence.

5. My Kobo eReader saves

me from lugging books

through airports, camp-

ing trips, and the subway.

6. Find My Phone app.

With three kids who own

iPhones, it's worth its

weight in gold.

7. The dolly. I moved

houses, and that little

sucker saved my back.

8. I use the Sweet Green

Level Up app almost

daily. It makes me feel

like Im working toward

an amazing goal.

9. Youve got to love

the Soccket ballplay

soccer and generate

electricity at once! Follow us on

twitter @popsci

Follow us on Tumblr! popsci.tumblr.com

+++++

F E E D

05 A Bit About Us 08 From the Editor 10 Peer Review

N E X T

13 Brarbunga gets ready to blow 14 Testing personal climate control 15 Suspended animation gets real 16 The formula for supporting complex alien life 17 A vehi-cle thats rewriting the rules of war 20Will the cure for a broken heart come in a pill?

M A N U A L

79 Make your own reusable hand warmers 82 A drivable hot tub 84Nutcracker hackers turn ballet high-tech 87 Using maker skills to escape homelessness

E N D M AT T E R

89 Ask Us Anything: How do spiders cast silk strands across roads? 98 From the Archives

27 THE NEXT SUSTAINABLE

CUISINE

Start-ups have rallied around a

surprising new protein: insects.

Chef Mario Hernandez of New York

Citys Black Ant restaurant talks

about adding them to the menu.

45EFFICIENT AIR TRAVEL

HAS ARRIVED

After decades of steady

improvement, airplanes are now

greener than cars. Go ahead and fly.

59THE FINAL PLATFORM

Videogames were only the begin-

ning. Jeremy Bailenson, who

has counseled Google, Samsung,

and Facebook on virtual reality,

explains how the technology will

change everything.

71THE BIONICS REVOLUTION

HAS BEGUN

We assess the devices poised to

restore functionality to those with

lost or paralyzed limbs.

24 GREEN

30 AUTO

34 SECURITY

42 AEROSPACE

49 RECREATION

52 HOME

56 GADGETS

62 ENGINEERING

66 SOFTWARE

68 HEALTH

72 HARDWARE

74 ENTERTAINMENT

F E AT U R I N G

C AT E G O R I E S


DEPARTMENTS

For daily

updates:

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popsci

27TH ANNUAL

BEST OFWHATS NEW THE 100 GREATEST

INNOVATIONS OF THE YEAR

P H OTO G R A P H BY Jonathon Kambouris

F E E D

Volume 285 No.6C O N T E N T S

P O P U L A R S C I E N C E

1 2 . 2 0 1 4

POCs Skull Orbic Comp

H.I . Mips helmet monitors

its own structural integrity

008 / POPULAR SCIENCE

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From the Editor

Contributors

Enjoy the issue.

Cli Ransom

Editor in Chief

A Vision of TomorrowEvery June, the editors at Popular Science gather for

the rst Best of Whats New meeting. BOWN, as we

a ectionately call it, has run as our December cover

story for more than a quarter century, and in many

respects it represents the best of what we do. It is an

unabashed celebration of the years greatest innova-

tions, a glimpse of the future as its unfolding.

coverage, or from simple boots-on-the-ground reporting.

Sometime around early August, we start to winnow down the list. We debate and agonize. We vet items with industry experts to better understand their functions and implications. We debate and agonize some more. And then, in early September, we nalize our awardees and begin making a magazine around them.

The process is sort of like a marathonjust with less wheezing. But its no less an accomplishment. BOWN has always been a collection of revolutionary stu . And this year, Im happy to report, is no di erent. Our Innovation of the Year, AirCarbon (page 24), is plastic fabricated from waste methane gas, not barrels of petroleum. It acts as a carbon sink, not a source. It costs less than standard plastic, and with comparable performance. And it can be produced anywhere with signi cant methane emissions:

land lls, coal mines, and dairy farms. In short, it could com-pletely change how we think about one of the most ubiqui-tous materials on the planet.

At the end of the day, thats exactly what Best of Whats New is all about. In bringing together the 100 greatest innovations of this year, were doing more than just producing a great magazine. Were painting a picture of a better world.

Over the decades, we have made some good calls. We cov-ered the Toyota Prius before it reached the U.S., Web browsers before the rise (and fall) of Inter-net Explorer, protease inhibitors just as they hit the market, and the rst-ever digital SLR camera (it was the size of a shoe box and cost $20,000). Pick a recent and monumental innovation and chances are we agged it in one December issue or another.

That kind of track record is great for readers, but truth be told, its kind of terrifying for editors. I mean, when you nail something for 27 years straight, you kind of have to ask, Can we

pull it o again? More to the point: Can we do it even better?

To allay that very particular kind of pressure, we do exactly what science-minded folks do. We plan. We road-map. We set milestones and deadlinesoh, the deadlinesand then we dive in. For those of you who are curi-ous individuals (so, pretty much everyone who reads Popular Sci-ence), heres how BOWN works: Every editor manages a section or two, aided by an independent researcher. Together the teams of two spend about eight weeks assembling a long list of candi-dates. Prospects may come from company submissions, from past

Q: What problem do you wish technology would solve?

Matt Safford HARDWARE

Its time for a break-

through in batteries. I dont

want to constantly worry

about charging mobile

devices anymore. Also, if

carmakers could triple the

range of electric vehicles,

Id be ready to buy.

Aaron Seward ENGINEERING

Id like to see nuclear

fusion made viable. It

would provide an abundant

and clean source of energy

without mucking up the

landscape with wind tur-

bines and solar arrays.

Nicole Dyer SECURITY

Technology should

and cancombat credit-

card fraud. The problem

is only getting worse.

Ondots Card Control is

a shining example of how

innovation can turn the

tide against hackers.

Eric Adams AEROSPACE

Whether theyre vanished

airplanes or missing

people, I would really

like us to find lost targets

more easily using onboard

trackers, data analysis, or

remote sensors.

Emily Gertz GREEN

Im torn between wishing

for a technology to lower

atmospheric carbon-

dioxide levels to those in

the preindustrial range,

and one to suck away the

atmospheric CO2 already

absorbed by the ocean.

