Poorly Cemented Coral Reefs ofPoorly Cemented Coral Reefs of

the Eastern Tropical Pacific:the Eastern Tropical Pacific:possible insights into reef development inpossible insights into reef development in

a high-COa high-CO22 world world

Image courtesy of Dr. T. Smith (U Virgin Islands)

Derek Manzello, NOAA

Joanie Kleypas, NCAR

Oceans in a High COOceans in a High CO22 World World IIII

Manzello, Kleypas, Budd,

Eakin, Glynn, Langdon

PNAS, 2008

W

E

Naturally high pCO2

400-700 ppmv

Galápagos Coral Reefs - complete bioerosion -

Galápagos Coral Reefs - complete bioerosion -

Eucidaris galapagensis

Galápagos Coral Reefs - complete bioerosion -

Sakamoto et al. 1998Sakamoto et al. 1998

Galápagos Coral Reefs - complete bioerosion -

0.043-0.212GBR

(Porites blocks)

Eakin 1996

Reaka-Kudla et al. 1996

2.54 (P lobata) 0.26 int + 2.28 ext

0.41 (cathedral ls) 0.06 int + 0.35 ext

Galápagos

(blocks of P lobata and

cathedral limestone)

Vogel et al. 20000.052 (LSI leeward reef)

0.0001 (LSI 275 m)

0.002 (OTI patch reef)

Lee Stocking I & One Tree I

(microbial bioerosion only)

Carreiro-Silva & McClanahan

2001

0.120 (unprotected)

0.005 (protected)

0.071 (newly protected)

Kenya reefs

(based on echinoid gut

contents)

Pari et al. 19980.25 (max)French Polynesia lagoons

(Porites lutea blocks)

Peyrot-Clausade et al. 20000.8 (max)Reunion & Moorea reef flats

0.12 (live)

0.49 (dead)

Moorea

Hydrolithon onkodes

SourceBioerosion

g CaCO3 cm-3 y-1

Location & substrate

Bioerosion Rates on Reefs

The Eastern Tropical Pacific OceanThe Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

Gulf of Chiriqui

1. Secas I.

2. Uva I. Gulf of Panamá

3. Saboga I.

Galápagos Islands

4. Bartolomé, Santiago I.

5. Santa Fe I.

6. Pta. Bassa, San Cristóbal I.

7. Pta. Pitt, San Cristóbal I.

8. Devil’s Crown, Floreana I.

- - Uva Uva ReefReef

- - Saboga Saboga ReefReef

Pacific Pacific PanamáPanamá

Wet SeasonWet Season Dry SeasonDry SeasonDry SeasonDry Season

Gulf of Gulf of

ChiriquíChiriquí

Gulf of Gulf of

PanamPanamáá

Glynn andGlynn and

MatMatéé (1997)(1997)

Te

mp

(T

em

p (

ooCC

))

5-20035-2003 8-20038-2003 11-200311-2003 2-20042-2004

32 -

30 -

28 -

26 -

24 -

22 -

20 -

18 -

16 -

- Reef flat- Reef flat

- 15 m- 15 m

Pacific Pacific PanamáPanamá

Wet SeasonWet Season Dry SeasonDry SeasonDry SeasonDry Season

Gulf of Gulf of

ChiriquíChiriquí

Glynn andGlynn and

MatMatéé (1997)(1997)

Te

mp

(T

em

p (

ooCC

))

5-20035-2003 8-20038-2003 11-200311-2003 2-20042-2004

32 -

30 -

28 -

26 -

24 -

22 -

20 -

18 -

16 -

Uva Island Reef, Gulf of Chiriquí, Pacific PanamáPhoto courtesy of Tyler B. Smith, Ph.D. (University of the Virgin Islands)

Eastern Pacific Eastern Pacific !!aragarag

2xCO2xCO22

1990s1990s

1880s1880spreindustrialpreindustrial

Galápagos

Gulf of Panamá

Gulf of Chiriquí

4.6 -

4.2 -

3.8 -

3.4 -

3.0 -

2.6 -

2.2 -

!!a

rag

ara

g

Avg Avg Trop.Trop.

OceanOcean

Inorganic cementationInorganic cementation

Hydrodynamic activity

Organic matter

Respiration rate

Sulfate reduction

Microbial activity

CaCO3 saturation state

affects cementation

… but so do

many other

factors

Eastern Pacific Coralslack of cementation

Manzello et al. 2008

Uva Uva Island Reef, Island Reef, PanamáPanamáImages courtesy of C. M. Images courtesy of C. M. Eakin Eakin and T.B. Smithand T.B. Smith

Eastern Pacific Reefs- porous, friable framework -

Does Does !!arag arag Affect Bioerosion?Affect Bioerosion?

0

5

10

15

20

25

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

10

15

20

25

30

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

Cem

en

t C

em

en

t A

bn

Ab

n.

(%)

. (%

)B

ioero

sio

n r

ate

B

ioero

sio

n r

ate

(kg

CaC

O(k

g C

aC

O33 c

m c

m-2-2

yr

yr-

1-1))

!!aragarag

GalGaláápagospagosGulf of Gulf of

PanamáPanamá

Gulf ofGulf of

ChiriquChiriquíí

GalGaláápagospagos

Gulf of Gulf of

PanamáPanamá

Gulf ofGulf of

ChiriquChiriquíí

Bioerosion rates compiled from Bioerosion rates compiled from Eakin Eakin (1991), (1991), Eakin Eakin (1996), and (1996), and Reaka-Kudla Reaka-Kudla et alet al. (1996).. (1996).

0

2

4

6

8

10

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6

!!aragarag

Fra

me

wo

rk t

hic

kn

es

s (

m)

Fra

me

wo

rk t

hic

kn

es

s (

m)

GalGaláápagospagos

Gulf of Gulf of PanamáPanamá

Gulf of Gulf of ChiriquChiriquíí

Mean maximum framework thickness taken from Glynn and Wellington (1983),Mean maximum framework thickness taken from Glynn and Wellington (1983),

and Glynn and Macintyre (1977).and Glynn and Macintyre (1977).

Does Does !!arag arag Affect Reef Framework?Affect Reef Framework?

ConclusionsConclusions

1. Eastern Pacific reefs are an example of reefgrowth in low ! seawater

2. ! is likely a factor in reef development

3. These reefs have no cement

4. Even if bio-calcification does not decline,cementation will

5. Coral reefs of the future may be moresusceptible to erosive processes (physical,biological, AND chemical) Secas Secas Island Reef, Island Reef, PanamáPanamá

Image courtesy of T. B. SmithImage courtesy of T. B. Smith

What happened in the Galápagos?What happened in the Galápagos?

Secas Secas Island Reef, Island Reef, Panamá Panamá - Image courtesy of T. B. Smith- Image courtesy of T. B. Smith

Low CaCO3

Production /

Low

Cementation:

• low saturation state

• low temperature

• high phosphate

• some other chemical condition

• some other microbial condition

High

Erosion

Rate:

• poor cementation

• low density coral growth

• enhanced euendolithic algal growth

(Tribollet et al.)

• enhanced bioeroder populations

(e.g. nutrients)

Merci!Merci!

ManzelloManzello, Kleypas, Budd, , Kleypas, Budd, EakinEakin,,

Glynn, LangdonGlynn, Langdon

PNASPNAS, 2008, 2008