Berne BroudyRECREATION

I wish technology could

improve the lives of people

who dont have access

to it. Take AvaTech: Its

avalanche probe collects

snow data to help protect

skiers. But that data can

also help predict floods.

Alan Henry SOFTWARE

Communication technology

is poised to bring people

closer in the coming years.

It will help us share experi-

ences on a more personal,

individual basis, regardless

of language or culture.

Rebecca Boyle HEALTH

Addressing energy

productionand thereby

human-driven climate

changeis the best way

to start addressing food

and water shortages,

environmental decline,

and the spread of disease.

Matthew de Paula AUTO

Im looking forward to

the day when cars run

exclusively on renewable

energy but still deliver a

great driving experience.

Planet-friendly cars still

need to be fun to drive.

Corinne Iozzio GADGETS, HOME, AND

ENTERTAINMENT

In the Home section, we

awarded a device that lets

you flush a toilet without

touching the handle. Thats

great, but what we really

need is something that

puts the seat back down!

WHEN INSPIRATION STRIKES, STRIKE FASTER.

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HAVE A

COMMENT?

Write to us at

letters@

popsci.com

or to Popular

Science

2 Park Ave.

9th floor

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Peer Review

Tweet out of context

We predicted in The Car Disrupted [Oct-

ober 2014] that automation would upend

transport. Some of you voiced concern.

SPEED TRAP

If cars operate at the speed limit, how will

towns that rely on income generated by

speed traps get by? And if you were going

too fast, despite the fact that the car was in

control, who pays the ticket: you or the car

manufacturer?

Dave Rodol, Norco, Calif.

MORE THAN JUST A RIDE

Half the fun of driving a car is driving

the car. If I wanted to ride, I would take

a taxi.Plus, driving a car teaches responsi-

bility and decision-making.

Terry R. Cornell, Bowling Green, Ky.

ITS A HARD SIM LIFE

I can personally attest to the stress of

videogames [Can You Get PTSD from

a Virtual Experience? October 2014].

While I was playing The Sims, a sim-

ulated fire broke out, and a simulated

little girl burned to death! It bothers me

to this day, even though the girl wasnt

real, nor was her weeping father. So, I

stopped playing that game.

Tom Sales, Somerset, N.J.

A B E L AT E D WA R N I N G

The December 1920 cover in From the Archives [October

2014] featured a mechanic using a torch while the car owner

(I suppose) smokes a cigar, both near the car s gas tank.

I hope the article warned against that behavior, lest it lead

to disasters for readers and their garages.

P U M P I N G T H E

B R A K E S O N

D R I V E R L E S S C A R S

And here we are, like

idiots, dumping antique

water on our heads. No

wonder, Matt Damon,

no wonder.@jenntof

We apologize . . . On page 39 of the October issue, we claimed the 12C was McLarens first sports car. It was the first for

McLaren Automotive, the sports-car division of the parent company. On page 46, we stated the Toyota FCV is the first car built

around a hydrogen fuel cell. Its the first to have a wide release. On page 49, the two Autonomous Lake Profiling and Sampling

stations should have been located at Lake Bonney, near McMurdo Station. It should also be noted that we misidentified the

Natural (and not, as we said on page 35 of our September issue, National) Resources Defense Council.

Joe Graf, Thomasville, N.C.

THE MAKING OF

A RENAISSANCE MAN

Your amazing magazine introduced me to the vast

world of science. It has played a major role in my

life, and I made sure to include it in my senior

pictures. Thank you for all the interesting articles

that you have published, and I look forward to

many more.

Jacob Widhelm, Valley, Neb.

Great ideas in gear

BEST

OF the goodsshop

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2014 Progressive Casualty Ins. Co. & af liates. Insurance prices and products are different when purchased directly from Progressive or through independent agents/brokers. Snapshot not available in all states or situations.

AR

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EDITED BY Jen Schwartz & Breanna Draxler

Inside: Dive -bombing from space at Mach 25. The science (and f iction) of

suspended animation. A wristband to replace air - conditioning. What it takes for

an exoplanet to suppor t complex l ife. Could drugs help us fall out of love?

A Blast

to Better

Predict

Disaster

Since August, Icelands Brarbunga volcano has

been spewing thousands of cubic feet of magma

per second, from a fissure 28 miles (45 kilometers)

from the central caldera. The thing about a volcano,

says University of Cambridge geophysicist Robert

White, is that you can live 45 kilometers away, and

molten rock might still pop up under your house.

Thats obviously a grave concern but far from the

greatest one. Brarbunga is blanketed by Europes

largest (by volume) ice cap. If a vent opens under

the cap, rapid ice melt could trigger devastating

floods, and ash plumes miles high could ground air

traffic across Europe, like the Eyjafjallajkull erup-

tion did in 2010. As it stands, science still cant pre-

dict any of these scenarios, but

Brarbunga could help. Prior to

the eruption, White and his team

had been tracking seismic activity

in the area, namely the cracks

caused by magma as it flowed

beneath and through the crust.

Armed with a true before-and-

after data set, scientists may be

able to better anticipate future

eruptions. Thats going to be

helpful for deciding when you

have to move people away from

an area, White says. M A C I R V I N E

I L LU ST R AT I O N BY Clint Ford014 / POPULAR SCIENCE

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Tested

As temperature perception goes, one

persons tropical is anothers tepid. Dual-

climate-control cars and mattresses

are evidence of that. To address this

often awkward sensory discrepancy, the

engineers at Embr Labs are trying to give

individuals the power to control their own

climes. Thermal is deeply personal,

says Embr co-founder Sam Shames. In

any given environment, we all have a

different idea of what comfortable is.

Embrs solution is a wearable called

Wristify. Placed on the inner wrist, it

cycles through concentrated temperature

pulsesa few seconds on, a few off

continually stimulating the bodys thermo-

receptors. Your skin quickly adapts to

constants, says co-founder Matt Smith,

whereas it actually overresponds to

change. I tried an early prototype in

August at Embrs Massachusetts office,

which, as the new home of a start-up,

lacked AC. Right away, the cooling pulses

on my radial artery seemed to drop the

temperature in the room. A few minutes

in, I was perfectly comfortable; shortly

after removing it, I began to sweat.

To create hot or cold pulses, a

thermo electric element directs heat

toward or away from the skin. But a heat

sink makes the unit clunky. Shames says

the production model will be smaller,

more bracelet-like, and ultimately tiny

enough to nest within a smartwatch.

Could personal climate-control

devices like Wristify one day replace tra-

ditional heating and AC, slashing utility

bills? Probably not. But its a great fix to

an everyday annoyance. E R I K S O F G E

Inside one of the tiniest, densest

galaxies we know, the Hubble Space

Telescope found a supermassive black

hole (rendered at left by NASA). Its exis-

tence suggests that dwarf galaxies may

be remnants of larger-galaxy collisions,

not clusters of stars born in isolation.

No Small Matter

Infections transmitted in health-

care facilities kill at least 80,000

Americans each year. One common

culprit? The germ-spreading

handshake. According to a study

recently published in the American

Journal of Infection Control, a

less formal fist bump might make

a safer greeting between doctors

and patients. We found that the

handshake transferred 10 to 20

times more bacteria than a fist

bump, says David Whitworth, a

biochemistry lecturer at Aberyst-

wyth University in Wales.

SHOULDER SQUEEZE Its debatable whether knocking

knuckles can stand in for the

familiarity of an open palm. Mark

Sklansky, a pediatric cardiologist

at the University of California at

Los Angeles, has doubts. Some

people feel its not appropriate in

a medical setting, he says. I find

squeezing someones shoulder a

nicer interaction.

HIGH FIVEWhitworth also found that a high

five transfers half as many bacteria

as the handshake (though its per-

haps best appreciated by pediatric

patients). J E S S I C A H U L L I N G E R

CAN FIST BUMPS HALT HOSPITAL INFECTIONS?

THE PARTS

A

The heat sink will

use textured

aluminumsuch

as spikes, ridges,

or bumpsto radi-

ate excess heat.

B

An insulating layer

separates the heat

sink from the skin.

C

A thermoelectric

element (TEM)

uses a current

to generate or

remove heat.

D

The TEM is

connected to a

lithium-ion battery

and a proprietary

temperature-

modulating system.

Climate Control

on Your Wrist

D

A

B

C

DECEMBER 2014 / N E X T

Timeline

SUSPENDED ANIMATIONGETS REAL

A B R I E F

H I S T O R Y

Surgeons and sci- writers

have long explored the idea

of chilling humans in order to

save them. Now emergency

prevention and resuscitation

(EPR)colloquially known as

suspended animationis, for

the rst time, in clinical trials.

When a patient has a gun-

shot or stab wound, we often

run out of time, says Samuel

Tisherman, the trauma surgeon

leading the trials. By pumping

cold salt water through the cir-

culatory system, doctors drop

the bodys temperature to 50F,

slowing cellular activity and

buying up to two critical hours

to repair injuries. M AT T G I L E S

4TH CENTURY Hippocrates

advises using cold

water as therapy

for ailments such

as hemorrhages

and injuries of a

gouty nature.

1989 Scientists led by

Peter Safar, known

as the father of

CPR, bleed dogs

to simulate a gun-

shot wound, then

cool the animals

with a heart-lung

machine to suc-

cessfully repair

and revive them.

1812 During Napoleons

invasion of Russia,

French army sur-

geon Dominique

Jean Larrey

notices that snow

seems to numb

the awful pain of

limb amputation.

1991 Phil Hartman

debuts Keyrock,

the Unfrozen

Caveman Lawyer,

on Saturday Night

Live: Im just a

caveman. I fell

into some ice and

later got thawed

out by some of

your scientists.

1947 A man survives

subzero tempera-

tures in the wheel

well of a transat-

lantic flight. (He

will not be the last

to do so.)

2005 Cell biologist Mark

Roth uses hydro-

gen sulfide to slow

the metabolic ac-

tivity of mice, then

reanimates them

hours laterwork

that leads to a

MacArthur Genius

Grant in 2007.

1952 Heart surgeon

Floyd John Lewis

induces hypother-

mia in a patient

during the first

successful open-

heart surgery.

2014 Human EPR

trials begin in

Pittsburgh, to be

followed by trials

in Baltimore and

other U.S. cities.

The goal is to per-

form EPR on 10

trauma patients

over the next

two years.

FUTURE NASA and Space-

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bound astronauts.

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NOYES

Nothing to see here.

Complex life needs

time to evolve. Gas Rock

About Earths age:

4.5 billion years,

give or take.

Older than Earth

Younger than Earth

Uh-oh. Without a buffer

against solar radiation,

this ones a no-go.

Metals or hydrogenCarbon monoxide

Oxygen

Sunny Not so sunny

Yup, any liquid would

boil away.NO

Sadly, 90% of known

planets are gassy and

lifeless, like Jupiter.

Great! Planets are

like fine wine.

How old is it?

Sure, but dont expect

life forms with lungs

anytime soon.

Bad news. It actively

soaks up any oxygen

that might be present. Promising. It allows

cells to break down

food to produce energy.

Soak it up! Sunlight

efficiently fuels

biological processes.

The future aint bright,

but chemical energy

suffices for simple life.

Whats the atmosphere

made of?

Is there an

atmosphere?

Whats the forecast?

Is it too hot for liquid

to exist?

What about nighttime

temperatures?

Bottoms up! Liquid

shuttles nutrients into

cells and flushes toxins.Bummer. Liquid is

critical for lifes

chemical reactions.

What is the planet

made of?

They can drop

hundreds of degrees

below zero (F).

The thermometer

tends to stay in the

positive, or close to it.

Planets far from a star

get frigid, and nascent

life cant grab a jacket.

Life needs some heat

for reactions inside cells

to occur fast enough.

Flowchart

How Habitable

Is That

Exoplanet?

Here on Earth, water, oxygen, and

an atmosphere provided just the

right conditions for single-celled

organisms to evolve into walking,

calculating creatures (like us).

Still, the planets uniqueness is up

for debate. Since 2009, the Kepler

mission has tallied 989 confirmed

exoplanets in the Milky Way; once

the James Webb telescope launches

in 2018, that number should rise.

But do any of these have conditions

as cushy as ourswhat astronomers

call superhabitable? To make a

ballpark assessment, a team led

by University of Texas biologist

Louis Irwin devised the Biological

Complexity Index. Published in

May, it scores exoplanets on how

amenable theyd be to living things.

The conditions for the evolution of

complex life are quite rare, Irwin

says. So far, only a few exoplanets

have made the cut. But the galaxy

has an estimated 100 billion left to

analyze. Here we map out the index

so you, too, can test newfound

exoplanets. S H A N N O N PA L U S

Complex life would feel at home here. Irwin estimates the Milky Way could

contain 100 million superhabitable exoplanetsa measly 0.1 percent of

the galaxys total. Which means we, on Earth, might not be alone after all.

Congratulations!

POPULAR SCIENCE / 017I L LU ST R AT I O N BY Graham Murdoch

Approximated HGV fl ight

(designs not yet released)

based on tests of existing

experimental aircraft

DECEMBER 2014 / N E X T

Annotated Machine

A Hypersonic

Craft That

Dodges Defenses

On August 25, an explosion tore

through the southern Alaskan sky.

The blast shook the remote island

that houses the Kodiak Launch

Complex, where the U.S. Depart-

temperatures over 3,500F and a

steering system sensitive enough

to maneuver through the thin air

of the upper atmosphere.

The details behind the U.S. and

Chinas HGV programs remain

condential, but that real-world

testshowever spectacular the

crashesare taking place indicates

that the vehicles have crossed into

the realm of the possible. Experts

anticipate that HGVs could be fully

operational as soon as 2019 and

reach speeds up to Mach 25,

or about 16,000 miles per hour.

If weaponized, HGVs could y

as far as intercontinental ballistic

missiles (more than 3,500 miles)

but strike with greater accuracy.

Since the gliders dont y in a pre-

dictable parabolic arc like ballistic

missiles do, they would be exceed-

ingly dicult to shoot down with

traditional missile defenses. And

their speed would make possible a

whole new pace of war. For exam-

ple, upon discovering the location

of a terrorist leader in Syria, an

HGV red from a U.S. Army base

in Western Europe could hit the

target in less than half an hour.

J E F F R E Y L I N A N D P E T E R W. S I N G E R

2. Descends to an altitude of

about 50 miles and then pulls

up to level o its course

1. Launches via rocket

boosters that detach in the

upper atmosphere

3. Glides along an unpredict-

able path, veering left and

right to avoid defenses

4. Dives downward to

hit its intended mark

5. Destroys its target with

explosives or the vehicles

kinetic energy alone

Minutes it would

take to circum-

navigate the globe

at 16,000 mph93.4

ment of Defense was testing an

unmanned hypersonic glide vehi-

cle (HGV). The ight of the highly

secretive craft lasted a mere four

seconds before an anomaly in the

launch rocket forced controllers

to deploy the emergency self-

destruct mechanism.

The launch, the latest in a series

that began in 2011, was saddled

with added pressure: China has

reportedly carried out at least two

hypersonic tests this year (though

both also ended in ames). The

two nations are racing to engineer

a vehicle capable of traveling

faster than 10 times the speed

of sound, which presents major

obstacles. Such a craft requires

materials that can withstand

I L LU ST R AT I O N BY Noma Bar020 / POPULAR SCIENCE


The Big Idea

Percentage of Americans who classify

their marriage as very happy but have

cheated on a spouse

SOURCE: NORC AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

10

COULD DRUGS HEAL A BROKEN HEART?

Love and heartache have always

been inexorably tied. Recall the

paranoid, lust-dizzy characters in

A Midsummer Nights Dream or

the tortured, memory-deprived

lovers in Eternal Sunshine of the

Spotless Mind. Wouldnt it be nice

if a pill could take away the pain

of a breakup? Researchers are

looking into it.

As unromantic as it sounds,

love is essentially a biochemical

cocktail, and a poorly understood

one at that. Scientists do know

that oxytocinoften called the

love hormoneplays a powerful

role in bonding. In one experiment,

Adam Guastella, a clinical psychol-

ogist at the University of Sydney

in Australia, administered oxytocin

to quarreling lovers during cou-

ples therapy. It does seem to help

people reduce their hostility and

increase their willingness to take

anothers perspective, he says.

Inhibiting the hormone could have

the opposite e ect: When Emory

University researchers injected

drugs into the brains of prairie

voles to block oxytocin receptors,

the voles lost interest in their long-

term mating partners. With the

manipulation of oxytocin, a love

o button seems possible.

This is unsettling to researchers

such as Brian Earp, an Oxford

University neuroethicist who

published a paper last year on

anti-love biotechnology. Since

these kinds of interventions are

very likely to be developed, he

says, we need to start an ethical

discussion now. Earp argues that

any such drugs should be volun-

tary, concomitant with therapy,

and monitored for misuse. After

all, he says, Theres a long history

of attempting to harness biomedi-

cine to diminish same-sex sexual-

ity. But Neil McArthur, a philos-

ophy professor at the University

of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada,

points out situations in which

drugs might make sense: cases of

pedophilia or abuse, for example,

in which people are behaving in a

way thats potentially destructive.

The biggest obstacle may be a

moral aversion to tinkering with a

quintessential human experience.

Love is in some ways revered like

religion, says Vineeth John, a

psychiatrist at the University

of Texas Health Science Center.

For many people, its the primary

reason for survival. Until targeted

therapy is practicable, anti-love

drugs would not only dampen

a ection but also snu out feel-

ings for friends and family. To fully

relieve heartache, then, scientists

may rst have to discern how to

relieve us of our capacity to love.

And no ones interested in pursu-

ing that. J E S S I C A H U L L I N G E R

Exploring the age of

anti-love biotechnology

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P H OTO G R A P H Y BY Jonathon Kambouris POPULAR SCIENCE / 023

DECEMBER 2014 Best of Whats New

1 0 0 I N N O VAT I O N S

T H AT W I L L S H A P E T H E F U T U R E

Every December for the past 27 years, the editors of Popular Science

have sought out the products and technologies poised to change our

world. The advances can be simplesay, an unhackable phone or

invisible duct tape. Or they can be profound: Imagine bionic arms

dexterous enough to use chopsticks. Regardless of their scope,

every one of our 100 honorees is nothing short of extraordinary.

GreenINNOVATION

OF THE YEAR


PR

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R E P O RT E D B Y J E N N I F E R B O G O + E M I LY G E RT Z

Humans produce

660 billion pounds

of plastic a year, and

the manufacturing

process creates

three times as much

carbon dioxide by

weight as actual plas-

tic. Thats an insane

amount of material,

says Newlight Tech-

nologies CEO Mark

Herrema. Wouldnt

we be better off using

plastic as a conveyor

belt for capturing and

sequestering carbon

emissions instead?

Thats exactly what

his company does.

Typically, plastic

is made by expos-

ing hydro carbons

from fossil fuels to

tremendous pressure

and energy. Newlights

first commercial

plant, in California,

captures methane

generated by a dairy

farms waste lagoon

and transports it to

a bioreactor. There,

enzymes combine the

gas with air to form

a polymer. The re-

sulting plastic, called

AirCarbon, performs

identically to most

oil-based plastics but

costs lesscreating

a market- driven solu-

tion to global warm-

ing. Companies have

already signed on to

use AirCarbon in their

products, including

KI desk chairs (pic-

tured), Dell computer

packaging, and Sprint

smartphone cases.

PLASTIC FROM THIN AIR

NEWLIGHT TECHNOLOGIES

AIRCARBON

Procter & Gamble, Inc.,

*vs. a regular manual toothbrush

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One Central Park uses two

unusual technologies for

tall buildingshydroponics

and heliostatsto grow

plants around the periphery

of the building at all levels.

The project presages a

future in which biomimicry

is no longer a radical

concept in architecture.

COUNCIL ON TALL BUILDINGS AND URBAN

HABITAT, ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

One Central Park, Sydney

Worlds Tallest Green Facade

DECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New

Green

Corktown Common

A Park That Recycles Rainwater

Motiv Electric Powertrain

Control System

Electric Power for Heavy-Duty Trucks

Aquion Energy AHI Technology

Clean, Cheap Energy Storage

When designing Torontos Corktown

Common park, Michael Van Valkenburgh

Associates took water recycling to an

unprecedented degree. Every drop of

water hitting the park is reused at least

two or three times before its absorbed or

evaporated away, says project manager

Emily Mueller De Celis. Water drain-

ing from the playground, for example,

flows through an ultraviolet filter and a

constructed marsh, and then into an irri-

gation system. By absorbing storm water,

the park also helps reduce flooding.

Since September, an electric garbage

truck has been running a 60-mile

route through Chicago, offsetting

2,688 gallons of diesel and 23 tons

of carbon dioxide a year. An electric

school bus now transports kids in

California. Both contain a modular

power train that can be built into vehi-

cles from existing diesel-truck manu-

facturers. With its plug-and-play

technology, Motiv Power Systems is

turning the nations most polluting

vehicles into some of its cleanest.

Stationary batteries can store surplus

wind and solar energy, turning a highly

variable power source into a steady flow

of electrons. But most are made from

highly toxic or flammable materials. The

Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI) battery relies

on a salt waterbased electrolyte to

carry the charge. Its nontoxic, low-cost,

and modular, and it cant overheat. It has

a long life cycle and a high capacity. And

it can be scaled for home use or the grid.

In other words, its basically everything

todays batteries are not.

Ecosphere Technologies

Ecos PowerCube

POP-UP LIFE SUPPORT

It takes eight

weeks to raise a

cricket, and Big

Cricket Farms

the rst com-

pany in the U.S.

to produce the

insect for human

consumption

grows roughly

6 million of

them. Crickets

require 12 times

less feed than

cattle and half

as much as pigs

and broiler

chickens to pro-

duce equivalent

amounts of

protein, making

them a more

eco-friendly

food. Business

has been brisk

since the farm

opened in Ohio

in April: It sells

about a thou-

sand pounds

a month.

Big Cricket

Farms

INSECTSFOR EATING

The size of a standard shipping container, the Ecos PowerCube is designed for rapid

deployment in war and disaster zones. Once on-site , it unfolds in less than a minute to

provide solar power, clean water, and wireless communications.

P H OTO G R A P H BY Marius Bugge POPULAR SCIENCE / 027

DECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New

Green

549

Number

of species

of edible

insects in

Mexico

Q+ATHE NEXT SUSTAINABLE CUISINE

This year, start-ups are selling a new

food movementone that involves

eating insects. Big Cricket Farms raises

crickets; other companies peddle cricket

cookies, chips, flour, and protein bars.

We spoke with Chef Mario Hernandez

of New York Citys Black Ant about the

roots of insect cuisine, and how hes

bringing it to the hungry and curious.

Popular Science: What kind of food do

you serve at Black Ant?

Mario Hernandez: We rescue forgotten

recipes from every state in Mexico and

bring them to New York with a new twist.

Many use insects like grasshoppers,

jumiles [stinkbugs], capiguaras [leaf-

cutter ants], and mosquito eggs.

PS: When did you first eat insects?

MH: When I was a little kid, my grandma

would take us to the market every

Sunday, and ladies from villages in the

mountains would bring insectssome of

them would go into salsa, some into dif-

ferent moles. It was always part of our

big weekly meal. It was a celebration.

PS: How does Black Ant procure the

insects for its menu?

MH: Insects are seasonal. When the

rainy season starts, one of our chefs

travels to Mexico and harvests little

grasshoppers for two to three weeks.

We let the rest grow and reproduce, and

then we harvest the big ones. Its the

same process for ants. They come out

of the nest only once a year, when the

first rains start hitting the soil. We go

for two to three days and harvest as

many as we can.

PS: Why have other chefs been

slow to use them?

MH: Many chefs are afraid of

customer reactions. Or they feel

ashamed of their own roots, be-

cause in Mexico, its an indigenous

food. In the beginning, insects were

considered only for the peasants,

but now theyre a delicacy.

PS: Do you think well start seeing

insects in more restaurants?

MH: I think so. First of all, everyones

more conscious about global warming

and the sustainability of protein. And

second, they are really tasty. People tried

them because they were curious, but

now they order them again and again.

E D I T E D A N D CO N D E N S E D B Y J E N N I F E R B O G O

were going to launch a line of chapulines

[grasshoppers] for supermarkets. Well

have five different flavors, some toasted

with chiles, and others with lavender

and honey. Well also sell ant salt and

gusanos, or agave worms.

PS: How will Black Ants menu change

for the winter?

MH: One of the hot items on the menu

will be grasshopper tlayuda. Were

going to have chapulines tacos with

ant-salt guacamole. We have some

beautiful fish roasted with ants and

chiles. And it will be the season of

ant eggs, so were going to have

escamoles, which are the eggs of

a particular ant of central Mexico.

They taste like caviar.

PS: Several companies have begun to

make insect-based snack foods. Will

people buy them?

MH: Why not? But if you grind up insects,

you lose a lot of the flavor. At Black Ant,

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May not work with all vehicles. To check compatibility text CAR to 611611. Does not block all smartphone messaging services. Device and plan sold separately. Service Plan Cards work with Straight Talk Wireless Safe Driver Car Connection only and are not refundable. Car Connection App supported on iPhone iOS6 and higher and Android phones on 2.3.3 and higher. Text Blocking/Phone Restriction ZoomSafer App supported on Android 2.3.3 and higher and BlackBerry 5.0.0 and higher. Compatible with most Mac, PC and mobile platforms. 2014 Straight Talk. Straight Talk is a registered trademark of TracFone Wireless, Inc.

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Best of Whats New

Michelin Premier A/S Tire

The No-Slip Tire

Volvo Drive -E Engine

SMALLENGINE,BIG POWER

On wet roads, treads siphon away water,

making it less likely that the car will

skid or hydroplane. Still, drivers often

wear tires until theyre nearly bald.

Adapting to consumer behavior, Michelin

designed grooves that widen over time

(the opposite of most tires) as well as

grooves that emerge as the tire wears

down. The Premier A/S is also built from

a new high-silica compound that provides

better traction in the rain. From $156

Though electric, the new Formula E

cars look like an Indy or Formula One

car. The torque is massive off the line.

And because the weight is rearward,

thanks to the large batteries, they are

harder to drive, testing the skill level

of race drivers. Its the beginning, but

its the start of something big.

KAT H E R I N E L E G G E , O F T H E A M L I N AG U R I F O R M U L A E T E A M , W H O D R OV E

T H E C A R I N I T S D E B U T RAC E I N B E I J I N G I N S E P T E M B E R

Spark-Renault SRT 01E

A New Class of Racecar

Rolls -Royce Wraith

The Smoothest Ride

Nissan Murano

An Eye for Danger

The Rolls-Royce Wraith automatically

adjusts both its transmission and

suspension to the road ahead. Only the

Wraith uses satellite navigation data and

cameras to react to upcoming turns

and on- and off-ramps. By shifting to ac-

count for them, it squeezes more power

out of the V12 engine, and by adjusting

the suspension, it creates a smoother

ride. Next-gen systems will also accom-

modate topographic changes. $294,025

Many vehicles today have collision-

detection systems, but they scan only

one car ahead. The 2015 Nissan Mura-

nos Predictive Forward Collision Warning

system uses a bumper-mounted radar

to fire beams beneath the car so it can

see obstacles up to 492 feet away. When

it spots a slow-moving or stopped car,

the system registers the hazard, often

before the driver ahead hits the brakes.

Price not set

Conventional wisdom

tells us that an increase

in power requires an

increase in engine size.

Volvo has inverted that

logic. With a super-

charger for power off the

line and a turbocharger

for added kick at high

speeds, the four-cylinder

Drive-E engine delivers

the same punch as a

standard five or six but

weighs 100 pounds less.

Auto


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Best of Whats New

GM 4G LTE

The Connectivity Tipping Point

Toyota FCV

A Mass Market Hydrogen Car

Automakers have been reluctant to bet on hydrogen fuel cells, but Toyota

has cast doubt aside and announced the first mass-market hydrogen car.

The FCV, which launches in Japan early next year and in the U.S. in late

2015, has a 300-mile rangecomparable with combustion-engine vehicles.

It also powers up much faster than an electric plug-in. The issue is infra-

structure, but Toyota is betting FCVs will drive demand. Price not set

In June, GM launched its first 4G LTE

connected car, the 2015 Chevy Malibu.

It isnt the first carmaker to offer itthe

Audi A3 beat the Malibu to market by

two monthsbut it is the first to do so at

scale. Since the Malibu, GM has released

34 connected models across its brands,

and it will incorporate 4G LTE into all

models by the end of next year. For now,

the connection makes for a really good

hotspot, robust enough for seven devices,

but GM is developing cloud updates to

refresh operating systems from afar.

Plans from $5 to $50 a month

Evatran

Plugless L2

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR ELEC-TRIC CARS

For many electric-

vehicle (EV)

owners, plugging

in the car at the

end of the day is

a ritual theyd like

to forget. With

the Plugless L2,

they can. The

first wireless

charging system

for EVs transmits

electricity to an

adapter on the car

that then routes

it to the batteries.

Drivers can fit the

system to nearly

any EV, and trans-

mission loss is just

under 10 percent.

$2,470

Porsche 918 Spyder

THE MOST ADVANCED HYBRID SUPERCARIf the 918 Spyder is any

indication, the age of

ineff icient supercars is

over. Using a modest

V8 engine paired with

two electric motors ,

it races from zero

to 60 in a mere 2 .5

seconds. $845,000

Auto

Security


R E P O RT E D B Y N I CO L E DY E R + J E N S C H WA RT Z

A BIKE LOCK THATOUTSMARTS THIEVES


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GRAND AWARD

WINNER

LOCK8

Bike locks, even the

burliest ones, all have

the same Achilles heel:

If given enough time,

any determined thief can

wrest a bicycle free. Lock8

reimagines bicycle secu-

rity by using hardware

and software to detect

and respond to a potential

theft. A gyroscope, an

accelerometer, and a tem-

perature sensor can pick

up on a variety of assaults,

including bolt cutters,

chainsaws, blowtorches,

and ice sprays. And the

system will respond to

any threat by blaring an

alarm and sending alerts

to a phone.

The brainchild of an ER

doctor and an economist,

Lock8 weighs less than

a pound and connects to

a bicycles rear hub. The

accompanying app pro-

vides keyless entry, and by

sharing the e-key, anyone

can loan or rent his or

her bicycle. European

bike-share programs are

the first to use Lock8; its

being released this month.

The company also plans

to develop models for con-

sumers. Price not set

Weve all had nights when we just cant lie down in bed and sleep, whether its from heartburn, cardiac problems, hip or back aches it could be a variety of reasons. Those are the nights wed give anything for a comfortable chair to sleep in, one that reclines to exactly the right degree, raises feet and legs to precisely the desired level, supports the head and shoulders properly, operates easily even in the dead of night, and sends a hopeful sleeper right off to dreamland.

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University of Michigan Nanopillar Arrays with Polymer Multilayers

A Breath-Activated Drug Label

Counterfeit drugs for malaria and tuberculosis kill an estimated 700,000 people annually, yet its nearly

impossible to distinguish them from the real thing. Researchers from South Korea and the University of Mich-

igan developed a label that proves a drugs legitimacy when a person breathes on it. The secret is a molding

process that imprints an array of nanoscopic pillarseach almost 500 times as thin as the width of a human

hairon the labels surface. Images hidden beneath the surface appear when the pillars trap moisture.

Ondot Systems

Card Control

AN APP THAT FIGHTS FRAUD

With massive

payment-data

breaches on

the rise, fraud

prevention needed

a revolutionary

ally. Enter Card

Control, an app

that allows users

to turn their credit

cards on and o

with the swipe

of a nger. It also

links purchases

to a physical loca-

tion, authorizes

card usage at

speci c stores,

and disables or

restricts online

shopping. A secure

code syncs these

preferences with

your banks soft-

ware. In beta tests,

Card Control re-

duced fraud by up

to 60 percent. The

tech will soon be

compatible with

10,000 local and

regional banks.

Foscam FI9821P

REMOTE-CONTROL PAN-AND-SCAN CAMERA

Home security cameras

are only as good as

their f ield of view.

Foscam lets homeown-

ers see in almost every

direction by using a

smartphone or tablet

to remotely swivel the

camera. $100

SecurityDECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New


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Security DECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New

Applied DNA Sciences

SmokeCloak DNA

DNA Tags to Catch Criminals

EyeLock Myris

THE FIRST HOME IRIS SCANNER

For years, security smoke has foiled

robberies by flooding the scene with a

dense vapor, provoking thieves to run.

The strategy saves valuables but doesnt

catch bad guys. So Applied DNA Sciences

and SmokeCloak added plant-based

DNA markers that leave an indelible (and

harmless) tag on skin and clothes. The

fogmade by cutting up DNA strands and

rearranging them in distinct formations

is unique to each facility, branding crimi-

nals with indisputable evidence.

Exchanging data in real time was

nonexistent until now. Flash makes

communication instantaneous. For

firefighting and search-and-rescue, it

identifies hazards and safe zones and

shares routes among users. Currently,

you have to plug in GPS coordinates

by radio, which leaves room for error.

M I K E WO R R E L L , P H O E N I X F I R E D E PA RT M E N T C A P TA I N A N D F E M A U R B A N

S E A R C H -A N D - R E S C U E M E M B E R

DARPA Fire Line Advanced Situational Awareness for Handhelds (Flash)

Military Technology for Safer Firefighting

Carnegie Mellon University

LiveLight

Automatic Video Editing

Sifting through hours of security-cam

footage is tedious and can fritter away

valuable time during an investigation.

LiveLight quickly edits out snoozy

stretches to create an action-packed

highlights reel. The algorithm builds a

library of dull scenes, helping it learn to

flag novel events, such as car accidents.

American Science & Engineering

Mini Z

A Handheld Security Checkpoint

After the Boston Marathon bombing,

AS&E accelerated development of a

handheld scanner that can peer through

tires, walls, and backpacks to detect

contraband. Unlike traditional x-rays, the

backscatter technology detects radiation

that bounces off of materials such as

drugs and explosives. Images show up

on a tablet in real time, so law enforce-

ment can react immediately.

Myris, a sleek handheld

iris scanner, brings bio-

metric security to home

computers. The device

plugs into a USB port and

takes a split-second video

of both eyes, scanning

more than 240 points in

each. A government-grade

encrypted digital signa-

ture syncs with passwords

stored on Myris, and never

on your desktop. Once it

verifies a match, it auto-

matically signs the user

into accounts through a

browser extension. Since

no two irises are alike, the

chance of a false positive

is less than one in two

trillion. Price not set

Meet the Sony 7 Seriesthe worlds smallest, full-frame mirrorless

interchangeable-lens cameras. Its breakthrough Exmor sensor/BIONZ

X-processor design means stunning resolution, remarkable low-light

sensitivity and clearer HD/4K video than traditional DSLR. The future

of digital imaging is here.

sony.com/sonyalpha #sonyalpha

7R, f/10, 1/160, ISO 100, Lens used: 85mm F1.4 ZA

2014 Sony Electronics Inc. The Sony logo is a trademark of Sony Corporation. All rights reserved.

Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. All other trademarks are

trademarks of their respective owners.

MEET OUR EVER-EXPANDING LINEUP

OF FULL-FRAME, E-MOUNT LENSES.

The future of digital imaging.

And the next generation of DSLR.

7 7R 7S

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Aerospace

A NEW MANNED SPACECRAFT

U.S. astronauts have been bumming

rides to space from Russia for

more than three years. Soon they

wont need to. This year, SpaceX

unveiled one of the first privately

developed manned spacecraft.

A few months later, NASA officially

selected Dragon Version 2, along

with Boeings CST-100, as the

nations new taxi to and from the

International Space Station.

SpaceX emphasized both safety

and efficiency in Dragons design.

Most spacecraft, including the

Soyuz capsules that currently ferry

astronauts, rely on parachutes to

GRAND AWARD

WINNER

SPACEX DRAGON

VERSION 2

slow their reentry speed, which makes for a rough landing.

SpaceX gave Dragon Version 2 a propulsive landing system

instead. This technology should be gentler, to protect deli-

cate instruments, and more accurate, to deliver the crafts

seven passengers with the precision of a helicopter. Dragon

can also be prepped for relaunch in weeks, dramatically

reducing mission turnaround time and potentially saving

millions of dollars. As a result, the final frontier will become

more accessible than ever.

R E P O RT E D B Y E R I C A D A M S + S O P H I E B U S H W I C K


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DECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New

Aerospace

Honda Aircraft Company

HondaJet

A Quieter, Lighter Jet

Google X Project Wing

Successful Drone Delivery

It might take a few seconds to notice

whats unusual about the HondaJet: The

planes turbofan engines (which generate

2,050 pounds of takeoff thrust apiece)

sit on top of its wings rather than below

them. This configuration decreases drag

on the plane, making it 10 percent faster

and 12 to 17 percent more fuel-efficient

than other light jets in its size class. It

also reduces engine noise and increases

space in the cabin, which can carry a

pilot and up to half a dozen passengers.

The HondaJet had its maiden flight in

June and should be certified next year.

With the public announcement of Project

Wing, a two-year-old secret project,

delivery by unmanned aerial vehicle

(UAV) came that much closer to reality.

During test runs in Australia, prototype

drones flew like planes for over half a

mile, and then hovered like helicopters to

drop off packages of dog treats and other

items. By having deliveries lowered by

cable, Google X plans to keep its vehicles

out of reach, protecting both machines

and bystanders. Eventually, the company

may design a variety of UAVs capable of

delivering different payloads.

The RQ-180 is a major

step toward combining

endurance and

survivability in a high-

end unmanned aerial

vehicle. In addition to

reconnaissance, it will . . .

execute electronic attacks

and penetrate well-

defended areas where

nonstealthy craft are

problematic.

L O R E N T H O M P S O N, M I L I TA RY A NA LYST AT

T H E L E X I N GT O N I N S T I T U T E

Northrop Grumman RQ-180

The Biggest, Baddest Eyes in the Sky

Landing safely on

an alien planet

requires drastic

braking at hyper-

sonic speeds. The

LDSD lets NASAs

Jet Propulsion

Laboratory test

and improve

deceleration

technologies , such

as parachutes and

balloons.

Low-Density

Supersonic

Decelerator (LDSD)

REAL- LIFE FLYING SAUCER


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DECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New

Aerospace

Airbus E -Fan

An All-Electric Plane

Hybrid Air Vehicles Airlander

Monster Blimp

Icon Aircraft Icon A5

An Amphibious Craft for Amateurs

The E-Fan is the first trainer plane built

to be powered entirely by batteries: All of

the crafts systems, including aerodyna-

mics and safety, are designed for quiet,

emissions-free flight. Electric motors

will drive two ducted fans for about 75

minutes before the E-Fan has to land

to recharge its power-dense lithium-

polymer batteries, which are built into

its wings. This years public-flight debut

will be followed by the release of the

two-seater E-Fan 2.0 in 2017.

The Airlander may be the worlds longest

and largest aircraft, but its the crafts

unique shape that makes it revolutionary:

It provides 40 percent of the vessels

aerodynamic lift (the rest comes from

helium)enough to keep 10 tons of cargo

and a full crew aloft for five days. With

its long airborne time and its ability

to land on any flat surface, the blimp-

zeppelin hybrid is the perfect vehicle for

humanitarian, border patrol, transport,

and search-and-rescue missions.

The Icon A5 is nothing if not versatile.

The lightweight plane can use both

runways and water to take off and

land, and its wings fold back for conve-

nient storage. To fly it, one needs only

a Sport Pilot license, which is cheaper

and requires less training than other

Federal Aviation Administration certi-

fications. Designed for hobbyists, the

plane boasts two-person seating,

a top speed of 120 miles per hour, and

a 345-mile range.

Change -3

CHINAS MOON MISSION

When the

Change-3 probe

reached the

moon in Decem-

ber 2013, China

became the third

nation to success-

fully stick a soft

lunar landing,

and the rst to

do so in almost

40 years. The

mission deployed

a rover, Yutu, to

study the soil and

crust structure

of the lunar

surface. Yutu has

experienced some

glitches, but that

hasnt dampened

the China National

Space Administra-

tions ambition:

to bring lunar

samples back to

Earth by Change

mission 5.

E -volo Volocopter

AN 18-ROTOR AIRCRAFT (REALLY)If you took a toy

hexacopter, scaled it

up to carry humans,

and tripled the num-

ber of rotors, youd

have something like

the Volocopter.

Eighteen 1.8-meter-

long carbon-fiber

propellers make

the craft stable and

extremely safe: The

Volocopter, which

made its maiden

flight in November

2013, can continue

to fly with the loss

of several rotors.

Its also lightweight

and energy-efficient,

making it ideal for

short commutes.

Data courtesy Oak Ridge National Laboratory Transportation Energy Data Book. Additional reporting by Rebecca Lantner. POPULAR SCIENCE / 045

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01970 1980 1990 2000 2010

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AIRPLANE ENERGY-EFFICIENCY GAINS OUTPACE THOSE OF CARS, BUSES, AND TRAINS

Nerd box:

Energy charted

below is the

number of

British thermal

units, or BTUs,

required to

transport a sin-

gle passenger

one mile on an

intercity (for

rail and air) or

highway (by

car or bus) trip.

The figures

are national

averages,

and energy

use depends

strongly on

region and

route.

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83Percent

of plane

seats that

airlines

filled in

2013, up

from 56%

in 1970

DECEMBER 2014

Best of Whats New

Aerospace

Visual Data

EFFICIENT AIR TRAVELHAS ARRIVED

Automobiles have steadily increased

in energy efficiency since the 1970s,

albeit at a slower rate than airplanes.

The improvement largely comes from

car design; automakers have tweaked

exteriors into more aerodynamic shapes

and adjusted engines to use less fuel.

Intercity busesthink Greyhounds

have actually seen efficiency losses.

Thats due in part to wasteful

Documents

Popular Science - December 2014 USA